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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: The topic of Internet Addiction has continued to be hotly debated in the research discussion list. This study aimed to explore the path analysis of relationship between personality traits and internet addiction with quality of life and with internet addiction of users in reliable Coffee-nets in Isfahan city. Method and Materials: In this correlation research, the target population included all of users in Coffee-nets of Isfahan. With the use of multistage cluster sampling, 300 Coffee-net users were selected. Instruments used in this research were: Yang addiction of internet (1999) and WHOQOL-BREF (2005) and short version of personality traits (NEO-PI) (2005). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis by LISREL 8.5 . Findings: Total internet addiction was negatively related to three of the Big Four traits; extroversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness (P < 0.01). Finally conceptual framework was drawn by LISERE 8.5 . GFI test confirmed the conceptual framework factors and their interaction and correlation by calculating GFI (GFI = 0.91). Conclusions: The results indicated that conceptual framework was confirmed. It was found that personality traits significantly influence users&rsquo; internet addictions and quality of life; and internet addiction significantly impacts users&rsquo; quality of life.

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Aim and Background: Recognizing factors and reasons affecting addiction can be useful in reducing the prevalence of addiction and as a result prevent various mental&sbquo; economical&sbquo; cultural, and social complications. The present study aimed to determine the factors leading to addiction based on the opinions of drug addicts hospitalized in addiction centers in Kerman. Methods and Materials: This survey included 200 male drug addicts hospitalized in addiction centers in Kerman. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire which consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic features and the second part included reasons of tendency to use narcotics. The reasons were divided into three categories of personal&sbquo; familial, and social levels. Data was analyzed using dispersion and central indices, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Withney U tests. Findings: The minimum age for starting addiction was 9. Among various personal&sbquo; familial and social factors&sbquo; imitating addicted adults (46.5%)&sbquo; addiction of parents (53.5%) and relationships with addicted friends (78%) had the most important roles in the tendency to use narcotics. Conclusions: According to our results&sbquo; family and peers can make individuals more vulnerabale using narcotics and thus addiction.

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Aim and Background: Worldwide internet is known as one of the most outstanding information and communication technology and represents the technological advancement of modern humans. Its role in creating social changes is unavoidable. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between using social networks and internet addiction and depression among students. Methods and Materials: The study population consisted of all the students from Isfahan Payame Noor University, Iran. At first, all the studying fields were categorized into three groups of humanities, engineering and science. Then with random sampling, 345 students were selected. The data gathering tool included Beck&rsquo;s Depression Inventory, Young&rsquo;s Internet Addiction and researcher made questionnaires. Findings: There was a significant relationship between using social network and internet addiction (r = 0.147, P = 0.010). There was no significant relationship between using social network and depression (r = 0.55, P = 0.332). There was also a significant relationship between using social network and internet addiction regarding gender, age and education field variables. This difference was not significant among female and male age groups. But among the education fields, internet addiction was less observed in science compared to humanities and engineering fields.&nbsp; Conclusions: Internet due to its false appeals to users, slowly causes addiction and can satisfy the users psychological and emotional needs. Therefore, replacing interaction with people in the real world rather than social networking can help in developing emotional and social communications.

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Aim and Background:Sleep problems are highly prevalentamong adolescents. Etiology of sleep disorders in adolescents is very complex. This study aimed to determine the correlationbetween internet addiction and adolescents sleep disorder. Method and Materials:This study was conducted with a survey and cross-sectional design. Data were collectedfrom 535 adolescents (218 males and 317 females) in 2011 among those studying at high-schools ofYazd, Iran. These adolescents were selected using proportional stratified sampling method. Data collection toolsincludedinternet addiction test (IAT) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using independent t statistics and hierarchical multiple regression tests. Findings:21.7% of the adolescents were addicted to internet and 57.2% of the adolescents had an adverse sleep quality. Addicted internet users had more adverse sleep quality (77.6%) rather than those normal internet users (51.6%). There was a significant difference between normal and pathological internet users, in terms ofoverallsleep quality (P < 0.01), subjective sleep quality (P < 0.01), sleep latency (P < 0.01), and daytime dysfunction (P < 0.01). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that internet addiction explained 4.7% of the variance of the quality of sleeping. Conclusions:Internet addiction is a powerful risk factor for adolescent&#039;s sleep quality and can increase the risk of sleep disorder among adolescents. Accordingly, in order to decrease thenegative effects of pathological internet use onadolescents&rsquo; sleep quality, behavioral and cognitive interventions for changing the internet use pattern seems necessary.

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Aim and Background: Biological, psychological and social phenomenon of substance abuse in adolescents is one of the most critical issues facing modern societies. One of the major concerns of the health and social policy makers is the increasing prevalence of addictive behaviors, particularly tobacco smoking in this age group. Prevalence and trends toward high-risk behaviors among adolescents in Iran is rising. Addiction treatment is expensive and difficult which requires comprehensive medical systems with different approaches toward drug treatments, therapies, and rehabilitation. However, over the years, it has been proven that even the most effective therapeutic procedures are associated with high rates of recurrence. Any progress in this treatment may fail due to environmental risk factors in which the substances are readily accessible as well as the social network of friends who supporte and maintain drugs abuse. Therefore, substance abuse prevention is easier than the treatment. Meanwhile, the best and the most logical solution is prevention. Addiction prevention is an important and complex issue that cannot be accomplished without strategic planning. Understanding the latest scientific achievements and execution of logical programs can be beneficial in this regard. One of the defects in the field of substance abuse prevention is lack of comparative studies, and accordingly shortage of Persian resources of modern scientific progression in the field of addiction prevention. This situation has led some investigators toward specific approaches or programs, while lacking comprehensive knowledge about all the available programs. In order to eliminate or reduce these shortcomings, previous research literature on three levels i.e. individual, family and social factors (school and friends) were discussed in this article.

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Aim and Background: Internet access is a growing phenomenon. With increasing and widespread access to Internet, dependency to Internet is observed among the youth. This research aimed to compare personality characteristics and identity styles in Internet addicted and non-addicted students. Methods and Materials: This was a causal-comparative research carried out in the educational years 2011-2012. The statistical community of the research contained all the dormitory male students resided in Tehran University dormitory (about 6000 students). 380 students were selected via random sampling based on Morgan table. According to the population of each dormitory, related questionnaires were distributed and fulfilled, so that by referring to each one of the student rooms, questionnaires were delivered and collected after about 20 minutes. The study tools included Young`s Internet Addiction Test (IAD), Personality Inventory (NEO), and Berzonsky Identity Styles Inventory (ISI-6). In order to analyze data in two descriptive and analytic levels, statistic t-test was utilized. Findings: Results indicated that in terms of personality characteristics, there is a difference between Internet addicted and non-addicted students, so that neuroticism was in a higher level for Internet addicted students than for non-addicted ones. As well, the three variables of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were in a higher level for Internet non-addicted students than for addicted ones. There was, however, no difference between the two groups in terms of personality characteristics of openness to experience. There was also a meaningful difference between the two groups in terms of identity variables. Informational style was in a higher level for Internet non-addicted students than for addicted ones. As well, normative style and diffuse-avoidant style was in a higher level for Internet addicted students than for non-addicted ones. Conclusions: There is, in terms of personality characteristics and identity style, a difference between Internet addicted and non-addicted students.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of coping skills and mental health with attitude to addiction in high school students. Method s and Materials: The subjects of this study consisted of 600 high school students (300 girls, 300 boys) who were selected by multiphase cluster sampling from high schools in city of Shiraz and were assessed with coping inventory, GHQ-28 and attitude to addiction inventory. The data were analyzed using Pearson multiple regression and t test methods. Findings: Findings showed that there is a significant difference between adolescents who have high score on GHQ (bad condition) and who have low score on GHQ (better condition) in attitude to addiction. Furthermore a positive significant relationship was found between the problem focused coping and negative attitude to addiction. Also between non-effective coping skills and negative attitude to addiction a negative significant correlation was found. Regression analysis showed that non-effective coping skills are the best predictor of negative attitude to addiction. Conclusions: It can be argued that coping styles and general health in students have a great importance in screening and preventive interventions for substance use.  

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Abstract Aim and Background: Based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory, normal and abnormal personalities are located along with a continuum. The aim of this study is comparing the behavioral inhibition systems and activation systems on different drug users, heroin withdrawers with normal persons. Methods and Materials: The present research applied fragmentary descriptive method and the statistical population was consisted of all drug-users who were under maintaining treatment with methadone, shisha- users, heroin-users, opium-users and heroin-withdrawers in Isfahan City in 2013, so that 150 users of different drugs and 30 men who did not use anything were selected and tested by the cluster sampling and the Gary Wilson&rsquo;s personality questionnaire (QWPQ). Findings: The results of variation analysis showed that there is a significant difference among the groups from the point of view of the behavioral activation level (P<0.05). No meaningful difference has obtained between the groups from the point of view of behavioral inhibition system and escape-fight system (p<0.05). The results of Post-Hoc Test represented that the mean behavioral activation&nbsp; in heroin user group is meaningfully more than normal groups, heroin and opium withdrawers and methadone users (p<0.05). Also the mean behavioral activation in shisha-users is meaningfully more than opium withdrawers and methadone users (p<0.05).There was no meaningful difference between other groups. Conclusions: This study is supported a hypothesis that represented drug-users enjoy thehyper function in activating-behavior system.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Drug use by pregnant women is one of the major problems for mothers and babies. This study were&nbsp; aimed to assess the prevalence of drug withdrawal symptoms and Compare symptoms with some demographic factors&nbsp; in infants in Zahedan. Methods and Materials: Research community comprises all 92 infants in Zahedan , which were born in maternity. 250 infants were selected through the sampling. Which includes infants that from the date of 2/92 to 5/92 in the part Women and Infants and NICU of the zahedans Imam Ali and tamine ejtemaie hospitals were admitted. data collection tools were Fyngan scale and a demographic questionnaire. For statistical analysis was used from SPSS software. Findings: 14.8% of infants withdrawal syndrome showed that most symptoms were as follows: central nervous system disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and metabolic, vasomotor and respiratory disorders. Between&nbsp; this symptoms and&nbsp; the birth order and the mothers&nbsp; job is a significant relationship. Conclusions: According the high prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome need&nbsp; to do more medical working on a possible deal situation.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Substance abuse is an essential problem, international and in our country and concomitant with untreatment problems like continuous relapse. This study is with purpose of Assessment meter of various effective factors associated with substance abuse relapse in addict&rsquo;s perspective in Shafabakhsh center of Jahrom. Methods and Materials: In descriptive-cross sectional study, a Sample of 506 available addicts was recruited. Data collected in psychologist practitioner with a checklist. Validity obtain with contain valid and confidence with test re-test and 0.78 kronbakh index. Findings: Majority(95.1%) of addicts were men with mean age 35.20&plusmn;1.15, mean first&nbsp; substance abuse age 24.44&plusmn;8.63, mean 6.39&plusmn;2.24 times of cassation and 97.10&plusmn;1.96 days for last cassation. In individual factors, psychological factors and in environmental factors, social factors were most effective in relapse in addict&rsquo;s perspective. In addition, psychological and familial factors had maximum and minimum effect in relapse, respectively. Conclusions: Substance abuse relapse has different factors that psychological especially temptation is common. So, showing appropriate guideline and familial and social surveillance and follow-up for collation with this situations is essential for permanent prosperity treatment.

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Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to compare alexithymia, character and temperament, and aggression between addicts and healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative research was conducted on 80 addicts and 80 healthy individuals. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method and were matched. The research tools included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) (Cloninger et al.), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). Data were analyzed using MANOVA and ANOVA. Findings: There was a significant difference between addicts and healthy individuals in terms of alexithymia components (difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally-oriented thinking) and aggression components (physical aggression, verbal aggression, and anger and hostility). The scores of alexithymia and aggression components were higher in addicts compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, the scores of damage and novelty seeking components in the character and temperament variable were higher in addcits. The scores of the components of self-leadership, partnership, and persistence were lower in addicts in comparison with healthy individuals. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the components of remuneration, dependency, and self-transcendence. Conclusions: This study, in line with researches focused on investigating the underlying personality aspects involved in addiction, can be helpful in understanding the factors involved in this phenomenon and proposing suitable solutions for the prevention and treatment of addiction.

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Aim and Background: The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of quality of life (QOL) therapy on internet addiction, procrastination, and shyness of second grade high school female students in Kashan, Iran. Methods and Materials: The present research was a pretest-posttest and quasi-experimental study with a control group and follow-up. The statistical population consisted of second grade high school female students in Kashan, from among whom, 50 students were selected and randomly divided into two experimental (25 participants) and control (25 participants) groups. The participants answered the research instruments including the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (Solomon and Roth Blum), and Shyness Scale (Check and Boss). The experimental group received QOL therapy over 8 group sessions for 2 months. During this period, the control group received no intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Findings: The results obtained from the data analysis indicated that QOL therapy was effective on addiction to internet, procrastination, and shyness in the posttest and follow-up stages (P < 0.05). Conclusions: With regard to the obtained results, it can be concluded that QOL therapy was effective on reducing addiction to internet, procrastination, and shyness of second grade high school female students in Kashan.

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Aim and Background: Addiction and its unpleasant consequences are one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Initial maladaptive schemas are related to addiction. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of admission and commitment therapy (ACT) and schema therapy on early maladaptive schemas in addicted people. Methods and Materials: The research method was pre-test, post-test experimental study with control group. The statistical population included 1500 people. A sample of 60 people was selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups, one control group (n = 20), and two experimental groups (n = 20, each). Young schema questionnaire short form (YSQ-SF) was used to measure early maladaptive schemas. The experimental groups participated in 12 sessions of the treatment group weekly for two 90-minute sessions. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics were analyzed using covariance analysis, homogeneity and uniformity tests of variance and post hoc test. Findings: ACT and schema therapy were effective on the components of early maladaptive schemas. Conclusions: The group-based ACT and schema therapy have been able to reduce early maladaptive schemas and can be used in the treatment of patients with this disorder.

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Aim and Background: The research aimed to determine the effects of spirituality therapy with emphasis on Islamic teachings on self-esteem and resiliency in addicts. Methods and Materials: The study population included addicts who referred to Nikoosalamat methadone center for drug abandonment in the city of Ghorve, Iran, in 2013. The sample size was at first 90 addicts who were selected through simple random sampling. Then, based on questionnaire scores, as many as 40 people were chosen who scored the lowest in the self-esteem and the resilience questionnaires, and were placed in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 9 two-hour sessions of spirituality therapy, where the control group received no education. To collect the data, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) were applied. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance method. Findings: The mean scores of self-esteem and resilience at the posttest were significantly higher in experimental group compare to control group. Conclusions: Findings revealed that spirituality therapy with emphasis on Islamic teachings is effective on self-esteem and resilience in addicts.

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Aim and Background: Substance abuse disorder or addiction is complex behavioral problems arising from many interacting factors, including social, cultural, environmental, psychological and biological. Therefore, the aim of this study was prediction of addiction potential using developmental assets in adolescents.

Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive-correlational research. To achieve this purpose, 500 students (250 boys, 250 girls) of 10 and 11 grades in Arak were selected by stage cluster sampling. The participants completed Iranian Addiction Preparedness Scale (IAPS) and Developmental Assets Profile (DAP). Data were analyzed by SPSS software, using Pearson correlation and regression analysis.

Findings: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between developmental assets and its dimensions with addiction potential and its components in adolescents (p<.05). Also, developmental assets and its dimensions predict the addiction potential and its components (p<.05).

Conclusions: Results of present study showed that developmental assets an important role in predicting addiction potential in adolescents. Therefore, consideration of these predictive variables by researchers, specialists, therapists, and planners seems necessary to prevent drug substance abuse disorder or addiction.

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Aim and Background: Alexithymia is prevalent in several psychological disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. Due to the prevalence of alexithymia and interpersonal problems among people with substance use disorder, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on alexithymia and interpersonal problems in men with substance use disorders.
Methods and Materials: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design and two-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population was men with substance abuse who in 2019 had referred to private addiction treatment centers in Tehran for treatment. Two centers were chosen for convenience and among them 42 subjects who fill informed consent were selected and randomly assigned in experimental and control group. Data were collected by Bagby et al.'s Toronto Alexithymian Scale (1994) and Barkham et al.’s Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (1996) in three stages of evaluation. The research findings were finally analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance test using SPSS software version 22.
Findings: The results of data analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective on alexithymia and interpersonal problems (p<.05). In addition, the results of the follow-up phase also showed that the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on alexithymia and interpersonal problems in men with substance use disorder was consistent.
Conclusions: According to these results, addiction therapists can use acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce mood disorders and interpersonal problems in people with a history of addiction.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that the conditions and characteristics of subcultures can be one of the causes of addiction and drug use, and the study of psychosocial factors in any society can clarify the characteristics of that culture and provide clues about its problems. Society is especially addicted; therefore, this study seeks to understand and identify the psychosocial factors of subcultures related to drug use.
Methods and Materials: The study is qualitative and grounded in theory. The city of Isfahan was selected as a research pilot. Variables and categories were extracted from 32 interviews that were validated by professors and subject matter experts. Out of 18 pivotal categories, 5 main categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences were identified.
Findings: Substance abuse is associated with "practical-emotional dependence", "social exclusion" and "deviant subculture". People in their addictive lifestyle suffer from a kind of separation from society. Continuity of membership in the deviant subculture is considered as the only capital of the addicted person and provides the ground for the formation of more deviant and deviant behaviors. Consequences will include: persistence of addiction, psychosocial decline, formation of new negative values, subculture of discrete support and trust in the face of intergroup distrust.
Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that social and emotional support of addicts and helping them to quit drugs prevents them from being absorbed into aggressive and delinquent subcultures. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in other societies.

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Introduction: One of the factors influencing the preparation for addiction is personality traits and temperament. Considering that so far little study has been done on the relationship between different temperaments (mizaj) of Persian medicine and preparation for addiction, the present study aimed to investigate the role of these mizaj in studentschr('39') preparation for addiction.
Methods: The design of the present study was descriptive cross-sectional. A total of 241 students studying in the universities of Mobarakeh were selected by quota sampling method and answered the Iranian preparation for addiction scale and Mizaj determination questionnaire. After determining the Mizajes of the sample, the average preparation for addiction was compared with 9 types of mizaj using analysis of variance.
Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the average preparation for addiction in at least one mizaj is significantly different from other mizajes. Examination of the results of LSD post hoc test showed that the mean of preparation for addiction in warm-temperate mizaj was significantly lower than the mean of preparation for addiction in cold-temperate, cold-wet, and cold-dry and hot-dry mizajes.
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study show that people with all types of cold and hot-dry mizajes have the highest vulnerability and people with warm-temperate have the least vulnerability to addiction. These results were explained in the theoretical and research context and traditional medicine strategies in maintaining health and tempering mizajes, to protect the tendency to addiction in people with vulnerable mizajes and prevent the movement of non-vulnerable mizajes to the vulnerable were presented.

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Aim and Background: Today, substance use disorders and their serious consequences are associated with many serious medical and psychiatric problems. In this regard, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy and reality therapy on cognitive disorder and relapse anxiety in addicted patients.
Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The study population included all addicts undergoing treatment referred to specialized clinics for substance abuse treatment in Kerman in 2020. Among them, 45 (24 males and 21 females) were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups: 15 in the first experiment, 15 in the second experiment, and 15 in the control group. The first experimental group received a positivist psychotherapy intervention and the second experimental group received William Glasser reality therapy - each treatment - in 8 sessions of 90 minutes (2 sessions per week) as a group; The control group was placed on a waiting list for two months to receive the most effective intervention. In order to collect data, Mason et al.'s (1994) Cognitive Disorder and Anxiety Return Questionnaire was used to collect data. Fisher's analysis of covariance and post hoc tests were used to analyze the data.
Findings: Findings showed that both positivist psychotherapy and reality therapy are effective in reducing cognitive disturbance and relapse anxiety in addicts; However, there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatments on reducing cognitive disturbance and relapse anxiety (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that positivist psychotherapy is more effective than reality therapy on cognitive disturbance and return anxiety to the addicts under treatment. Tarab returned to the addicts under treatment.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between basic needs and psychological well-being with mediation of social networks addiction. Social networkks addiction is excessive dependence, strong motivation to log in or use, and spending a lot of time on social networks that harm other social activities, studies / jobs, interpersonal relationships, or mental health. Thus, in the last decade, the factors and consequences associated with problematic use of social networks have increased interest and empirical study in this area.
Methods and Materials: The statistical population in this study was people over 18 years old in Hamedan and Shiraz from which 396 people (170 male and 226 female) were selected by convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study were the basic psychological needs scale (Gagné, 2033), social networks addiction (Panayides and Walker, 2012) and psychological well-being (Ryyf, 1989). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis.
Findings: The highest correlation coefficient among the basic needs was related to the need for relatedness with -0.64 and then the needs of autonomy and competence were -0.62 and -0.58, respectively. The correlation coefficient between social networks addiction and psychological well-being was -0.48. Also, the correlation coefficient of basic needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness with psychological well-being were 0.69, 0.60 and 0.66, respectively.
Conclusions: Frustration of basic needs can appear in the form of corrective methods and in the form of excessive use of social networks and pave the way for addictive use of these networks. Frustration of basic needs is also directly and indirectly associated with reduced psychological well-being.