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Introduction: As depression and anxiety can have profound negative effects on the functional status, quality of life, duration of hospitalization and even medical outcome of cancer patients, evaluation and treatment of these disorders are important.  Methods: This was a descriptive study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in cancer patients hospitalized at Isfahan Sayyed-o-shohada hospital. A toal number of 173 hospitalized patients were enrolled. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) were applied to measure depression and anxiety respectively. Data were analyzed using chi-squar test running SPSS-ll soft-ware.  Findings: Prevalence of anxiety and depression was found to be 18.5% and 32.9% respectively. Anxiety had a higher prevalence among women (P Discussion: Considering the relatively high prevalence of anxiety and depression among cancer patients, careful attention must be paid toward diagnosis and treatment of these morbidities. 

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Good performance in academic tests plays a major role in the student's further academic and occupational achievements. In students who experience excessive amounts of anxiety while sitting for a quiz or test, lower academic grades may be achieved as a result of and impaired information processing. This study examined the relationship between anxiety test (AT) and some socio-demographic factors in high school students in Shiraz. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 512 high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were students from both sexes and from all kinds of high schools (named: Governmental, private, and specialized high schools for the exceptionally talented students). The instruments used for data collection were Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11 software, using ANOVA, paired t, and Pearson's correlation tests. Results: The STAI mean scores showed significant correlations with the districts of education organization to which the school belonged, the populated status of the classroom and the attitude of parents and school authorities toward academic failure (P Conclusion: The Findings demonstrated the adverse effects of AT on the student's academic performance. Identifying the bio-socio-demographic correlates of AT may help to plan more specific interventions for reducing AT in students.

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Aim and Background: Fundamental dysfunctions  in  affective  regulation have particular  importance  in development of psychological symptoms in mood disorders. The study investigated the role of alexithymic personality features to predict psychopathological symptoms in patients with major depression. Method and Materials: This was a longitudinal descriptive study. The sample consisted of 323 patients with major depression (225 women, 98 men; 32-45 years old, mean age = 38, SD = 3). They had referred to psychiatric clinics of Ardebil province and were enrolled in the study through convenient sampling after completing and  signing  informed consent  forms. The  instruments used  for data collection were Toronto Alexithymia  Scale-20  and  Symptom  Checklist-90-R.  Data  were  analyzed  using  multiple  regression analyses. Findings: Results demonstrated that only the first alexithymia facet (difficulties with identifying feelings) was  a  significant  predictor  for  all  psychopathological  symptoms  in  patients  with  major  depression   (P = 0.001). The contributions of other facets of alexithymia appeared to be almost negligible.    Conclusions: In general many psychopathological symptoms in major depression are associated with the patients’ inability to identify emotions.

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Aim and Background: Alexithymia or emotional inhibition is an important risk factor for psychosomatic disorders such as gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the dimensions of alexithymia with depression and anxiety in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlation study, 129 patients were selected from patients with FGID referred to digestive clinic of the Noor hospital in Isfahan (during 5 months in 2008). They were investigated using Toronto Alexithymia scale , hospital anxiety and depression scale and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Findings: Only the dimension of “difficulty in identifying feelings” has a significant positive correlation with depression, anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in FGID patients. This dimension is predictor variance of depression, anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: The study emphasizes on the role of alexithymia especially the dimension of “ difficulty in identifying feelings” to understand the psychopathology of FGID. So, it seems that assessment and considering it as an effective factor in the treatment of these patients is essential.

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Aim and Background: The aim of present study was to compare attachment styles between young adults with visual or auditory defects and normal groups in Isfahan city. Methods and Materials: The present study assessed by ex-post facto method. The statistical society of the study is including of all young adults with visual, auditory defects and normal people.80 young adults with visual defects (40 girls and 40 boys), 90 with auditory defects (45 girls and 45 boys) and 80 normal ones (40 girls and 40 boys) were selected randomly. The research tools were questioners including; the Hazan and Shaver attachment styles questionnaires and research&ndash;made sociological questioner. Data analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance ( MANOVA ), Post&ndash;hoc LSD and chi&ndash;square tests. Findings: The results of this study show that there was a significant difference among attachment styles of young adults with visual, auditory defects comparing with normal population (P < 0.001). Also the results show that there was a significant difference among the scores of anxiety / avoidance insecure attachment, ambivalent/ anxiety insecure and secure in these 3 groups. In this study there was no significant differences between mean scores of young male and female&rsquo;s avoidance/ anxiety, ambivalent/anxiety insecure and secure attachment styles (P = 0.165). Conclusions: Young adults with visual, auditory defects more commonly were at risk for insecure attachment in compare with normal group. It is also important to mention that the avoidance/ ambivalent insecure attachment style was more common in the groups with visual, auditory defects and the secure attachment style in normal group. The avoidance and ambivalent insecure attachment styles was more common in the group with auditory defects than those with visual defects.

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Aim and Background: Anxiety is a common psychiatric problem among adolescents. The present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) based on Kendall&rsquo;s Coping Cat model on reducing anxiety among female adolescent students of Khorram Abad. Methods and Materials: This was an experimental study with a one-month follow-up period. It used simple random sampling to select 30 subjects from 376 students aging 11-13 who were found to have high levels of anxiety based on the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS). Participants were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. Then, the experimental group attended CBGT based on Kendall&rsquo;s Coping Cat. Finally, both groups were evaluated again using SCAS. The results were analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: ANCOVA revealed a significant difference between SCAS post-test scores of the experimental and control groups which remained stable one month after the end of treatment. Conclusions: Cognitive-behavioral group therapy based on Kendall&rsquo;s Coping Cat model can reduce anxiety in Iranian female adolescent students.

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Aim and Background: Pain is a complex experience involving psychological factors which results in functional disorder. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between cognitive and emotional factors with chronic low back pain among women in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional research, the target population included all women with chronic low back pain that referred to clinics and hospitals of Isfahan during summer 2011. A total number of 50 women with chronic low back pain were selected by simple random sampling. Instruments used in this research included a demographic questionnaire, the multidimensional pain inventory, the fear-avoidance beliefs inventory, the pain catastrophizing scale, and the hospital anxiety scale. The obtained data was analyzed by stepwise and hierarchical regression analysis and Pearson&#039;s correlation coefficient. Findings: Pain was positively related with fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and anxiety. The results of stepwise regression showed that fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing explained 45.6% of the variance of the pain. In addition, moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that job had a moderating effect on the relationship between anxiety and pain. Conclusions: Chronic low back pain can be predicted by fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing. Moreover, decreasing professional stress would reduce the overall anxiety and thus low back pain among women.

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Aim and Background: Asthma is a chronic illness that can severely affect people&#039;s lives. The aim of this study was to compare anxiety, depression, brain Behavioural systems (BIS-BAS), coping styles, anger and hostility among people with and without asthma. Methods and Materials: Fifty women with asthma attending Shahid Motahhari specialized clinic in Shiraz and 50 normal women were selected using purposive sampling method and were asked to fill these questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), behavioural inhibition/activation system (Carver and White), coping styles (Lazarus and Folkman), and the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (Siegel). All participants ranged in age from 16 to 27 years. Data analysis was done by SPSS 11.5 and LISREL 8.54 using Multi-way analysis of variance test (MANOVA), and path analysis. Findings: Data analysis showed that the two groups had significant differences in anxiety- depression, behavioural inhibition / activation system and BAS subscales (response to drives, fun seeking, reward responsiveness), coping style, anger-arousal, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile outlook and anger-in (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that in comparison with normal people without asthma, people with asthma show more anxiety, depression, BIS activity and less BAS activity. Also People with asthma use more emotion oriented coping styles and experience more anger-arousal, anger, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile outlook and anger-in. Also by path analysis, carefull examination of the relationships between variables showed that coping style has a mediational role in personality traits and clinical symptoms in patients with asthma.

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Aim and Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is the most common surgical procedure for patients suffering from coronary artery diseases. Many studies demonstrated CABG as a serious crisis for patients resulting in excessive stress and anxiety. This study was performed to assess the effects of reflexology on anxiety levels among CABG surgery candidates in Shahid Chamran Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: This clinical trial included 50 CABG candidates who were selected by simple random sampling. Patients were divided into the intervention and control groups based on the random numbers list. Reflexology was conducted for all patients in the intervention group for 30 minutes. Patients in the control group received usual interventions. Patients&#039; anxiety was measured pre- and post-reflexology and usual interventions. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were applied in SPSS to analyze the data. Findings: Patients&#039; anxiety significantly decreased in the intervention group in comparison with the control group (P < 0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusions: The findings of the study showed reflexology to be a safe, effective, and cheap nursing intervention in reducing patients&#039; anxiety before CABG surgery.

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Aim and Background: Anxiety is the most prevalent psychiatric symptom in patients with coronary heart disease. Untreated anxiety will result in adverse outcomes for these patients. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of group behavioral activation with and without familial support on anxiety reduction in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods and Materials: In a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and follow-up, 59 married men with coronary heart disease were selected with convenient sampling. They were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Family Support Questionnaire (FSQ), and a demographic questionnaire in pretest phase, posttest phase, and follow-up phase. Treatments groups received therapeutic intervention in 7 sessions (once weekly) while the control group did not receive any intervention. All groups were followed for 6 months. Findings: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between the therapeutic effectiveness of group behavioral activation therapy, group behavioral activation therapy with familial support, and the control group in anxiety reduction (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The effectiveness of group behavioral activation and social support on anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease would be valuable for clinicians and health professionals.

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Aim and Background: This research aimed to compare the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and Islamic-based spiritual-religious psychotherapy on reducing overt anxiety level of male students residing in dormitory. Methods and Materials: This clinical trial study used Cattell&#039;s anxiety questionnaire to identify anxious students. Afterwards, 45 students from Allame Tabatabaie University selected and randomly assigned into 3 groups of cognitive behavioral therapy, spiritual-religious psychotherapy, and control. They received therapeutic methods in the form of groups for two hours per week (12 sessions). Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that no significant difference between the two therapeutic methods in reducing anxiety levels. In fact, both methods were significantly effective in reducing overt anxiety of students. Conclusions: Islamic-based spiritual-religious psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce overt anxiety.

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Aim and Background: Depression and anxiety among students are important issues, because they lead to scholastic decline and develop many difficulties for students in the future. Furthermore, adherence to religious beliefs and attitudes toward religion as a deterrent to many mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety, has attracted the attention of many psychologists. This study aimed to review the relationship between religious orientations, depression as well anxiety of students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional correlation study which was conducted on 715 students who were selected through stratified random sampling method. Data collection was done through demographic information questionnaire form, DASS-42 standard questionnaire and the Religious Orientations Scale (ROS) by Allport. Finally, statistical software SPSS was used to analyze the data by descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: Average score of depression and anxiety among female students was more than male students; however, in religious orientations, statistically there was no significant relationship between male and female students. Statistically, there was a significant relationship between students&rsquo; depression and anxiety and religious orientations (r = -0.61; P < 0.05) (r = -0.56; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Promotion of religious orientations leads to reduce students&rsquo; anxiety and depression, and therefore religious beliefs can play an important role in preventing mental disorders in people&#039;s lives particularly among university students.

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Aim and Background: Patients with ischemic heart disease in acute stage experienced great anxiety and in compared with patients had less anxiety were affected 5 times more to ischemia, re-infarction, tachycardia, arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation.&nbsp; Excessive anxiety delays recovery and increases the probability of their death in the first month. Numerous studies have shown that heart disease affect the person&#039;s spirituality and suggested that interventions based spirituality may reduce anxiety. Thus, with regard to results of the research findings, vast library search, expert&#039;s opinion, one spirituality care program developed and considered its impact on anxiety of ischemic heart patients hospitalized in CCU. Methods and Materials: This was a randomized clinical trial. Sixty-four ischemic patients in CCU randomly divided into test and control groups. Spiritual care program included supportive presence, support from patient&rsquo;s rituals, and using supportive systems for 3 days and Anxiety Questionnaire completed before and after the intervention for the both groups. Data analysis done through software SPSS and chi-square, independent-t and paired t-tests. Results: Mean score of Anxiety had no significant difference before intervention between two groups (P = 0.91); whereas paired t-test showed there was a significant difference in the test group before and after the intervention (P=0.001), also mean score of anxiety had a significant difference between test and control groups after the intervention (P=0.03). Conclusion: With regard to results of present study spirituality care program could reduce anxiety of ischemic heart patients hospitalized in CCU, so nurses could apply spirituality care program to decrease the anxiety of patients.

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Aim and Background: Meta-cognition is one of the high cognitive processes of brain which has positive relationship with other cognitive capacities and can be considered as a predisposing factor in most of psychopathologies. the aim of present study was to examine the relationship between meta-cognition with anxiety and depression in mothers of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with mothers of normal children. Materials and Method: this is a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. The populations of this study were the mothers of 7-12 years old children who lived in Isfahan in 2011. 50 mothers of children with ADHD and 50 mothers of normal children were chosen through purposive sampling and were assessed by means of Wells and Cartwright meta-cognitive beliefs Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory- II. &nbsp; Findings: data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety and depression between two groups of mothers with ADHD children and mothers of normal children when the age is controlled and the first group had more depression symptoms. The mean of meta- cognition scores in these two groups was not significantly different. Anxiety was correlated with depression and meta- cognition in both groups(p= 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological health of mothers of children with ADHD is less than mothers of normal children, and taking a systemic approach in solving problems of such families can be useful.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to investigate explicit and implicit memory biases in students of Alzahra University and Tehran University, Iran with depression, anxiety, mixed disorder and normal students. Methods and Materials: This research design was based on causal comparative design. 100 students of Alzahra University and Tehran University were chosen by cluster random sampling method. They were given Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) test, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Subjects were asked to decode the words and recall them. Then they answered the free recall tasks which assessed memory biases. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and student&rsquo;s t-test. Findings: Based on recalling the words (positive, negative and threatening emotions) there was a significant difference between implicit memory under difficult and easy situations and explicit memory in groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The bias in depressed, anxious, and mixed depression anxiety groups were more in their implicit memory than explicit memory. They recalled the emotionally negative and threating words under difficult situations less. Results showed that the mixed depression anxiety group recalled words similar to depressed group than anxious group.

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Aim and Background: The present study aimed to examine the effect of massage on decreasing anxiety and depression in addicted women imprisoned in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study. Pre-test and post-test with control group design were used. Subjects were 30 participants who were divided in two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group underwent massage therapy for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) for 30 minutes, while for the control group discussions about daily issues were conducted for only 3 sessions per week. Beck Inventory questionnaires were used for measuring anxiety and depression scores at the beginning and end of intervention period. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: After controlling for the pretest anxiety and depression scores, massage therapy for 8 weeks significantly reduced anxiety (P < 0.001; Partial ƞ 2 = 0.921) and depression (P < 0.001; Partial ƞ 2 = 0.881) scores of the addicted imprisoned women imprisoned in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: According to the results massage therapy can be used as a non-pharmacologic intervention for decreasing anxiety and depression in the addicted women who were imprisoned.

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Abstract Background and Aim: The intolerance of uncertainty model was initially developed as an explanation for worry within the context of generalized anxiety disorder. However, recent research has identified intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as a transdiagnostic maintaining factor across the anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study was to compare the intolerance of uncertainty in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) and control group. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and ex-post facto investigation (causal comparative method). Statistical universe constituted all patients had been referred the first to the Bozorgmehr clinic in Tabriz in the 1389_1390. In this study, 30 client with Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 30 client with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) and 30 control group were selected accessibility. The groups were matched in demographic characteristics with other. Data were collected through a structured clinical interview and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS-17 and descriptive statistic indexs and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Results: The present study has found that people with GAD ,OCD ,and PD disorders compared with controls, according to the f=89/6 significance levels of /0001 had higher intolerance of uncertainty, but people with GAD, OCD, and PD disorders were not significantly different in the intolerance of uncertainty. The results showe differences between the (GAD, OCD, and PD) disorders and control groups in the (F=1/7), significance level0/0001, F=23/5 ,and significance level 0/002,in the two factors  the intolerance of uncertainty questionnaire.   Conclusion: In tolerance of uncertainty is not just for generalized anxiety disorder, It construct seen in the obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. It seems cognitive factor of intolerance of uncertainty plays a pivotal role in causing in this disorders. A potential application of these results for the treatment of anxiety disorders are treatable.  

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Abstract Aim and Background: Psychological interventions can have a decreasing effect on the symptoms of patients with somatoform disorders, via improving psychological, social and familial status of the patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) on anxiety, depression and stress in female with somatoform vertigo. Methods and Materials: This was a case-control research with pre test, post test and follow up. &nbsp; That was conducted in2011 in laboratory of psychology at the Isfahan university. The sample was consisted of 28 patients with somatoform vertigo, according to the diagnosis of neurologist . Then, they randomly assigned to experimental and control group and completed The DASS test was used on both groups in pre test post test and follow up phases. The experimental group received CBSM for 10 sessions, each session 2 hour, for a period of 2. 5 months. The data was analyzed by ANCOVA. Results: The mean of anxiety, Stress and depression scores, was significantly decreased in experimental group in posttest and follow up. Conclusions: It is suggested that cognitive behavioral stress management have had a positive effect on decreasing anxiety, stress, and depression in patients with somatoform vertigo.

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Abstract Aim and Background: According to role of cognitive - emotion regulation in control of positive and negative emotions, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive- emotion regulation and anxiety disorders in child and adolescent. Methods and Materials:The method of this study was applied.240 participants of child and adolescent (154 male and 83 female) were selected randomly and the instruments (the revised version of Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-71 and Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire) this study was administered on them.The sampling of this study was to multi-cluster sampling. Data analysis of this study was to correlation and multiple regressions. Findings: The results showed that there were significant correlations between most of the Cognitive emotion regulation components and anxiety disorders. Also, the findings of analysis of multi-regression (stepwise method) showed that catastrophic and rumination explained 16 percent of variance of total score of anxiety disorders in child and adolescent. Conclusions: It can be concluded there is correlation between of cognitive-emotion regulation strategies and anxiety disorders. Andsomeof the cognitive emotion regulationstrategies can be involved in anxiety disorders.

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Aim and Background: In this study we examined the efficacy of Unified transdiagnostic Treatment in reduction of Women with generalized anxiety disorder pathological symptoms. Methods and Materials: In the present study we used non-congruent multiple baseline experimental single case study design. Three women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were selected&nbsp; from patients of Tabriz two counseling and psychiatric service centers in 2012 by using purposeful sampling method, along with diagnostic interview and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) based on disorders axis I. Patients underwent the treatment process subsequent to obtaining treatment requirements. &nbsp;The efficacy of Unified transdiagnostic Treatment Protocol (UP) was carried out in three phase of intervention (Baseline, 12 session treatment and 6 weeks follow-up) by using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-Q-IV) and The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) evaluated. Data analyzed with visuals inspection, improvement percentage and reliable change index (RCI) strategies. Findings: Results showed Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment&nbsp; is both clinically and statistically (p<0.05) significant efficient on the reduction of treatment&#039;s target (worry, symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and&nbsp; severity of anxiety and functioning impairment) severity. Conclusions: Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment has appropriate efficacy in the symptom&nbsp; reduction of women suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder.