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Background and Aim: Adolescence is an important stage of life accompanied by deep physical and psychological changes frequently leading to body image dissatisfaction. Body image dissatisfaction, found to predict the formation of eating disturbaces, psychiatric disturbances and low self- esteem. The present study examined the body image dissatisfaction and body mass index in adolescent girls. Method & Materials: This cross- sectional study was conducted in Isfahan city in 2006. Three hundred & eighty four(384) high school girls were selected through cluster- randomized sampling. Data were collected using demograghic and body image satisfaction questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were taken by one person and were analysed by SPSS soft ware using descriptive tests, one- way ANOVA and independent t- tests. Findings: By using the reference data of BMI for age, the overall prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among Isfahan high school girls were 7.03%, 9.1% and 1.03% respectively. There was a significant association between body image dissatisfaction and body mass index among the high school girls(P = 0.012). Conclusion: Compared to most other cities in our country, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity are lower in Isfahan girls aged 14-18 years but many girls exhibit dissatisfaction with their body image. There was a significant correlation between lower satisfaction with body image and higher body mass index. These findings indicate the importance of Planning for prevention and treatment of body image dissatisfaction.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this research was to examine the effect of positive psychology group training on body image satisfaction in adolescent girl students of Kuhdasht, Iran. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental research with pre-/post-test design and control group. Applying researcher-made Satisfaction with Body Image Scale (SWBIS), from high Scholl girls with low body image satisfactory, 32 were randomly chosen and divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. Positive psychology group training was presented to experimental group one hour and two times a week during 14 sessions. The control group received no training. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA test. Findings: Body image scores improved at post-test stage in those who received the intervention (P < 0.001). Conclusions: It can be concluded that positive psychology group training was effective on improving body image in adolescent girl students of Kuhdasht.

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Aim and Background: Obesity is the cause of many physical and psychological problems. The present study aimed to compare the effect of three methods of aerobic exercise, Kegel, and combinatorial (aerobic and Kegel), on body image, and sexual and marital satisfaction in obese women. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. 60 obese women with an age range of 35 to 40 years, and body mass index of higher than 30 kg/m 2 , were selected through convenience sampling method. They were randomly divided into three experimental groups of aerobic, Kegel, and combinatorial, and one control group. Experimental groups participated in their sports activities for eight weeks. The research tools consisted of Fisher Body Image, Yavari Sexual Satisfaction, and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. The validity and reliability of all four questionnaires had been examined and confirmed in Iran before. Findings: The positive effects of all three exercises on sexual and marital satisfaction were approved using the covariance analysis. In addition, the effects of combined training on sexual and marital satisfaction were more than the other two method of practice. Aerobic and combined exercises improved body image, but the Kegel exercise did not have a significant effect on body image. Conclusions: Physical activity is recommended to increase sexual and marital satisfaction in obese women.

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Aim and Background: Obesity is a complex problem that can be caused by a large number of biological, psychological and social factors. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on self-control and flexibility of body image in obese patients volunteering for sleeve and gastric bypass surgery.
Methods and Materials: The method of the study was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest, and follow-up with control group design. The research population included all obese patients who volunteered for sleeve and gastric bypass surgery referred to Tehran Obesity Treatment Center in 2020 and in the period from January to February. Among them, a 30-subject sample was selected by convenience sampling and were assigned randomly in tow groups (15 subjects in each group). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions two days a week of compassion-focused treatment intervention, and the control group were on the waiting list. Collecting the data were gathered Tanji et al.'s self-control questionnaire (2004) and Sands et al.'s body image flexibility questionnaire (2013). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and statistical test of analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Findings: The results of repeated measure ANOVA showed the subjects of experimental group, after receiving intervention, had better self-control and flexibility of body image than subjects of control group.
Conclusions: Therefore, it seems that compassion-focused therapy significantly increased self-control and flexibility of body image of obese patients. Theoretical and practical implications have been discussed in this article.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that emotional distress can be affected by body image and family circumstances. Therefore; the aim of this study was to analyze the structural equations of emotional malaise based on family emotional atmosphere and attachment styles mediated by differentiation and body image.
Methods and Materials: The research method is descriptive-correlation of structural equations. The statistical population consisted of all married men and women living in District 2 of Tehran in 1399. The sample size was estimated to be 400 using the method proposed by Schumacher and Lomax (2004). Sampling method was available and online. Research tools included questionnaires including Toronto Mood Disorder (1994), Hillburn Family Emotional Atmosphere (1964), Collins and Reed Attachment Styles (1990), Scorne and Friedlander (1988) Differentiation, and Director and Garcia (2002) Body Image. They were. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling technique was used in AMOS software environment.  
Findings: Findings showed that anxious attachment style has a positive and dependency and closeness style, family emotional atmosphere, self-differentiation and body image have a negative and significant effect on emotional malaise. It also mediates the effect of anxiety attachment style on emotional malaise in a positive way and the effect of closeness attachment style on emotional malaise in a negative and significant way. Body image mediates the effect of anxiety attachment style on emotional malaise in a positive way and the effect of closeness attachment style on emotional malaise in a negative and meaningful way. Self-differentiation mediates AND Body images the effect of family emotional climate on emotional malaise in a negative and meaningful way.
Conclusions: It seems that improving the emotional atmosphere of the family and attachment style, both directly and by increasing their self-esteem and improving their body image, is effective in reducing emotional distress in married people.

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Aim and Background: This is a descriptive correlational study of the type of structural equation conducted aiming at investigating the structural model of attitude towards body image based on the Achievement Identity Status with the mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance among adolescent girls.
Methods and Materials: The study’s statistical population included all adolescent girls studying in the secondary level in Isfahan city in the academic year 2020-2019, 567 of whom were chosen by cluster random sampling, so that one of the six districts of education in Isfahan (District 5) was randomly selected and among the schools of this district, six schools and from each school, five classes (30 classes in total) were randomly selected and asked to participate in the study. To collect data, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2), sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and unconditional self-acceptance questionnaire (USAQ) were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with AMOS.
Findings: According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between the variables of identity status, sociocultural attitude towards appearance, and self-acceptance and attitude towards body image. Moreover, the findings revealed the effect of the achievement identity status on the attitude towards body image by mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance, and among adolescent girls, the proposed model has a good fit.
Conclusions: The identity status affects the type of people’s attitude towards their body image as their first experienced ego by mediating role of the sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance; hence, to improve the people’s attitude towards their body image, counseling centers, beauty centers, and schools are suggested to consider the aforementioned variables.

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Aim and Background: Today, the tendency of people, especially women, to perform various cosmetic surgeries has increased, and it is important to identify the causes of this problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional factors in the Botox injection in women referring to skin and hair clinics.
Methods and Materials: Among women referring to skin and hair clinics in Isfahan city in 2020, 60 women applying for Botox injections were selected and 60 normal women were matched with the first group in terms of demographic variables. The participants in the research responded to the beliefs about appearance scale (BAAS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and body image concern inventory (BICI). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminate analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of the dimensions of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, except for the dimension of progress, rumination from the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and dysmorphic concern, are significantly higher in women undergoing Botox injections than normal women. Also, the results of the discriminate analysis showed that rumination from the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and feelings from the dimensions of beliefs about appearance could predict Botox injection in women.
Conclusions: In general, these results showed that rumination and negative feelings towards oneself due to skin folds and wrinkles in women are the most important predictors of Botox injection in women; therefore, these findings can lead to solutions to prevent the tendency of people to apply unnecessary beauty treatments.

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Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the central nervous system disorders that poses numerous challenges regarding the psychological adjustment of affected individuals worldwide. Psychological interventions can be utilized to address these challenges. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based on the Rutgering approach (delivered in a hybrid format of in-person and online sessions) on health anxiety, death anxiety, and body image in MS patients in Tehran.
Methods and Materials: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up structure for both the intervention and control groups. Using convenience sampling, 30 MS patients registered with a rehabilitation charity in Tehran who scored above the mean on health anxiety, death anxiety, and body image questionnaires were selected. These participants were randomly assigned to two groups of 15. The intervention group received CBT sessions based on the Rutgering et al. (2022) approach in a hybrid in-person and online format.
Findings: The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that implementing the hybrid CBT protocol significantly improved health anxiety and body image and reduced death anxiety in MS patients (P = 0.01).
Conclusions: The findings suggest that CBT based on the Rutgering approach is effective in addressing psychological characteristics such as health anxiety, body image, and death anxiety in MS patients. Therefore, it can be considered a complementary treatment alongside other therapeutic methods for MS patients