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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: A chronic illness, such as diabetes mellitus, creates changes in the life style and requires constant adjustment. The onset of a chronic illness can be a stressful event in any life stage including adolescence.. The interaction between the illness related problems and the psychosocial changes associated with normal adolescence makes it difficult for the patient to cope with the chronic illness in a constructive way.. Poor adherence to medical treatment and poor drug compliance are common concerns of the families and physicians dealing with diabetic adolescents. It is of an urgent importance to study effective, culturally appropriated interventions which focus on the high-risk diabetic adolescents with severe adherence difficulties and/or chronically poor metabolic control . Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (Experimental design). The sample consisted of sixty randomly selected male and female diabetic adolescents living in Esfahan, with an age range between 12 to 18 years old. They were randomly assigned to four groups with different subjects of training including: personal self-efficacy, communication skills, both subjects and no training (control group). The scale of self-efficacy in diabetes and Family Assessment Device (FAD) were then administered to all participants. Treatment adherene was also evaluated using laboratory tests for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) index. Data were analysed using the one-way Analysis of the Variance (one-way ANOVA). Findings: Significant difference was found between the groups regardind the scores of self-efficacy (F=3.725, P=0.017), FAD (F=4.151, P=0.01) and communication (F=8.302, P=0.000), as well as HbA1c results (F=3.088, P=0.035). Discussion: For preventing the short and the long term side effects of the diabetes mellitus, patients’ treatment adherence should be improved. Psychological interventions for enhancing self-efficacy and improving communication skills can be effective in this respect.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background and aim: ADHD is considered as the most prevalent disorder during childhood and adolescence. For the purposes of diagnosis and treatment various methods including play therapy one applied. This research has been conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of  play therapy on severity of  symptoms of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school male students aged 9-11. Materials and Methods: By considering a experimental design two psychological and counseling clinics in Isfahan were selected. From the population of all clients in the two clinics who were diagnosed as ADHD-C by the psychiatrists, 30 were selected randomly and assigned into the experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). At the pre- and post - test stages, before and after 8 sessions which took 30-45 minutes every two days play therapy with emphasis on increasing attention and decreasing hyperactivity, CSI-4 and MFFT questionnaires were applied to both groups. Furthermore, in order to diagnose any change after the therapy, a follow-up study was conducted after a month. The data were analyzed by SPSS14 software, using ANCOVA. Findings: The play therapy decreased the amount of ADHD, hyperactivity, attention deficit, and response errors symptoms significantly, but increased response time significantly (all at p Conclusion: Considering the significant differences between the experimental and control groups as well as the fallow - up, play therapy may  be applied as an effective method of treatment for children and adolescence with ADHD preferably, a combination of this and other relevant methods may be used for the treatment of those with ADHD. As the ADHD symptoms were decreased significantly after the intervention, the effect of play therapy was confirmed.

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Aim and Background: Achieve coherent identity is effective in many dimensions of life&nbsp; and many factors are effective in it . for this ,&nbsp; Study&nbsp; about&nbsp; effective&nbsp; factors at&nbsp; identity status&nbsp; in students is necessary and aim of this study&nbsp; is Prediction of identity statuses in high school female / male students which relate with other sex friend based in&nbsp; their demographic and psychological characters in Tehran city. Method and Materials: The design of research was crossection with correlational method in population of high school students that was studying in 1385 in Tehran city that ralate with other sex&nbsp; friend . The sample&nbsp; in this study contained 200 students (101 males and 99 females ) that they choosed by avalailable sampling . Data achived with 2 quastionaire: Extended Objective Measure Ego Identity Status and&nbsp; Sternberg love scale and analysed their with descriptive and inferential statistic (multiple analyses of regression) . Findings: The results showed for achieved identity any of variables didn&rsquo;t show meaningful relationship. Gender variable with moratorium identity&nbsp; ( P<0/01 , F=13/857) , birthday, passion intimacy and gender variables with&nbsp; foreclosure identity, ( P< 0/01 , F= 4/595) intimacy and passion variables with&nbsp; diffusion identity were&nbsp; meaningful ( P< 0/01 , F= 16/648). Conclusions: The results showed, some of demographic and psychological characters are effective in identity statuses

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Aim and Background: Education has devoted a great amount of the budget of every country to itself. It is necessary to provide an appropriate organizational climate and calm and stress less environment in educational section to improve the organizational effectiveness of personnel, which will finally lead to the their creativity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational climate and occupational stress and creativity of the administrative personnel of the educational office of west Azerbaijan province. Methods and Materials: This descriptive-analytical research was assessed by correlative method, during 2009-2010 academic years. The statistical population was all the administrative personnel of educational office in West Azerbaijan province which was about 1569 persons (1469 males, 80 females). The studied group included 479 (409 males, 69 females) which has been selected by multistage cluster sampling method, through different stages. The research tools were Halpin and Croft organizational climate description questionnaire (OCDQ), Rice&#039;s Job Stress test and Abedi&rsquo;s Pencil&ndash;Paper Test of Creativity. The data for both descriptive and analytical level was analyzed using the two sample independent t-test and multivariate regression test Findings: The results of multivariate regression showed that the effect of organizational climate in general on occupational stress and employee&rsquo;s creativity was significant (P < 0.01). It was significant in men (P < 0.01) and women (P < 0.05) too. The difference between organizational climate and gender was significant (P < 0.01). But, it was not significant between creativity and stress, and gender (P > 0.05). Conclusions: In the open environment some parameters such as intimacy, consideration influence, dynamism and morale can be the causes of creativity and decrease in their stress. In closed environments elements such as separation, lack of interest and commitment to their jobs, emphasis on productivity, interference and motivation reduce creativity in the personnel and increase their stress.

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Aim and Background: Insecure attachment style is one of the important effective factors in many mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the positive, negative and disorganized schizotypal characteristics in secure, avoidance and anxiety attachment patterns among students of Tabriz University, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 300 students (150 Male, 150 Female) from Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling method. Schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) and adults attachment inventory (AAI) scale were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: Mean age of participants was 21 &plusmn; 1.28 years. There were significant differences between secure attachment, anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics and total score SPQ (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics personality and total score SPQ (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Insecure avoidant attached individuals experience more intensity of negative, positive and disorganized schizotypal characteristics than secure attached individuals.However, there isn&#039;t significant difference between individual with avoidant and anxiety attachment in terms of severity of positive, negative, disorganized schizotypal characteristics. In sum, individual with insecure attachment are more vulnerable to experience the schizotypal characteristics and schizotypal personality disorder.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The key purpose of the study was to investigation the relationship of job burnout and some of job variables like type and level of responsibility, service and mangement experiences. Method and Materials: This descriptive study was conducted on 245 managers and vice-chancellors randomly selected by the cluster-sampling technique. They were assessed by Job Burnout Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by t and analysis of variance tests. Findings: There was a relationship between job burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment dimensions) and the type and level of responsibility, service and management experiences. Conclusions: This research indicated that type and level of responsibility of managers has an important role in managers&rsquo; job burnout.

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Meta-analysis enables researchers to analyze the findings of studies related to the specific area in the form of a specific research question. Based on the results of these reviews for the specific subject, development of new theories and experimental models is provided. Often, by exploring studies in a particular field, we encounter a large number of studies which were conducted on the same variables. Despite the similarity of studied subjects, it seems that the methods, for example experimental vs. survey or populations of these studies are different. Since, the result of these studies often is not similar, so we need a method based on combining the various results together to improve our knowledge about the subject of study. In the same way, meta-analysis, with the aim of statistically combining results of previous researches, follows two major processes: 1- in addition to making summary and description on the results of studies in the history of specific subject, it also follows the level of relations or a real difference in the populations of various studies, and 2- It estimates the effect of methodological properties of studies on the level of differences or the estimated relationships in various studies in the specific fields. In the present paper, approaches, goals, advantages, disadvantages of meta-analysis procedure in the field of social, and behavioral sciences were discussed.

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Aim and Background: Child social phobia is a common anxiety disorder that there is different intervention psychology treatment for it. The main purpose of this research was to determine the effect of Cognitive-behavior group play therapy on social phobia in 5-11 years old children. Methods and Materials: In this research of quasi experimental, from among of the children who were referred to child psychiatric clinics and who diagnosed by psychiatrist as having social phobia, 30 children were selected as an accessible sample and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received the group play therapy in 6 weekly sessions and the control group which did not receive any intervention. The parent form of sub-scales of social phobia of the Child Abnormal Symptoms Inventory (CSI-4) was administered to all subjects as the pre, post and follow up tests. Findings: The results showed that the difference between mean post test scores of social phobia in the experimental group means post test scores was significant, lower than the control group (P = 0.01). The results of fallow up test was also significant (P < 0. 01), the mean scores of the experimental group was less than that of control group. Conclusions: This research show that social phobia in experimental group was than control group, this finding is similar to research in Iran and another country. Cognitive- behavior group play therapy is effective to reducing children social phobia.

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Aim and Background: Childhood experiences could have profound effects on their adulthood behaviors. This research conducted with the aim of assessing the elementary students&#039; experiences of the elderly hospice who visited these centers or had a family member over there. Methods and Materials: A qualitative study conducted using content analysis method in 2008-9. Eleven students, who had visited a home elderly hospice or had a family member over there, wrote their memories from such experiences. Four of these and five more students were also interviewed. The data were analyzed using Krippendorff method. Findings: Findings were classified into four categories including &quot;the nature of elderly hospice&quot;, &quot;the causes of transmission&quot;, &quot;mode of transmission&quot; and &quot;visit consequences&quot;. Each category had 2-4 subcategories. Most of the students perceived the elderly hospice as distant and different from the normal living place. According to the participants, the elderly were transferred to the hospice for reasons such as &quot;loneliness&quot;, &quot;disease and disability&quot;, &quot;maintenance problems&quot; and &quot;children&#039;s selfishness&quot;. Conclusions: Students had negative perceptions of elderly hospices. Based on their experiences, the elderly hospices isolate the elderly from social life. The authorities should pay more attention to the arrangement and quality of care within the elderly hospices.

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Aim and Background: The role of behavioral inhibition and activation systems as predisposing factors in readiness for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents has been increasingly studied in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these two systems in predicting the development of psychopathology in adolescents. Methods and Materials: The study population included all male and female junior high school students of Tehran. Multistage cluster sampling (with classification) was used to select 303 students (160 girls and 143 boys) from schools in 1st, 2nd and 13th districts of Tehran. The type of research design was descriptive-correlational. Participants completed youth self report questionnaire (YSR) and behavioral inhibition and activation scale (BIS/BAS). Descriptive (mean and standard variation) and inferential (correlation coefficient and regression analysis) statistical methods were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed behavioral inhibition systems to be positively related to anxiety and somatic problems and negatively related to symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the other hand, behavioral activation systems had a positive relationship with symptoms of conduct disorder and a negative relationship with affective problems. All relationships were statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results, in agreement with previous studies, revealed that biological factors underlying behavioral inhibition and activation systems can be considered as predictive factors for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents.

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Aim and Background: Considering the high frequency of anxiety and depressive symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recommended by some gastroenterologists for treatment. In this study, the efficacy of fluvoxamine on severity of symptoms and quality of life in IBS patients was assessed. Methods and Materials: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial was performed on 20-50 year old patients diagnosed with IBS based on the Rome III criteria. Patients were consecutively selected and randomly assigned to fluvoxamine (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) groups. Efficacy of medication was measured by administering severity scale and quality of life questionnaire on day 0 (baseline), day 28 and day 90 (3 rd month). All data was finally analyzed by SPSS version 13 using repeated measures ANOVA and t-test. Findings: Mean score of clinical symptoms severity in fluvoxamine group before intervention was 206.8. However, the scores decreased to 165.2 and 137.5 one month and 3 months after intervention, respectively. Although severity of symptoms was decreased in both groups, the difference was only significant in the fluvoxamine group (P < 0.05). Mean of quality of life scores in the fluvoxamine group was 55.3, 63.0 and 68.1 before intervention, one month and three months after intervention, respectively. However, this increase was not statically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, administration of fluvoxamine patients with IBS can lead to a decrease in the severity of symptoms.

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Aim and Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease usually associated with high levels of pain and impairment in different systems, producing high levels of stress in patients who suffer from it. The purpose of this study was to consider the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) therapy on stress of female patients with SLE. Methods and Materials: This was an experimental study using randomized pre-, post- and follow-up tests. Twenty-four female patients over 18 years of age, already diagnosed with SLE, were randomly selected and assigned to two groups. All subjects completed the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale before and after the intervention as well as during the follow-up period. Eight sessions of CBSM group therapy were directed for the intervention group. Meanwhile both groups were kept under their routine medical treatments. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. Findings: Data analysis showed that the mean score of stress in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group in post-test (P < 0.001) and the follow-up period (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of CBSM group therapy on the stress of female patients with SLE.

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Aim and Background: Recognizing factors and reasons affecting addiction can be useful in reducing the prevalence of addiction and as a result prevent various mental&sbquo; economical&sbquo; cultural, and social complications. The present study aimed to determine the factors leading to addiction based on the opinions of drug addicts hospitalized in addiction centers in Kerman. Methods and Materials: This survey included 200 male drug addicts hospitalized in addiction centers in Kerman. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire which consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic features and the second part included reasons of tendency to use narcotics. The reasons were divided into three categories of personal&sbquo; familial, and social levels. Data was analyzed using dispersion and central indices, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Withney U tests. Findings: The minimum age for starting addiction was 9. Among various personal&sbquo; familial and social factors&sbquo; imitating addicted adults (46.5%)&sbquo; addiction of parents (53.5%) and relationships with addicted friends (78%) had the most important roles in the tendency to use narcotics. Conclusions: According to our results&sbquo; family and peers can make individuals more vulnerabale using narcotics and thus addiction.

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Aim and Background: According to the self-transcendence model, interventions to promote the level of self-transcendence can in turn improve physical health status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-transcendence and perceived physical health in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) attending peer support groups. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study used pretest and posttest to investigate the relationship between self-transcendence and perceived physical health in 33 patients with confirmed MS. Patients participated in three peer support groups (10 males in the male group, 11 females in female group and 12 males and females in the mixed group). Participants were required to attend 8 weekly sessions comprising 2 hours each. Data was collected by the Self-Transcendence Scale (STS) and physical health section of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI). Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman and Pearson coefficients were used for data analysis. Findings: Comparing mean scores of self-transcendence (pretest: 44.57 (8.2); posttest: 53.21 (6.2); P = 0.001) and physical health status (pretest: 151.84 (33.3); posttest 171.58 (37.5); P = 0.009) showed significant differences after attending peer support groups. There was a positive relationship between self-transcendence and physical health status (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The&nbsp;results showed that promoting self-transcendence would lead to enhanced physical health status and the quality of life in general.

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Aim and Background: Individuals are faced with numerous stressful life events which can negatively influence their mental health. Many individuals use smoking as a means of confronting stress. Given the relatively high prevalence of smoking in central Iran, the present study was conducted to compare stress levels in smokers, non-smokers, and those who had quit smoking. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted as part of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program on 9752 individuals in the cities of Isfahan, Arak, and Najaf Abad in 2008. Sampling was performed using multistage cluster randomization method. Data on age, sex, demographic characteristics, and smoking status was collected through interviews. Stress level was detected by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square test were used for data analysis. Findings: In the present study, 30% of non-smokers, 32.1% ex-smokers, and 36.9% of smokers scored 4 and higher (P = 0.01) in the GHQ. In regression analysis, the final model which was controlled for age, sex, socioeconomic status (including place of residence, marital status, and education) showed that the odds ratio of stress in smokers and ex-smokers was significantly higher than non-smokers (OR = 1.66 and OR = 1.12, respectively). Conclusions: Conducted studies revealed mental problems and stresses to be significantly related with smoking. Therefore, interventions are required to reduce the prevalence of smoking in the community through interventions which provide correct methods of coping with stress.

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Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common disease in population, and alleviation of pain and prescription of medication is the main treatment option in most of cases. As fibromyalgia commonly associate with mood and psychosomatic disorders, multidisciplinary approaches to treatment including nonpharmacologic therapy, could be results in better control of pain and improve quality of life of these patients.

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Aim and Background: This research aimed to compare marital satisfaction between patients with coronary disease and the general population. Methods and Materials: This case-control study included 50 patients with coronary disease from Motahari Hospital (Fuladshahr, Iran) and 50 healthy persons from Fuladshahr (Iran). The two groups were matched regarding marital status and gender. Convenience sampling was used to select subjects. Data was collected by the index of marital satisfaction (IMS). SPSS16 was used for data analysis. Findings: Statistical analyses showed marital satisfaction rates to be lower than the normal population among coronary artery disease patients (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Based on our results, marital satisfaction should be considered as an important issue in cardiac patients.

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Aim and Background: Stress is one of the risk factors for heart diseases. It also reduces general health in patients with heart diseases. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management interventions on general health among patients with heart diseases. Methods and Materials: A total number of 26 patients with heart diseases were selected by convenience sampling method from the rehabilitation unit of Cardiovascular Research Center (Isfahan, Iran). The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental (n = 13) and control (n = 13). The experimental group received 8 weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was completed in the pretest and posttest phases by the patients of the two groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The results of ANCOVA showed that mean general health scores of posttest significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that cognitive-behavioral stress management interventions can be used as a useful interventional method for patients with heart diseases.

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Aim and Background: Anxiety is the most prevalent psychiatric symptom in patients with coronary heart disease. Untreated anxiety will result in adverse outcomes for these patients. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of group behavioral activation with and without familial support on anxiety reduction in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods and Materials: In a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and follow-up, 59 married men with coronary heart disease were selected with convenient sampling. They were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Family Support Questionnaire (FSQ), and a demographic questionnaire in pretest phase, posttest phase, and follow-up phase. Treatments groups received therapeutic intervention in 7 sessions (once weekly) while the control group did not receive any intervention. All groups were followed for 6 months. Findings: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between the therapeutic effectiveness of group behavioral activation therapy, group behavioral activation therapy with familial support, and the control group in anxiety reduction (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The effectiveness of group behavioral activation and social support on anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease would be valuable for clinicians and health professionals.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of life skills training to reduce depressive symptoms in students of Piranshahr, Iran. Methods and Materials: A total number of 64 male high school students who scored 96-140 on children&#039;s depression scale were selected randomly from Piranshahr. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group attended 12 sessions of group life skills training. However, the control group received no intervention. Both groups completed children&#039;s depression scale before and after the intervention. Findings: The results of analysis of covariance showed that life skills training was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and significantly reduced social problems, and preoccupation with death and diseases. The treatment was however found to be ineffective in reducing affective responses and sense of guilt and improving self esteem and pleasure. Conclusions: According to our results, it appears that a complete treatment of depressive symptoms requires a more extensive training.