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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Aim and Background: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) is a chronic disease with relapsing and remitting periods. As it can make disabilities in patients' physical activities, MS can affect patients' psycho-social status to various degrees. The aim of this study was to evaluate attitudes of patients with MS towards the impacts of the disease on their social and sexual activities. Method and Materials: One hundred patients with a diagnosis of MS hospitalized in Az'zahra Hospital in 2006-2007 were selected through a simple randomized sampling. Data was collected using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as well as two other researcher-made questionnaires to assess patients' attitudes. Data was analyzed by SPSS-12 software using t-test and ANOVA. Findings: The mean score of patients' attitude toward the adverse impacts of MS on their social & sexual activities were 23.64 and 14.23 respectively (the mean scores of the tests are 24 for impacts on social activities and 12 for impacts on sexual activities) . According to the results, patients with MS believed that the disease has had a moderate impact on their social activities but a relatively high adverse impact on their sexual ones. Conclusion: Patients with MS viewed the disease as moderately disturbing for their social activities and highly interfering with their sexual life. There were significant differences in this regard according to sex and depression co-morbidity.

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Aim and Background: According to the self-transcendence model, interventions to promote the level of self-transcendence can in turn improve physical health status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-transcendence and perceived physical health in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) attending peer support groups. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study used pretest and posttest to investigate the relationship between self-transcendence and perceived physical health in 33 patients with confirmed MS. Patients participated in three peer support groups (10 males in the male group, 11 females in female group and 12 males and females in the mixed group). Participants were required to attend 8 weekly sessions comprising 2 hours each. Data was collected by the Self-Transcendence Scale (STS) and physical health section of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI). Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman and Pearson coefficients were used for data analysis. Findings: Comparing mean scores of self-transcendence (pretest: 44.57 (8.2); posttest: 53.21 (6.2); P = 0.001) and physical health status (pretest: 151.84 (33.3); posttest 171.58 (37.5); P = 0.009) showed significant differences after attending peer support groups. There was a positive relationship between self-transcendence and physical health status (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The results showed that promoting self-transcendence would lead to enhanced physical health status and the quality of life in general.

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Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which primary symptoms emerges in adults between the age 20 and 40 years old. Previous findings indicate 15-20 percent of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients are diagnosed with executive function impairments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate planning function as one of executive functions subsets in patients with relapsing-remitting MS.   Method and Materials: In this ex-post facto study which is done in Esfahan MS association, 49 female with relapsing-remitting MS and 43 female age-, education- and IQ-matched without MS were selected by haphazard sampling. To assess their planning function, both groups were tested using Tower of Hanoi task. Findings: Multivariate analysis of variance shows significant difference between to group in three, four, five, six and seven movement tasks(p<0/ 001). Additionally, patient group has more extra moves (errors) than observe, considering that there was no limitation in time. To measure the sensitivity and specificity of different tasks of Tower of Hanoi task, ROC curve is applied. All curves were located above the reference line. Conclusions: Findings indicate patients with MS had impairment in planning function which is not caused by deficit in their general IQ. Also results showed that six and seven movement tasks of the Tower of Hanoi have higher sensitivity and specificity for assessing planning function.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease and can extremely affect on body esteem at patients and changes obviously Emotions and attitudes with body in patients. Based on this study was to examine body esteem in patients with MS. Methods and Materials: This research Study was descriptive, 395 patients of the MS Society in Tehran in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire of body esteem. Data was analyzed by independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and post hoc Scheffe test using SPSS/16. &nbsp; Findings: According to score of body esteem (3.25) and the overall average score for body esteem (42.25), Patients with multiple sclerosis had favorable body esteem. There were significant relationship between body esteem and marital status (p=0.011), educational level (p<0.001), occupational status (p=0.004), income monthly (p<0.001) and duration of disease (p=0.004), whereas this relationship for between body esteem and age were significant inverse (p<0.001). Conclusions: Where of Human feeling about body esteem is equal to value that hears, sees and senses is created in the mind and community have a role effective in improvement body esteem, the nurses can change people reaction in the first encounter with physical disabilities and so play a main role in positive assessment body esteem and take up valuable of them.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSS) in a sample population of Iranian patients.
Methods and Materials: This research is a descriptive- correlational study with a population of patients afflicted with MS from North Khorasan and Hamedan provinces. A number of 120 patients, who had referred to the North Khorasan and Hamadan MS Associations at an interval of two months, were chosen as the sample population and completed the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSS) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale (DASS-21). The data collected was analyzed through factor analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, Guttmann Split half Quotient and Pearson Correlation, in SPSS17.
Findings: The analysis of the main factors with a Promax rotation and a variance of 71.11 supported 3 factors of the main four ones. The negative correlation pattern in the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy dimensions with the sub-scales of Depression and Anxiety at DASS Scale was indicative of divergence validity. Finally, the Cronbach’s Alpha with a range of 0.78- 0.90 for the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy dimensions and the 0.86 quotient for the entire scale indicated the positive reliability of the scale.
Conclusions: The Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy Scale (MSSS) enjoyed an appropriate reliability and validity in MS Patients of North Khorasan and Hamedan provinces.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in reducing depression symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted with pretest-posttest design and control group. From among female patients with MS who referred to the MS Society in 2015 with depression symptoms, a sample of 45 individuals was selected. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups of CBT, ACT, and control (n = 15). Therapy sessions consisted of 8 sessions, each session was held for 45 minutes. Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and were analyzed using ANCOVA in SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that CBT and ACT were both effective in reducing depression symptoms in patients with MS (P < 0.001), but CBT was more effective compared to ACT. Conclusions: The results showed that CBT and ACT are effective methods of reducing depression in patients with MS. Due to the higher efficacy of CBT, it has been suggested as the preferential treatment for the reduction of depression symptoms in patients with MS.

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Aim and Background: The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire (MSISQ-15) in a sample population of Iranian patients. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-correlational study with a population of patients afflicted with multiple sclerosis from North Khorasan provinces, Iran. A number of 92 patients (46 women and 36 men) were chosen as the sample population. Patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the Multiple Sclerosis Society of North Khorasan during two months were selected using convenience sampling method, and completed the Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-15 (MSISQ-15), Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-19 (MSISQ-19), and Sexual Partner Intimacy Scale. The collected data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, split-half method, Pearson correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: The analysis of the main factors with a promax rotation and a variance of 70.55 supported 3 factors of the main ones. The positive correlation between sub-scales of MSISQ-15 and MSISQ-19 was indicative of convergent validity. Of the other hands, the negative correlation pattern in the MSISQ-15 dimensions with the Sexual Partner Intimacy Scale was indicative of divergence validity. Finally, the Cronbach’s Alpha with a range of 0.88-0.89 for the MSISQ-15 dimensions, and the 0.92 quotient for the entire scale indicated the positive reliability of the questionnaire. Conclusions: The Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire (MSISQ-15) enjoyed an appropriate reliability and validity in with multiple sclerosis from North Khorasan provinces in Iran.

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Aim and Background: Lack of adequate training of primary caregivers of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is the major factor in causing of their depression. Therefore, the researcher tried to identify the The Effectiveness of Group Psychological Training on the Depression of family caregivers MS patients.
Methods and Materials: In this study, the Group Psychological Training program was developed and implemented as a clinical trial with a one-month follow-up. In the design phase, the program draft was first prepared using nursing texts on the required care measures and the role of families in their implementation, then using the RAM technique in terms of concept, usefulness, relevance and applicability of the content. In the implementation phase, the subjects were easily selected (100 people) and randomly placed in the test group (50 people) and the control group (50 people). The program was conducted in 7 sessions, 90 minutes during 7 weeks (1 session per week) for the experimental group and at the end a CD with the theme of relaxation techniques, anger and stress control and educational booklet of the contents of the sessions were given them. The control group also participated in two group sessions to express their memories and were given a training booklet and a CD. A two-part questionnaire was used for data collection. The first included information about demographic, familial and therapeutic characteristics of the patient and caregiver and the second part was the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical tests of chi-square, independent t-test and variance analysis test with repeated measurements.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the mean score of depression in the experimental group as compared to the control group immediately and one month after the intervention. The results of ANOVA with repeated observations also showed a significant decrease in the mean depression score in the experimental group (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Given the effectiveness of psychotherapy training in preventing depression and recovery in families with multiple sclerosis, this program is introduced to the treatment team.

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Aim and Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by demyelinated lesions in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. When myelin is destroyed by plaque formation, nerve fiber conduction is reduced or lost. This phenomenon interrupts the nerve messages sent from the brain and causes the symptoms of the disease. This disease leads to dysfunction of cognitive functions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity on multiple sclerosis mediated by risk decision making function.
Methods and Materials: The research method is descriptive correlation of structural equation management. The statistical population of the study was all patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the Iranian MS Association, from which 200 people were selected by non-random sampling method with inclusion and exclusion criteria. In order to evaluate the level of sensory processing sensitivity in patients from personal scales with high sensory processing sensitivity, Aaron and Aron (1997) and in order to assess the level of risky decision making and severity of multiple sclerosis in patients, respectively used the IOWA gambling test Damasio, Bashara, Damasio, Anderson (1994), Extensive Disability Status Scale Kurtzke (1983).
Findings: The analysis showed that there were significant correlations between and sensory processing sensitivity with multiple sclerosis and risk full decision making. According to the results of the mediation؛ the effect of sensory processing sensitivity on the multiple sclerosis, was moderated by the risk full decision making (p>0.001).
Conclusions: As a result of structural equation sensory processing sensitivity risk full decision making, and multiple sclerosis according to indicators of fitness is good.

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Aim and Background: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. This disease is one of the most common neurological diseases in humans and is the most debilitating disease of young people. In this regard, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment based on lived experiences of social stigma on the Mental Toughness of multiple sclerosis patients in Isfahan city.
Methods and Materials: The research method was a pre-test and post-test with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research was all patients with multiple sclerosis who referred to the neurologist's office in Isfahan city in 2019. The society was informed that 30 patients with MS were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into two treatment groups based on lived experiences of social stigma and the control group (15 people in each group). The subjects underwent 8 weekly 90-minute sessions. The treatment was based on the lived experiences of social stigma and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data in this research was collected by the mental toughness questionnaire (MTQ48) (Clough et al., 2007) in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up and were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements in SPSS software version 22.
Findings: The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that the treatment based on the lived experiences of social stigma has created a Pnificant difference in the inter-group stage (P<0/05).
Findings: The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measurement showed that the treatment based on the lived experiences of social stigma has created a Pnificant difference in the post-test stage compared to the follow-up and the pre-test (P<0/05).
Conclusion: Treatment based on lived experiences of social stigma has increased mental toughness in people with multiple sclerosis. Therefore, these results are recommended for clinical experts and health care workers

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Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the central nervous system disorders that poses numerous challenges regarding the psychological adjustment of affected individuals worldwide. Psychological interventions can be utilized to address these challenges. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based on the Rutgering approach (delivered in a hybrid format of in-person and online sessions) on health anxiety, death anxiety, and body image in MS patients in Tehran.
Methods and Materials: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up structure for both the intervention and control groups. Using convenience sampling, 30 MS patients registered with a rehabilitation charity in Tehran who scored above the mean on health anxiety, death anxiety, and body image questionnaires were selected. These participants were randomly assigned to two groups of 15. The intervention group received CBT sessions based on the Rutgering et al. (2022) approach in a hybrid in-person and online format.
Findings: The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that implementing the hybrid CBT protocol significantly improved health anxiety and body image and reduced death anxiety in MS patients (P = 0.01).
Conclusions: The findings suggest that CBT based on the Rutgering approach is effective in addressing psychological characteristics such as health anxiety, body image, and death anxiety in MS patients. Therefore, it can be considered a complementary treatment alongside other therapeutic methods for MS patients

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 Aim and Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can significantly affect the quality of life and daily life activities of caregivers, and how to cope with stressful situations and challenges for caregivers is determined by the personality of the caregiver. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of low positive emotions, anxiety-related experiences and helplessness/hopelessness based on MMPI-3 in the experience of suffering and caregiver burden of caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Methods and Materials:  The current research method was fundamental, cross-sectional, and descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population included all the caregivers of MS patients in Mashhad city, who had visited specialized neurology clinics and Mashhad MS patients' support association between October and December 2024, and 336 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools included the Minnesota multidimensional personality questionnaire - third edition, caregiver burden scale, and suffering assessment questionnaire. For data analysis, multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS version 26 statistical software. 
Findings: The results of the present study showed that the highest correlation was observed between anxiety-related experiences and the Experience of Suffering and the lowest correlation was observed between anxiety-related experiences and the helplessness/hopelessness. Also, helplessness/hopelessness and anxiety-related experiences explain 23% of the variance of suffering experience. In addition, it was found that experiences related to anxiety, low positive emotions, and helplessness/hopelessness explained 41% of the variance of caregiver burden.
Conclusions: Based on this and considering the relationship of personality dimensions with the experience of suffering and caregiver burden, it is suggested that in order to reduce and moderate the pain and suffering of caregivers, educational and therapeutic programs to promote and improve positive personality abilities and adjust negative personality dimensions, including centers Counseling and treatment, hospitals and universities should be designed.