Aim and Background: Meta-cognition is one of the high cognitive processes of brain which has positive relationship with other cognitive capacities and can be considered as a predisposing factor in most of psychopathologies. the aim of present study was to examine the relationship between meta-cognition with anxiety and depression in mothers of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with mothers of normal children. Materials and Method: this is a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. The populations of this study were the mothers of 7-12 years old children who lived in Isfahan in 2011. 50 mothers of children with ADHD and 50 mothers of normal children were chosen through purposive sampling and were assessed by means of Wells and Cartwright meta-cognitive beliefs Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory- II. Findings: data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety and depression between two groups of mothers with ADHD children and mothers of normal children when the age is controlled and the first group had more depression symptoms. The mean of meta- cognition scores in these two groups was not significantly different. Anxiety was correlated with depression and meta- cognition in both groups(p= 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological health of mothers of children with ADHD is less than mothers of normal children, and taking a systemic approach in solving problems of such families can be useful.
Aim and Background: Childhood is one of the most important stages of life, in this period of life, all kinds of sexual harassment may occur for children. This research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of sex education in sexually abused children and normal children. Methods and Materials: The present study was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research was children aged 7 to 12 years in the southwest of Tehran in 1400. The statistical sample of this research consisted of 15 sexually abused children and 15 normal children in the 16th and 19th district of Tehran, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. The research tools were Russell, Peplau and Cutrona isolation questionnaire (1978), California Clark et al.'s social adjustment questionnaire (1953) and Gresham and Elliott's social skills questionnaire (1990), which were implemented on both groups of children. Finally, the data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance methods with the help of SPSSV22 software. Findings: The findings showed that sexual education training is more effective on increasing adaptation and social skills at the confidence level of 99% (P<0.01) and reducing isolationism at the confidence level of 95% (P<0.05) of sexually abused children compared to normal children. Conclusions: The findings of the research show that sex education can reduce children's behavioral problems and improve their adaptation and social skills, and therefore, sex education should be prioritized for abused children.
