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Background and Aim: Mood Bipolar Disorders(BD) are associated with unstabilities in patients' interpersonal interactions which in the long term may result in impairments in their social adjustment. Problem solving skills training, both in individual and group settings have been found effective on improving social adjustment. However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of such approaches in social adjustment of patients with BD. This study was carried to assess the efficacy of problem solving skills training in the group setting on improvement of social adjustment in patients suffering BD. Method & Materials: Participants were 45 female patients with BD, aged 25-30 year old who were randomly selected among patients referred to rehabilitation centers of Isfahan in 2006. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention and one control groups. In the first intervention group only patients received the education but in the second one along with patients, family members separately received the training too. No training was performed for control group. BD diagnosis was confirmed according to two psychiatrists' and the author's diagnostic interviews. In all three groups patients remained on their medications during the study. Wineland Social Adjustment Test were administered to the three groups before the intervention and then interventions groups received problem solving skills training by Hawthorn method in ten sessions. Wineland Social Adjustment test were again administered to patients of the 3 groups after the last intervention session and also later as a follow up post-test. Data were analyzed through SPSS-software using ANCOVA tests. Findings: After intervention, social adjustment mean scores were significantly higher in both intervention groups than in the control group (P Conclusion: Group problem solving skills training can improve social adjustment in patients with BD. This intervention can be considered as a part of these patients' treatment protocol in the long term.

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Aim and Background: Death is an undeniable reality, and every one may confront with the death of beloved ones sooner or later. Death of a beloved one is among the worst events a child might ever experience throughout his or her life. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) has increasingly been used to ameliorate the emotional consequence of death in children and adolescences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive CBT on the bereaved high-school students who have lost one of the members of their families. Method and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study in which 20 bereaved students (girls = 10, boy = 10), who have lost one member of their family, were randomly selected from the bereaved students in Eghleed district in Fars province. They were then divided into two groups i.e. the experimental (n = 10) and the control groups (n = 10). The experimental group received 8 sessions of CBT, the control group received no intervention. California Test of Personality (CTP) was administered on both groups before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests using SPSS software. Findings: The analysis of the data indicated a statistically significant difference between the experiment and control groups in total score of adjustment inventory (P < 0.02). The analysis of data in sub-scales indicated a statistically significant difference in score of individual adjustment (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in total score of social adjustment (P < 0.1). Conclusions: The results suggested that CBT has increased adjustment in bereaved children, and it might be used as an effective technique to enhance mental health in bereaved children.

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Aim and Background: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between role clarity and job adjustment among staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. This objective was followed regarding the impact that awareness of staff in organizational and vocational tasks and roles could have on their job adjustment. Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 242 staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were selected using a stratified random sampling method proportional to the population of schools. Data collection tools included Dawis and Lofquist work adjustment questionnaire and also Xavier&#039;s role clarity questionnaire. The statistical regression coefficient method was used to analyze the data. Findings: Results showed that each of working environment, personality, values and needs factors was individually influenced by the clarity of purpose. In addition, working environment, personality, values and needs, and satisfaction were individually influenced by the clarity of process. Conclusions: It would be expected that individuals accept their jobs better and demonstrate higher levels of adjustment in their working environment if the required clarity exists in the logical process of working time division, task planning, performance assessment, task performance quality, access to the required tools and devices, access to new information, and safety regulations in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare vitality, marital adjustment&nbsp; and difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation in parents of deaf children and normal children. The research design is descriptive and comparative. The study population consisted of all parents of students with deaf and normal boys and girls. Study group of 50 parents of students with deaf and a comparable group of 50 parents are normal. Methods and Materials: Method of sampling is random. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, and multivariate analysis of variance, Pearson&rsquo;s Correlation Coefficient and regression analysis. The research instrument was Deci& Ryan validity questionnaire (1977), Spiner Marital adjustment questionnaire (1978), Inventory difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation (2004). Findings: The results indicate that there are significant differences between the two groups in vitality, marital adjustment and difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation. Conclusions: According to the present findings, can be concluding that the reduction of difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation can be increased emotional satisfaction and vitality in the group of parents with deaf children.

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Aim and Background: Among important variables in family studies are adjustment and marital satisfaction. These two variables have a significant role in studies on family and marital relationships and can be created with the effort of couples in marital relationships. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotional focused couple therapy on marital satisfaction and adjustment in couples. Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental and the sample included 30 incompatible couples with low marital satisfaction. who had referred to the council centers of Isfahan, Iran, in 2014, and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Two couples from the experiment group and three couples from the control group did not attend the follow-up session. The experimental group participated in 14 emotional focused couple therapy sessions that were performed by family counseling expert and couple therapist, while the control group received no treatment. The participants completed marital satisfaction questionnaire and marital adjustment test. Findings: Emotional focused couple therapy could increase marital satisfaction and adjustment in post-test (P < 0.01) and follow-up (P < 0.01) stages. The impact on the post-test phase was more than follow-up. Conclusions: It is suggested to carry out more research among different cultures with fewer or more sessions than the present study and with equalization of studied groups. The effect of this method on other dimensions of marital relationship like conflict, excitement expression, sexual problems and marital intimacy should be measured in the next studies.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the reduction of adjustment disorder in elderly individuals. Methods and Materials: This was a semi-experimental and empirical study. The statistical population consisted of elderly individuals referring to daily rehabilitation centers and the Institute of Jahan Didegan in Tehran, Iran, for treatment and promotion of their psychological status. Subjects were selected via simple random and convenience sampling method. First, the Critical Life Event Inventory (CIEI) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were completed through clinical interviews. Then, by performing the Bell Adjustment Inventory (BDI), those with adjustment disorder were identified based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-V) criteria. Among the individuals with adjustment disorder, 30 elderly individuals were selected randomly and divided into 2 groups (N = 15 in each) of cognitive-behavior therapy (experimental) and control (waiting list). Finally, the posttest and 1-month fallow-up were conducted for both groups. Findings: ANOVA and Tukey test results revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean posttest and follow-up scores of the cognitive-behavioral therapy group on the reduction of adjustment disorder in elderly individuals (P = 0.001). Conclusions: CBT was effective on reducing adjustment disorder in elderly individuals.

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Aim and Background: The aim of present study was investigating the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for couples on marital adjustment in men with bipolar II Disorder. Methods and Materials: Participants (3 couples) were selected using purposeful sampling. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline experimental single subject study was used as the method. The efficacy of couples’ ACT protocol was carried out in three phases of intervention (baseline, 12-session treatment and 3-month follow-up) by using dyadic adjustment scale (DAS). Data were analyzed by visuals analysis and percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) and percentage of overlapping data (POD) strategies. Findings: There was a significant difference between the mean values of the baseline and intervention scores. The effectiveness of couples-based ACT in men with bipolar II disorder was validated to improve the marital adjustment. Conclusions: ACT for couples can improve the marital adjustment in men with bipolar II disorder and decrease the rate of divorce.

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Aim and Background: Negative and positive emotional states, temptation, and anxiety are among the most important risk factors for addiction. This research aimed to study the effect of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)-based emotional management training on anxiety and temptation in patients with drug abuse. Methods and Materials: This was an experimental research with pretest/posttest method and control group. To select the sample, the available sampling method was used. Among patients with substance abuse in addiction treatment centers in Ahwaz City, Iran, based on clinical interviews, 28 were selected. They were randomly divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. Both groups passed the leaving and detoxification steps. The experimental group received 10 sessions of dialectical behavior therapy-based emotional management training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were demographic questionnaire, Craving Believes Questionnaire (CBQ), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Findings: After the intervention, there were significant differences between experimental and control groups regarding anxiety and temptation (P < 0.001 for both). In other words, the rate of anxiety and temptation in experimental group significantly decreased in comparison with pretest and control group. Conclusions: The current study indicated that dialectical behavior therapy-based emotional management training would be an appropriate treatment for university students in order to decrease the symptoms of anxiety and temptation in those with drug abuse.

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Aim and Background: Learning disability is one of the most important causes of students' poor academic and social performance. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of attributional retraining intervention and emotion regulation on reduction of academic burnout and improvement of social adjustment in students with early learning disabilities in Tehran, Iran. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. 30 students with learning disability aged 8 to 12 years old were selected through simple random sampling from the learning disability center No. 3 in Tehran and randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and a control group. Attributional retraining and emotion regulation training were presented to the 2 experimental groups in 8 sessions, each lasting 1 hour. But the control group did not receive any interventions. Educational Burnout Questionnaire (Brosu et al.) and Adjustment Inventory for College Students (AICS) by Sinha and Singh were used in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings:  Attributional retraining and emotion regulation training caused a significant decrease in academic burnout and a significant increase in social adjustment. Attributional retraining program was more successful in decreasing academic burnout than emotion regulation training program. However, there was no significant difference between attributional retraining and emotional regulation training programs in promoting social adjustment. Conclusions: Educational programs that use the social-cognitive approach of Bandura in designing educational packages have more significant effects. Therefore, the use of the results of the present research can be effective in designing preventive educational programs and improving educational achievements.

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Aim and Backgrounds: Communication patterns of couples are meant the dynamics of the couples’ relationships. The communication patterns determine that couples how to communicate together and what happen in their marital relationships. It seems that disruptive patterns to have a devastating effect on marital relationship. The aim of the research was to study of the role of communication patterns, aggression, and sexual satisfaction in predicting dyadic adjustment. Methods and Material: To gain of this aim a sample with 300 of employees of government departments of Isfahan through accessible method. The research method was descriptive from type of correlation. Data gathering was conduct in field method and using Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), Buss and Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSQ), and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Questionnaire (RDAS). Analyzing the data was carrying out by multiple Regression. Results: Findings showed that aggression, communication patterns, and sexual satisfaction have significant role in predicting the dyadic adjustment. Discussion & Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that good relationships and high sexual satisfaction among couples can lead to dyadic adjustment.

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Aim and Background: The first years of marriage are the most enjoyable and, at the same time, the most difficult and most risky periods of Common life of couples. Therefore, the current research was done with the aim of examining the effectiveness of Group training based on choice theory on marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction of couples. Methods and Materials : This research is a semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of the research includes all couples in first year of their common life who suffered from marital problems and sexual dissatisfaction and in 2016 they went to the Basirat Clinic of counseling and assisting in Isfahan. From this population, 20 couples (20 women and 20 men) were selected by voluntary sampling method and after matching were randomly assigned to experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The subjects of experimental group received eight sessions of training based on the theory of choice, however, the control group did not receive any training. The questionnaires of Spanier's marital adjustment (1976) and Larsson's sexual satisfaction (1998) were distributed before and after educational interventions as pretest and posttest on all subjects. The findings of the research were analyzed with Multivariate Analysis of Covariance and SPSS-18 software. Findings: The findings indicated that there is a significant difference between the mean of posttest scores of the marital adjustment (F= 12/32, P<0/01) and sexual satisfaction (F= 8/66, P<0/01) for experiment and control groups after adjusting the covariate effect of the pretest. However, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction of male and female participants (P>0/05). Conclusions: It seems that group training based on choice theory, can help improve marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction of couples by informing couples of basic needs, external control psychology, and the use of seven loving habits instead of destructive habits.

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Aim and Background: Intolerance and hurry of couples in making decision of divorce and remarriage has been weakened foundation of family. Therefore, the aim of this research was to comparison of dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, affectional expression, dyadic consensus, and marital adjustment among spouses with first marriage and remarriage. Materials and Methods: The population of the research includes all families with first marriage and remarriage in Mazandaran province. The sample of this study was 1127 subjects of (251 subjects with remarriage and 313 subjects with first marriage) which were selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and U Man-Whitney Test. Findings: Results showed that mean score of dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, affectional expression, dyadic consensus, and totally marital adjustment are in families with remarriage are more than families with first marriage ( p <.05). Conclusion: Findings showed that couple should not avoid of problems and they do not make decision about divorce rapidly and they do not remarriage after divorce immediately. These issues should consider in divorce counseling and couple counseling before making decision for divorce by psychologist and family therapist. Also, couples should be prevented hurry in divorce decision and remarriage.

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Aim and Background: Children's cancer is a special bio-psychological status that challenges the perceived social support and locus of control of mothers with different educational levels and affects their psychological adjustment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect role of education, with the mediating role of locus of control and perceived social support, on psychological adjustment of mothers of children with cancer.
Methods and Materials: This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with cancer who referred to the clinics of pediatricians of Mashhad. The sample size of 220 people was selected using targeted sampling method. Data were collected using psychological adjustment to illness scale, Rotter locus of control, multidimensional perceived social support, and demographic characteristics.
Findings: According to the results of this study, the increase in education directly and indirectly through increased perceived social support reduced maladjustment (P<.01). Also the increase in education directly related to increase in internal locus of control and decrease in external locus of control but has not indirect relationship on adjustment.
Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that increased education through perceived social support mediates the psychological adjustment of mothers. Increasing levels of education can also lead to an increase in internal control and a decrease in external control.

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Aim and Background: In the child welfare system, children and youth under care are always considered as a fragile and at-risk population ,Therefore preventive interventions are very important in reducing harms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of play-based resilience training package on social adjustment of children under the guardianship  of  the Welfare Organization.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the guardianship of Tehran Province Welfare in 2019. First, 5 centers were purposefully selected and then 30 children with research criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The instruments used in this study include the Rutter Children's Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (1967), the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (Ungar & Liebenberg ,2009) and the Play-based resilience training package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the experimental group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, each session lasting one hour. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance.
Findings: Results showed that resilience training significantly affected social adjustment and its components(hyperactivity-aggression, attention deficit disorder, social maladaptation)(p <0.01) However, it was not significantly effective on the anxiety-depression and antisocial behavior. (p <0.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it seems that play-based resilience training package can be used to increase social adjustment of children under the guardianship of welfare Organization.

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Aim and Background: Intimacy and marital compatibility between couples maintain and strengthen the family foundation. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a methodology based on cognitive bias correction and to determine the effectiveness of its training on bias, intimacy and adaptation of couples with marital incompatibility.
Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental and the design of the pretest, posttest research was with the control group. The statistical population of the study was couples with marital problems who referred to counseling centers in Arak in 1398. The sample consisted of 16 couples (32 people) with marital incompatibility and cognitive bias who were selected by available methods. Data were collected using the Lock-Wallace (1959) Compatibility Questionnaire, Walker-Thompson (1983) Marital Intimacy Questionnaire, and the Point-of-Exploration Assignment Software (2015). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data and examine the relationships between variables.  
Findings: The results showed that the treatment method based on the correction of cognitive bias has an acceptable content validity. Also, the results of the educational intervention showed that the training of the method significantly reduces the cognitive bias of the couple and increases the intimacy and adaptation of the couple (P≤0.001).
Conclusions: It seems that training in the treatment method based on cognitive bias correction can be considered as a valid and effective program to reduce cognitive bias and increase intimacy and compatibility of incompatible couples.

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Aim and Background: Students with academic self-regulation are hard-working and innovative learners and do not simply give up in dealing with issues and problems. They consider learning as an active process during which somehow take responsibility for it and, if faced with problems, try to figure out what they need to do to solve it. The aim of this study was to develop a self-regulatory model of learning based on successful intelligence and emotional adjustment with the mediating role of psychological well-being.
Methods and Materials: The research method was correlational and the statistical population of the present study was male and female high school students in Tehran. Four hundred and fifty-six of them were selected in a multi cluster sampling and were asked to complete the self-regulatory learning scale (SRQ-A), the Successful Intelligence Questionnaire, the Psychological Well-Being scale, and the Emotional Adjustment Scale (EAM). The obtained results were analyzed using AMOS software and path analysis method.
Findings: The results showed that emotional adjustment and successful intelligence mediated by psychological well-being predict positively and significantly (p <0.01) self-regulation of learning.
Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it can be suggested that the higher the successful intelligence and emotional adjustment, the direct and mediated psychological well-being have a positive and significant effect on promoting learning self-regulation. Therefore, parents and educational authorities to strengthen academic self-regulation should provide rich environments to strengthen these three components.
 

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Aim and Background: The educational intervention program for spouses refers to another intervention that prevents people and their relationships from the common vices of married life by reducing the number of destructive relationships and strengthening constructive behaviors. Educational interventions are usually aimed at protecting spouses from risk factors, such as destructive relationship patterns and irrational beliefs, and building supportive relationship factors, such as positive attitudes and marital intimacy.
Methods and Materials: In this research, the researcher has used a quantitative method. For this purpose, 20 couples were selected to implement the protocol. The research method at this stage will be a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The selected subjects in both experimental and control groups were measured by pre-test. The required data collection tool was through a questionnaire and the results were analyzed by the variance of repeated measurements. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to test the normality of the distribution of scores related to several studies, and pairwise comparisons were also tested using the Bonferroni test.
Findings: The researcher investigated her research in the form of three hypotheses, and the results showed that the educational package has a positive and significant effect on emotional intimacy, marital compatibility, and reducing marital conflicts and the results were smaller than 0.005.
Conclusions: The hypotheses of the research were confirmed and it can be said that the educational package of sustainable life based on the lived experience of couples with experience of divorce is effective on emotional intimacy and this effect has been lasting. Also, the results showed that the training package increased marital compatibility in the experimental group compared to the control group and also decreased marital conflicts.

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Aim and Background: Students with learning disabilities are at a lower level in terms of emotional development and social adjustment compared to normal students. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention and life skills training on social adjustment of students with dictation disorder.
Methods and Materials: The current research was a semi-experiment with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the male and female students of the elementary third, fourth and fifth grades of the 3rd district of Tehran city in the academic year of 2021-2022 who were suffering from dictation disorder 20 students were selected using available sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental (10 people) and control (10 pepole) groups. The instrument of this study included Falah Chai's written test (1995), Wechsler intelligence scale for children fourth edition (1947), and Sinha and Singh adjustment questionnaire (1993). The experimental group received the training on life skills and treatment of dictation disorder during 8 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Analysis of multivariate covariance test was used to analyze the research data All statistical operations of the research were considered using SPSS version 24 software with a significance level of P<0.05.
Findings: The results of the research showed that after controlling for the effect of the pre-test, the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups was significant for the variables of social, emotional and academic adjustment, and the mean scores of the experimental group in the variables of social, emotional and academic adjustment were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Therapeutic intervention and life skills training can be used to improve the social adjustment of students with dictation disorder.