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Aim and Background: In addition to high morbidity and mortality due to Prevalence of Covid-19, it has led to psychological problems including Corona anxiety, that Women are more prone to this anxiety than men. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty on worry and anxiety in women with corona anxiety.
Methods and Materials: This study was a case study with multiple baseline and two-month follow-up. Three female patients who had completed criteria set for entering the study, were selected from the statistical population by available sampling method. Then they were treated for 15 sessions upon the protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty. Participants were assessed three times on the baseline stage and in sessions 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 as well as in monthly follow-up sessions for two months by completing the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Worry Domain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using visual inspection, improvement percentage and reliable change index.
Findings: The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty model was clinically and statistically effective on worry and anxiety in Women with Corona anxiety (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the cognitive-behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty can be an effective intervention to reduce worry and anxiety in women with Corona anxiety.

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Aim and Background: The global prevalence of COVID-19 has affected mental health and has had many psychological consequences especially for athletes; Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict the mental health based on the Mindfulness, Age and Sex Scale in Athletes in Guilan Province at the Outbreak of COVID-19.
Methods and Materials: The research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of elite athletes of Guilan province in 1400. Sampling method was determined randomly and based on entry and exit criteria by referring to sports clubs and physical education offices of 95 people. The research tools were the mindset of Brown and Ryan MMAS in 2007 and the SCL-90-R questionnaire of Dragotis et al. In 1999. Descriptive statistics and dispersion indices as well as descriptive statistics and correlational statistical tests such as Pearson and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. SPSS software version 25 with a significance level of 0.05 was used.
Findings: The results showed that there is a relationship between mindfulness scale and mental health in male and female athletes in Guilan province according to age (P≥0.001). Also, the variable of mindfulness predicts mental health according to gender in athletes in Guilan province (P≥0.001).
Conclusions: It seems that mindfulness can be a predictor of mental health in men and women athletes.

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and Background: Research has shown that teacher education systems can be affected by social crises such as Covid-19, so the purpose of this study is to provide a model of personality components and psychological factors affecting teacher teaching during the outbreak of Covid-19.
Methods and Materials: The research method is descriptive correlation and path analysis using structural equations. The statistical population of the study is all primary school teachers in District 2 of Mashhad who are teaching in the 98-97 academic year. The studies revealed that 873 people are teaching in primary schools, of which 329 were women and 544 were men. The instruments used in the present study are the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire, the Social Factors Questionnaire and the Hexaco Personality Factors Questionnaire, which were completed by the sample members in accordance with the ethical principles of the research. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equations with partial least squares approach using LISREL software.
Findings: Statistical findings showed a good fit of the model and significant confirmation of the researcher model (P≥0.001).
Conclusions: It seems that paying attention to personality components is an important factor in providing teaching during the outbreak of Covid-19.

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Aim and Background: Medical tourism is a new form of tourism that had grown exponentially before the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medical tourism is done to improve the health of people and outside their place of residence. The main purpose of this study is to design a marketing model for medical tourism using a Mix method approach during COVID-19.
Methods and Materials: In this research, the researcher has used a Mix method approach. For this purpose, in the first study, to identify the components of medical tourism marketing from the data foundation approach and in the second study, the model is tested using a quantitative method. The required data collection tools in the first study, protocol and in-depth interviews with twenty managers of the tourism center and in the next stage, the required data were distributed among 384 patients of the tourist center and the results were analyzed by Amos software.
Findings: The researcher performed fifteen interviews to theoretical saturation and finally extracted 100 open codes and based on the theoretical literature, the coding was done selectively and the results were presented in the form of six main dimensions and thirty-one sub-dimensions.
Conclusions: The researcher presents his research in the form of a model including six dimensions: satisfaction with the brand of the tourism center, trust in the brand therapy of the medical tourism center, diversity of medical services, marketing of medical tourism, appropriate treatment package, loyalty to the brand of the medical center, and thirty-one sub-dimensions has done.

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Aim and Background: Recent research has shown the prevalence of the Covid-19 epidemic in this regard The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on reduction anxiety symptoms in patients with Generalized anxiety disorder in Dezful during the outbreak of Covid-19.
Methods and Materials: The research was a pilot study with a pretest-post-test-follow-up with control group. The statistical population of this study was the All patients with generalized anxiety disorder referring to Dezful counseling centers 30 people were selected through targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control group. In all three groups, patients' anxiety disorder was assessed through the questionnaire of General Anxiety (GAD-7). The first group received cognitive-behavioral therapy in 8 sessions 60 minutes, and the second group in 8 sessions 60 minutes acceptance and commitment therapy, but the third group did not receive training. Then, the anxiety test was re-evaluated in all three groups. Given that the assumptions of covariance analysis were not met data were analyzed using one-way variance analysis and SPSS software.
Findings: The findings of the study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy could reduce the symptoms of anxiety in comparison with the control group (p <0.001) However, the difference between the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on reduce the symptoms of anxiety was not significant (p> 0.05).
Conclusions: It seems that both therapeutic approaches can be effective in treating the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

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Aim and Background: Covid-19 as a stressor causes several psychological disorders and physical problems around the world, but some people experience post-traumatic growth despite these problems. The aim of this study was to explain post-traumatic growth coping styles based on the experiences of patients with Covid-19. Methods and Materials: Qualitative research design was done by thematic analysis method. Twenty-five participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed according to the step-by-step process of Brown and Clark content analysis using MAXQDA software.
Findings: Data analysis resulted in 96 primary codes, 31 basic themes, and 13 organizing themes. The most important coping styles of patients growing from Corona were: deep thinking style, prayer style, trusting style, hopeful style, modeling style, normalization style, acceptance style, Problem solving style, Meaningful style, Conscious procrastination style, Emotional outburst style, Humorous style, and Supportive style. Finally, the validity and reliability of the identified styles were confirmed using Lincoln and Gaba methods along with four indicators of credibility, conformability, dependability and transformability.
Conclusions: grown individuals have a wide range of coping styles that they use to cope with the stress of Covid-19 disease. The results of this study can significantly help to design the scale of assessment, educational and therapeutic interventions of coping styles that facilitate post-traumatic growth in Covid-19 patients.

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Aim and Background: Because of the similarity between some signs of panic disorder (PD) and COVID-19, individuals with PD like individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are vulnerable to negative outcomes of the pandemic. However, previous studies did not adequately address the impacts of COVID-19 on this disorder. Regarding the importance of cognitive mechanisms for both disorders, examining the cognitive impacts of COVID-19 is especially critical. The study aims to compare individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and nonclinical samples in terms of obsessive beliefs and COVID-19 stress, two years after the beginning of the pandemic.
Methods and Materials: In a survey, 127 individuals were recruited through purposive sampling. After being taken for the clinical interview, they were divided into OCD (n=42), PD (n=40), and nonclinical (n=45) groups. Participants responded to the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44), COVID-19 Stress Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Scheffe posthoc tests.
Findings: There were no significant differences between clinical groups based on any obsessive beliefs. In terms of socioeconomic outcomes and traumatic stress components of COVID-19 stress, there were no significant differences between clinical and nonclinical groups. However, individuals with OCD and PD obtained meaningfully higher scores in xenophobia and obsessive checking/ reassurance-seeking components, respectively, than other groups. Even two years after the beginning of the pandemic, clinical groups were significantly more concerned about the danger and contamination of COVID-19 than the nonclinical group.
Conclusions: Obsessive beliefs in individuals with PD are comparable to individuals with OCD during the pandemic. Also, individuals with PD engaged more in obsessive checking/ reassurance-seeking than individuals with OCD and the nonclinical group; it could burden extensive costs for the therapeutic system during the pandemic.

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Aim and Background: With the outbreak of the corona virus in late 2019 in China and its rapid epidemic in the world, this issue has become a global problem with physical and psychological risks. Since healthcare workers are on the frontline of fighting against this disease, they are more exposed to physical and mental injuries than other people. This study was conducted to investigate the perceived stress of women healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus.
Methods and Materials: This research was conducted by qualitative method and with phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all women healthcare workers working in Covid-19 special wards in Tehran in 1399. 10 participants were selected by using purposeful and snowball sampling and were subjected to semi-structured interviews. After reaching data saturation, interviews were conducted with 2 other participants and sampling was stopped after no new data. Then, data analysis was performed by Collaizi's descriptive method.
Findings: Findings of interview analysis were presented in two parts: "Unpleasant feelings and thoughts" and "Restrictive and avoidant behaviors. The results of this study can be used to identify and reduce stressors in similar situations to reduce perceived stress.
Conclusions: The most frequent stressors in the interviewees' conversations (words) were unpleasant feelings and thoughts about physical health and restrictive and avoidant behaviors in the family environment.

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Aim and Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The prevalence of this Virus has had a variety of effects on different people in the community, with some people exhibiting a higher rate of self-care behaviors that can point to a variety of reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Health Locus of Control and Death Anxiety in predicting self-care behaviors related to the COVID-19 in the student population of Tehran.
Methods and Materials: The present study was descriptive-correlation with predictive method. The statistical population of the present study was all students in Tehran in the academic year 1401-1400. Among them, 478 people were selected for the research sample by available sampling method and evaluated online with the Multiple Health Locus of Control scale (1978) and Death Anxiety scale (1970) through the social networks. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression via statistical package for social sciences version 26.
Findings: The results showed that there are positive and significant relationship between internal locus of control, locus of control related to powerful others and death anxiety with self-care behaviors (p<0.01) and there is a negative and significant relationship (p<0.05) between locus of control related to chance and self-care behaviors. Also, the results of stepwise regression analysis showed that research variables can only explain and predict 14% of the variance of the self-care behaviors of students in Tehran.
Conclusions: In general, the findings of this study confirmed the more prominent role of the locus of control related to powerful others in predicting self-care behaviors related to the COVID-19 in students.

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Aim and Background: The covid-19 pandemic and its effects on people's physical and mental health have caused an increase in worry and death anxiety in many of them. Experience has shown that people's attitude towards this disease, how to deal with it, and how much they are affected by it are different based on a number of factors and characteristics. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prediction of death anxiety based on personality characteristics and self-concept in patients with covid-19.
Methods and Materials: This research is correlational. The research population consisted of all the patients with covid-19 who visited Masih Deneshvari, Lavasani and Firozabadi hospitals from March 1400 to May 1401, and 205 of them were selected as available sampling based on Morgan's table that participated in the research online. The required information was collected through Templer's death anxiety scale (1970), the short form of Neo's five-factor personality questionnaire (1985) and Lawrence's (1997) self-concept. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and multivariate regression analysis were used using SPSS version 26 software.
Findings: The findings of the research showed that there is a relationship between personality traits (-0.64) and God concept (-0.59) with death-anxiety (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship with death anxiety in the components of personality traits, and extroversion, flexibility, agreeableness, and responsibility, as well as in the components of God concept; Influence, acceptance, challenge and benevolence, there is an inverse and meaningful relationship.
Conclusions: It seems that the personality traits as a variable can be effective in reducing the death anxiety of corona patients, also the use of positive God concept against mental pressure makes him adapt better to the conditions and can It will be useful to spend the length of its treatment.
 

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Aim and Background: The present study was aimed to investigating the mediating role of psychological hardiness in the relationship between attachment style and psychological distress during the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus.
Methods and Materials: The design of the current study was descriptive-correlational with path analysis. The statistical population of the study was all students of public universities in Tehran, who themselves or their first-degree family members had at least one history of contracting the Covid-19 virus between the months of March to November 2021, from which 384 persons were selected by available sampling and asked to fill the Lang and Goulet Hardiness Scale (LGHS), Collins and Read Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-42) questionnaires online. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and path analysis and SPSS and AMOS software.
Findings: The results showed that in this model, attachment style has a direct and significant effect on psychological hardiness, attachment style and psychological hardiness have a direct and significant effect on psychological distress, and also the mediating role of psychological hardiness between attachment style and psychological distress was significant.
Conclusions: During the Covid-19s outbreak, attachment style and psychological hardiness have a direct effect on psychological distress, and psychological hardiness has the mediator role in the relationship between attachment style and psychological distress.

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Aim and Background: Identifying factors that reduce initial hesitancy toward vaccination and increase vaccine acceptance among the general public can aid ongoing efforts to vaccinate against Covid-19. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between fear of covid-19 and desire to get vaccinated with the mediating role of Complacency and Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a correlational descriptive study, and its statistical society consisted of all students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022-2023. The number of sample members in this research was considered to be 300 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. To collect the data, the scale of fear of covid-19, the scale of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention, the Complacency subscale of the 5C model and the Scale for evaluating the Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine used. Data were analyzed using path analysis and SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8.8.
Findings: The age range of the subjects was between 18 and 30 years, with an average age of 21.75 and a standard deviation of age of 1.93. The research findings showed that there is the highest correlation between fear of covid-19 perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. This correlation was positive and significant ((p<0.01). In addition, the lowest correlation value was observed between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid-19. This correlation was also positive and significant (p<0.01). Also, the findings of the research showed that Complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine play a mediating role in the relationship between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid 19 (p<0.01).
Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of predictors about covid-19 and psychosocial mediating mechanisms of antecedents based on the health belief model and the 5C model on willingness to get vaccinated. Based on this, complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine appeared as mediating psychological factors that affect the acceptance of the vaccine.

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Aim and Background: In addition to inflicting distress and functional impairment, the Cyberchondria phenomenon could cause a heavy burden to healthcare professionals by increasing in number of visitors to hospitals and medical centers. Cyberchondria can be helpful in choosing and designing psychological interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore relationships between two components of psychological flexibility (Mindfulness and Cognitive diffusion) to Cyberchondria and the possible moderator effect of COVID-19 Anxiety in this relationship.
Methods and Materials: The method used in this study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all students who were studying at Shiraz University in the academic year 2021-2022. Convenience Sampling was used to choose participants. Data gathering was done on the Internet because of social distancing obligations. 262 participants completed study questionnaires. The tools used in this research were the Cyberchondria severity scale (CSS), Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS). The structural equation modeling method and Lisrel software were used to explore the relationship between study variables.
Findings: The presented model has a good fit. No significant relationship was found between mindfulness and cyberchondria. Cognitive Diffusion also had direct and indirect (through COVID-19 Anxiety) effects on Cyberchondria. Therefore, a significant statistical relationship was confirmed between study variables.
Conclusions: In sum, it seems cognitive defusion significantly contributes to cyberchondria symptoms, and COVID-19, as a mediant variable, plays a significant part in individuals' vulnerability against cyberchondria.