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Background and Aim : Depression is a common mood impairment with mild to severe range of severity and has been called as mind common cold. It is important to identify the prevalence of this disorder in young university students because mental health of this group is critical for the future community health. Exercise, while maintaninig physical health and developing body mastery, has known positive effects on mental health. This study was conducted to assess and compare the rate of depression among athlete and non athlete university students. Method & Materials : This was a cross-sectional comparative study to investigate and compare the rate of depression in two 50- person groups of athlete and nonathlete students. Participants were students of Isfahan medical sciences university who were selected through stratified randomized sampling in 2006. Data were collected by a two-section questionnaire including demographic data and Zung’s Standard Scale for Depression. Data were analyzed and presented by descriptive (Mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution) and analytical (T- test, ANOVA, Spearman- Pearson) measures and tests. Findings : Mood status was found normal in 96% of athlete and 66% of non athlete students. The rest 4% of athlete students were just mildly depressed. The mean depression score of athletic students (32.24 +/- 7.94) was less than that of non athletic students (47.2 +/- 9.58) and the difference was statistically significant (t=7.93, p Conclusion : To improve community mental health, healthy life styles including daily physical activities should be encouraged and supported in university students. Keywords : Depression, Exercise, Student.

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Introduction: Many women in fertile period of their lives experience some bothering mental and physical symptoms that begin around 7-10 days before menses (lutheal phase) and cease in the first days of menstrual bleeding. After presentation of the Text Revision of the Fourth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV), these symptoms already known as Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) were called Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This process was associated with addition of some criteria about duration and intensity. The prevalence of PMS has been estimated to be about 40% to 70% but severe signs (PMDD) have lower prevalence. This study has evaluated the frequency of PMS and PMDD and some related factors in students of girls’ high schools in Kermanshah. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-analytic study, 800 students of girls’ high schools were chosen by randomized cluster sampling. A researcher made questionnaire assessing PMS and PMDD according to DSM.IV.TR criteria as well as a demographic questionnaire were administered to participants. Data were analyzed running SPSS software -version 11.5. Findings: Frequencies of PMS and PMDD were 41.5% and 9.4% respectively. The disorder was more frequent in students older than 16 years old. Mood symptoms were the most frequent presentation, followed by physical and behavioral symptoms. There was a lower frequency of the disorder despite a higher frequency of the syndrome in students with highly educated mothers. The frequency of PMS was higher in students with positive family history.  Discussion: Because of the potential adverse effects of PMS and PMDD on academic achievement and mental health of students, the high frequency of these problems need urgent attention. Planning mental health evaluations and interventions is necessary for these age group students. Diagnosis of severe cases and referring them should be considered in such programs. 

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Background and Aim: Psychological scales are increasingly used as important tools for assessment of intelligence, talents, academic achievement and personality characteristics and as a help in diagnosis of mental or personality disorders. Besides other methods of studying behaviors, these tools can be used for such purposes in schools, industrial and commercial organizations, public offices, universities and medical centers. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale(DASS-42) in a sample of high school students in Kermanshah. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on Kermanshah high school students in 2003-2004 academic year. A total number of 400 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. In addition to DASS-44, other scales used in this study include: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Zung Anxiety Scale (ZAS) and Studets’ Stress Scale (SSS).Data were analysed running SPSS-10 software. Findings: The depression subscale of DASS-42 showed a high correlation (0.849) with the BDI in a 0.01 level of statistical significance. The stress subscale of DASS-42 was also found to have a 0.757 correlation co-efficient with SSS, again statistically significant at a 0.01 level. The rates of Chronbach alpha for the depression, anxiety and Stress subscales of DASS-42 were found to be 0.94, 0.85 and 0.87 respectively. The KMO rate for the present study was 0.88 which indicates a large-enough sample size for factor analysis. The Cruet-Bartlett’s test also showed a chi-square rate of 0.794 with a degree of freedom equal to 861, which was again significant at a 0.01 alpha level.  Discussion: After factor analysis, the factors which showed high specificity measures were compared with those introduced by the original authors. Hence this study identified a three factor model which can be regarded as identical with the model introduced by the original authors. 

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Stress has wall- known effects in the pathogenesis of many physical and mental disorders and training of stress management skills may help individuals to reduce the adverse psychological consequences of it in such conditions. This study was aimed to assess the effects of stress management skills training on the academic achievement of girl students. Method and Materials: A semi-experimental study carried out in the girls' high schools of Tiran and Karvan city in the 2006-2007 academic year. A total number of 198 students were selected through randomized cluster sampling and randomly assigned to the case and the control groups. Their coping styles were assessed using the Checklist of Stress-Revised (CS-R).After performing Stress Management Skills Training for the case group, in an active mutual participation model, the final average academic scores of the first (pre-intervention) and the second (post-intervention) academic half-year examinations were compared between the two group using t-student and t-paired tests running SPSS-10 software. Results: No significant difference was found between two groups regarding their use of problem-focused, emotion-focused, less effective and non-effective styles. Comparing the 18 coping strategy subscales, both groups showed a significant difference only in the impulsivity subscale (p Conclusion: Training stress management skills exerts positive effects in the students' academic achievement.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Good performance in academic tests plays a major role in the student's further academic and occupational achievements. In students who experience excessive amounts of anxiety while sitting for a quiz or test, lower academic grades may be achieved as a result of and impaired information processing. This study examined the relationship between anxiety test (AT) and some socio-demographic factors in high school students in Shiraz. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 512 high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were students from both sexes and from all kinds of high schools (named: Governmental, private, and specialized high schools for the exceptionally talented students). The instruments used for data collection were Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11 software, using ANOVA, paired t, and Pearson's correlation tests. Results: The STAI mean scores showed significant correlations with the districts of education organization to which the school belonged, the populated status of the classroom and the attitude of parents and school authorities toward academic failure (P Conclusion: The Findings demonstrated the adverse effects of AT on the student's academic performance. Identifying the bio-socio-demographic correlates of AT may help to plan more specific interventions for reducing AT in students.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background and aim: ADHD is considered as the most prevalent disorder during childhood and adolescence. For the purposes of diagnosis and treatment various methods including play therapy one applied. This research has been conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of  play therapy on severity of  symptoms of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school male students aged 9-11. Materials and Methods: By considering a experimental design two psychological and counseling clinics in Isfahan were selected. From the population of all clients in the two clinics who were diagnosed as ADHD-C by the psychiatrists, 30 were selected randomly and assigned into the experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). At the pre- and post - test stages, before and after 8 sessions which took 30-45 minutes every two days play therapy with emphasis on increasing attention and decreasing hyperactivity, CSI-4 and MFFT questionnaires were applied to both groups. Furthermore, in order to diagnose any change after the therapy, a follow-up study was conducted after a month. The data were analyzed by SPSS14 software, using ANCOVA. Findings: The play therapy decreased the amount of ADHD, hyperactivity, attention deficit, and response errors symptoms significantly, but increased response time significantly (all at p Conclusion: Considering the significant differences between the experimental and control groups as well as the fallow - up, play therapy may  be applied as an effective method of treatment for children and adolescence with ADHD preferably, a combination of this and other relevant methods may be used for the treatment of those with ADHD. As the ADHD symptoms were decreased significantly after the intervention, the effect of play therapy was confirmed.

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Aim and Background: Achieve coherent identity is effective in many dimensions of life&nbsp; and many factors are effective in it . for this ,&nbsp; Study&nbsp; about&nbsp; effective&nbsp; factors at&nbsp; identity status&nbsp; in students is necessary and aim of this study&nbsp; is Prediction of identity statuses in high school female / male students which relate with other sex friend based in&nbsp; their demographic and psychological characters in Tehran city. Method and Materials: The design of research was crossection with correlational method in population of high school students that was studying in 1385 in Tehran city that ralate with other sex&nbsp; friend . The sample&nbsp; in this study contained 200 students (101 males and 99 females ) that they choosed by avalailable sampling . Data achived with 2 quastionaire: Extended Objective Measure Ego Identity Status and&nbsp; Sternberg love scale and analysed their with descriptive and inferential statistic (multiple analyses of regression) . Findings: The results showed for achieved identity any of variables didn&rsquo;t show meaningful relationship. Gender variable with moratorium identity&nbsp; ( P<0/01 , F=13/857) , birthday, passion intimacy and gender variables with&nbsp; foreclosure identity, ( P< 0/01 , F= 4/595) intimacy and passion variables with&nbsp; diffusion identity were&nbsp; meaningful ( P< 0/01 , F= 16/648). Conclusions: The results showed, some of demographic and psychological characters are effective in identity statuses

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Aim and Background: Justice in the form of justice ideologies and an unjust and just world belief is the important perceptual and cognitive component in various domains of life. This research aimed to study the role of justice ideologies and the just and unjust world beliefs on behavioral and evaluative justice of college students&rsquo; distress in Isfahan city. Method and Materials: This was a retrospective correlation study. Statistical population was all the students in Isfahan city universities. From them, 500 students selected using convenience sampling. Research questionnaire included belief in a just world (from Dalbert), belief in an unjust world belief (from Dalbert, Lipkus, Sallay and Goch), justice in evaluation, behavioral justice, distress in universities (three from Dalbert and Stober) and justice ideology and democratic trust (Wegener et al). Data were analyzed using of Pearson&rsquo;s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results of structural equation modeling showed that determinism and democratic trust have direct effect which explained 5.7 percent of variances of belief to the just world; belief to the just world explained 1.8 percent of variances of behavioral justice; egalitarianism explained 19.2 percent of variances of justice in evaluation and justice in evaluation; finally behavioral justice explained 7.9 percent of variances of distress. Conclusions: Reinforcing belief to the just world and diminishing egalitarian can increase behavioral justice and reinforcing belief to the just world can increase evaluative justice. Finally with increase of behavioral justice and evaluative justice, the levels of college students&rsquo; distress could decrease.

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Aim and Background: Insecure attachment style is one of the important effective factors in many mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the positive, negative and disorganized schizotypal characteristics in secure, avoidance and anxiety attachment patterns among students of Tabriz University, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 300 students (150 Male, 150 Female) from Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling method. Schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) and adults attachment inventory (AAI) scale were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: Mean age of participants was 21 &plusmn; 1.28 years. There were significant differences between secure attachment, anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics and total score SPQ (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics personality and total score SPQ (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Insecure avoidant attached individuals experience more intensity of negative, positive and disorganized schizotypal characteristics than secure attached individuals.However, there isn&#039;t significant difference between individual with avoidant and anxiety attachment in terms of severity of positive, negative, disorganized schizotypal characteristics. In sum, individual with insecure attachment are more vulnerable to experience the schizotypal characteristics and schizotypal personality disorder.

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Aim and Background: Childhood experiences could have profound effects on their adulthood behaviors. This research conducted with the aim of assessing the elementary students&#039; experiences of the elderly hospice who visited these centers or had a family member over there. Methods and Materials: A qualitative study conducted using content analysis method in 2008-9. Eleven students, who had visited a home elderly hospice or had a family member over there, wrote their memories from such experiences. Four of these and five more students were also interviewed. The data were analyzed using Krippendorff method. Findings: Findings were classified into four categories including &quot;the nature of elderly hospice&quot;, &quot;the causes of transmission&quot;, &quot;mode of transmission&quot; and &quot;visit consequences&quot;. Each category had 2-4 subcategories. Most of the students perceived the elderly hospice as distant and different from the normal living place. According to the participants, the elderly were transferred to the hospice for reasons such as &quot;loneliness&quot;, &quot;disease and disability&quot;, &quot;maintenance problems&quot; and &quot;children&#039;s selfishness&quot;. Conclusions: Students had negative perceptions of elderly hospices. Based on their experiences, the elderly hospices isolate the elderly from social life. The authorities should pay more attention to the arrangement and quality of care within the elderly hospices.

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Background and Aims: The current study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence rate of exposure to traumatic events and some of their related factors in male high school students in Urmia, Iran. Methods and Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 946 male freshmen, junior and senior high school students in Urmia during 2010-2011 school year. The subjects were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. The participants responded to a demographic questionnaire and the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children in their schools and in group. Collected data was analyzed in SPSS 18 by descriptive statistic, t-test, chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.&nbsp; Results: The results showed that 72.2% of participants had been exposed to at least one traumatic event. Watching violence on television, death of a close person, and severe illness of a close individual were the most prevalent events. The results of t-test showed that the prevalence of some events was increased with aging. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed that some events were more prevalent in the low socioeconomic status. The chi-square test showed that there were correlations between educational field and the prevalence of some events. Conclusion: According to the susceptibility of adolescents, the high prevalence of traumatic events can be accounted as one of major health problems among this group of people.&nbsp;

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to determine the statistical correlation between personality characteristics and spiritual intelligence in a group of students of Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 2010-2011. A total number of 284 (130 males and 154 females) undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students of Isfahan University were selected by cluster random sampling method. The participants were evaluated using NEO Personality Inventory and a spiritual intelligence scale. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and regression analysis. Findings: Among the five personality factors, neuroticism had a negative correlation with spiritual intelligence (P < 0.001). In contrast, spiritual intelligence was positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (P < 0.001). Multiple correlations were also found between the three mentioned factors and spiritual intelligence (F = 16.63). . Conclusions: This study indicated the role of personality characteristics in spiritual intelligence. Among the five personality factors, extraversion, agreeableness and above all conscientiousness were predictors of spiritual intelligence. Therefore, personality characteristics need to be evaluated as predictors of spiritual intelligence.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of life skills training to reduce depressive symptoms in students of Piranshahr, Iran. Methods and Materials: A total number of 64 male high school students who scored 96-140 on children&#039;s depression scale were selected randomly from Piranshahr. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group attended 12 sessions of group life skills training. However, the control group received no intervention. Both groups completed children&#039;s depression scale before and after the intervention. Findings: The results of analysis of covariance showed that life skills training was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and significantly reduced social problems, and preoccupation with death and diseases. The treatment was however found to be ineffective in reducing affective responses and sense of guilt and improving self esteem and pleasure. Conclusions: According to our results, it appears that a complete treatment of depressive symptoms requires a more extensive training.

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Aim and Background: The present study tried to evaluate the relations between emotional intelligence, motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies among the students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Isfahan, Iran). Methods and Materials: In a descriptive, correlational study during the academic year of 2010-11, 1300 undergraduate students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified random sampling. The measurement tools were Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory and Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Data was analyzed by fitness indexes of structural equation modeling, correlation analysis, and chi-square test. Findings: Path coefficients of empathy and interpersonal relationship were not significant. Similarly, path coefficients of realism, responsibility, and exhilaration with motivational beliefs were not significant. All paths in the effects of motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies on academic performance were significant. The components of emotional intelligence, motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies were all significantly effective on academic performance. Conclusions: The findings of the present study can be beneficial to educational researchers and policy makers in designing interventions to promote emotional intelligence, academic performance, and motivational strategies.

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Aim and Background: There are no questionnaires to assess the psychosomatic complaints of university students in Iran. The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of Takata and Sakata&#039;s psychosomatic complaints scale among Iranian university students. Methods and Materials: In this study, multistage cluster sampling was used to select 291 individuals from all male and female students of Mohaghegh Adabili University (Iran). Data was collected using Takata and Sakata&#039;s psychosomatic complaints scale and Goldberg&#039;s General Health Questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson&#039;s correlation coefficient, and Cronbach&#039;s alpha coefficients. Findings: Takata and Sakata&#039;s psychosomatic complaints scale had efficient face, content, concurrent, and construct validity to assess university students. The retest reliability and internal consistency of the scale were also adequate. Conclusions: Takata and Sakata&#039;s psychosomatic complaints scale can be used to identify students with psychosomatic complaints. Therefore, the use of this scale in student counseling is recommended.

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Aim and Background: Worldwide internet is known as one of the most outstanding information and communication technology and represents the technological advancement of modern humans. Its role in creating social changes is unavoidable. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between using social networks and internet addiction and depression among students. Methods and Materials: The study population consisted of all the students from Isfahan Payame Noor University, Iran. At first, all the studying fields were categorized into three groups of humanities, engineering and science. Then with random sampling, 345 students were selected. The data gathering tool included Beck&rsquo;s Depression Inventory, Young&rsquo;s Internet Addiction and researcher made questionnaires. Findings: There was a significant relationship between using social network and internet addiction (r = 0.147, P = 0.010). There was no significant relationship between using social network and depression (r = 0.55, P = 0.332). There was also a significant relationship between using social network and internet addiction regarding gender, age and education field variables. This difference was not significant among female and male age groups. But among the education fields, internet addiction was less observed in science compared to humanities and engineering fields.&nbsp; Conclusions: Internet due to its false appeals to users, slowly causes addiction and can satisfy the users psychological and emotional needs. Therefore, replacing interaction with people in the real world rather than social networking can help in developing emotional and social communications.

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Aim and Background: Death is an undeniable reality, and every one may confront with the death of beloved ones sooner or later. Death of a beloved one is among the worst events a child might ever experience throughout his or her life. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) has increasingly been used to ameliorate the emotional consequence of death in children and adolescences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive CBT on the bereaved high-school students who have lost one of the members of their families. Method and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study in which 20 bereaved students (girls = 10, boy = 10), who have lost one member of their family, were randomly selected from the bereaved students in Eghleed district in Fars province. They were then divided into two groups i.e. the experimental (n = 10) and the control groups (n = 10). The experimental group received 8 sessions of CBT, the control group received no intervention. California Test of Personality (CTP) was administered on both groups before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests using SPSS software. Findings: The analysis of the data indicated a statistically significant difference between the experiment and control groups in total score of adjustment inventory (P < 0.02). The analysis of data in sub-scales indicated a statistically significant difference in score of individual adjustment (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in total score of social adjustment (P < 0.1). Conclusions: The results suggested that CBT has increased adjustment in bereaved children, and it might be used as an effective technique to enhance mental health in bereaved children.

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Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigatethe psychometric properties of the Trait Hope Scale and its relation with psychological well-being of Iranian university students. Methods and Materials: In this descriptivesurvey, 191 students of Hamadan Islamic Azad University (mean age: 24.17 &plusmn; 4.30 years; range: 18-45 years) were selected through stratified randomsampling.The participants completed Snyder&#039;s Trait Hope Scaleand State Hope Scale, Riff&#039;s Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Inventory. Data was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach&#039;s alpha and split-half methods via SPSS 16 and LISREL 8.5 . Findings: Cronbach&#039;s alpha (0.83), split-half coefficient (0.80), divergent validity (with Beck Hopelessness Scale,-0.20), and criterion validity (with Snyder State Hope Scale, 0.55) were significant (P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the 12-item Hope Scale for adults had one latent factor thatexplained 47% of the scale variance. Firstorder confirmatory factor analysis indicated that 8items of the scalehad high factor loadings on one latent factor.Univariate model appropriately fitted with the data (adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, normed fit index = 0.98). In addition, there was a significant relation between trait hope and psychological well-being (r = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The Trait Hope Scale has high reliability and validity and thus can be usedinfuture research.

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Aim and Background: Smoking and drugs are considered are among the most common causes of early mortality in developing and developed countries. Health professionals believe that university period has special characteristics and is of high importance in prevention of smoking among young adults. In this study, we examined with the relations between smoking and psychological and demographic variables. Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 537 students were randomly selected from 7 schools of Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan Branch, Iran). A researcher-made questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were completed by the participants. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS 12 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Smokers constituted 18.7% of the study population. Smoking was significantly more frequent among men. There was no significant relation between marital status and palce of residence. Smoking was significantly correlated with having a smoking family (27.3% of smokers had smoking families). The most common way to start smoking cigarettes was through friends (75%). Among psychiatric symptoms, hostility (aggression) and physical complaints were significantly higher in smokers than nonsmokers. General Severity index was higher among smokers but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking among students of Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan was relatively higher than many other universities. The high prevalence in this age can lead to many physical and mental problems. In addition, smoking individuals are usually more aggressive. Hence, educational and preventive policies are required to reduce smoking in young people. Attitudes of teenagers and young adults toward smoking should also be corrected through similar programs.

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Aim and Background: The concept of God concept is transferred to individuals by means of cultural and theological media. It is a conceptual understanding of people about the attributes of God and is closely associated with their mental health. The aim of the current study was to predict symptoms based on the concept of God in Iranian medical students. Methods and Materials: In this correlational study, 289 students from Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected through proportional stratified sampling God Concept&nbsp;Adjective Checklist&nbsp; and Symptoms Checklist 90-Revised were administered to collect data. Data was then analyzed by Pearson&rsquo;s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Findings: Symptoms of college students can be predicted by their God concept. Moreover, male and female students with a positive God concept had fewer symptoms than students with a negative God concept (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Result of the study indicated that symptoms can be predicted from their God concept, thus mental health of individuals is associated with their mental health status. Theoretical implication and practical application of the finding are discussed in the original paper.