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Introduction: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Meta Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) on reducing self-punishment behaviors in patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  Methods: In this clinical trial study, One hospital (Shahid Rajaie) was selected from the two psychiatric hospitals for war veterans in Isfahan through multi stage cluster sampling. Thirty subjects were then randomly selected from the war veterans with PTSD referred to this hospital and were randomly assigned to one experimental and one control group. Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) was then administerd to both groups as pretest. Afterward the experimental group received Meta-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) in 8 weekly sessions as well as drug therapy while the control group received only drug therapy. Post-tests were then administered to both groups once immediately afterward and then 2 months later.  Findings: Results showed that MCBT was followed by a significant decrease in self-punishment (P Discussion: This intervention is believed to reduce self- punishment by facilitating transmission from the object mode to the metacognitive mode and enhancing the efficient and flexible coping skills. 

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the anxiety disorders that traumatic events posed as a causal factor for it. Because emergency nurses and fire fighter workers were exposed to traumatic events more than other people. Then the present research was conducted in other to determine prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency hospital nurses and fire department workers in the uremia city. Method and Materials: This research was conducted by cross–sectional method with 100 emergency nurses and 100 fire fighter workers who were selected randomly. Each of samples was tested individually by Mississippi posttraumatic stress disorder scale at the occupational place. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 15 with descriptive statistic and multiple regression test. Findings: The result showed that 14 percent of hospital emergency nurses and 8 percent of fire department workers diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. From demographic variables, age negatively predicted disorder prevalence, namely disorder prevalence decreased with increased in age. Also marriage situation related to disorder prevalence. In this research, there were not significantly relationship between Gender and educational level and posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence. Conclusions: Results revealed that emergency nurses and fire department workers are being at risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. This problem suggests the necessity of coping skills training for this people.

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Background and Aims: The current study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence rate of exposure to traumatic events and some of their related factors in male high school students in Urmia, Iran. Methods and Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 946 male freshmen, junior and senior high school students in Urmia during 2010-2011 school year. The subjects were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. The participants responded to a demographic questionnaire and the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children in their schools and in group. Collected data was analyzed in SPSS 18 by descriptive statistic, t-test, chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.  Results: The results showed that 72.2% of participants had been exposed to at least one traumatic event. Watching violence on television, death of a close person, and severe illness of a close individual were the most prevalent events. The results of t-test showed that the prevalence of some events was increased with aging. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed that some events were more prevalent in the low socioeconomic status. The chi-square test showed that there were correlations between educational field and the prevalence of some events. Conclusion: According to the susceptibility of adolescents, the high prevalence of traumatic events can be accounted as one of major health problems among this group of people. 

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Head trauma and brain injury are common causes of emergency cases, and predispose multiple psychiatric complications. The head trauma, itself, often occurs after some psychiatric disorders, like mood or substance related disorders. So, the complex interaction of these factors often causes difficulties in diagnosis and management of the patients. The side effects of surgical and medical treatments may also entangles these processes. Here we presents the history of a young adult patient with this collection of factors, i.e.: head trauma, delirium, and substance use. Then we discuss about the differential diagnosis and management.

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Aim and Background: Cognitive emotion regulation is a kind of coping strategy that helps individuals in coping with trauma. The aim of this study was the investigation of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and posttraumatic growth in men and women with hepatitis B. Methods and Materials: The statistical population of this study consisted of all men and women with hepatitis B in Hepatitis Research Center of Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. The study subjects were 250 patients with hepatitis B (125 men and 125 women). The participants were randomly selected and completed the Garnefski&rsquo;s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Tedeschi&rsquo;s and Calhon&rsquo;s Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software using the Pearson correlation and MANOVA. Findings: Posttraumatic growth had positive significant relationships with acceptance, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and coping with perspective (r = 0.47 and P < 0.001, r = 0.21 and P = 0.001, r = 0.25 and P < 0001, and r = 0.38 and P < 0001, respectively). In addition, it had negative significant relationships with self-blame, blaming others, catastrophizing, and rumination (r = -0.38 and P < 0.001, r = -0.42 and P < 0.001, r = -0.60 and P < 0.001, and r = -0.14 and P = 0.021, respectively). Moreover, men used the strategies of positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, and positive reappraisal more than women. Women used the strategies of rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others more than men (P < 0001). Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that using adjusted cognitive emotion regulation increases posttraumatic growth in individuals with hepatitis B. Moreover, women with hepatitis B use maladjusted cognitive emotional regulation more than men. Therefore, the results of this research can be useful in the evaluation and improvement of the level of use of adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies. In future studies, emotional regulation strategies can be compared between patients with other chronic illnesses.

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Aim and Background: In this systematic review, virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) was introduced and its effect on anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were studied. VRET has some advantages, compared to in vivo and imaginal exposure therapies, including greater safety and controllability. Thus, it has been introduced as a novel therapeutic method for the recovery and reconstruction of traumatic emotional experiences. Methods and Materials: Two databases of ScienceDirect and PubMed were searched for this review. As a result, 39 interventional studies in which VRET was applied for treating anxiety disorders and PTSD were retrieved. Findings: Results showed VRET had a positive effect on anxiety disorders, including specific and social phobia, panic disorder and agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, in post-treatment assessments. Moreover, VRET had similar positive effects to that of current effective psychotherapies, including in vivo exposure therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Results of the literature review indicated that VRET is effective in cognitive, behavioral, and physiological levels. Moreover, the positive effects of VRET often persist during long-term follow-ups. Conclusions: VRET can be a part of the treatment process of anxiety disorders and PTSD. Further studies in this respect are recommended.

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Aim and Background: Due to the importance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iran, several studies have investigated the effects of different treatments on patients with PTSD. Most of these studies have had a similar theoretical basis along with medical treatments and often their results were unsatisfactory. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of neurofeedback on anxiety, depression, and war post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Methods and Materials: In the present study, 29 patients with PTSD were selected In Kermanshah, Iran, using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to control (n = 14) and experimental groups (n = 15). The two groups were matched in terms of demographic characteristics. The therapeutic program was carried out for 20-25 sessions in the experimental group. The data collection tools consisted of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R), alpha/theta protocol, and the neurofeedback instrument. Findings: Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant reduction (P < 0.001) depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms after the intervention. In the assessment of variation between subjects, a significant reduction was observed in depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings showed that neurofeedback in the form of alpha/theta protocol can involve significant clinical application for patients with PTSD.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to compare cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and time perspective therapy in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war veterans. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design. From among war veterans with PTSD who referred to medical centers in Tehran, Iran, 45 individuals were selected through purposive sampling method. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups of CBT, time perspective therapy, and control group (15 individuals in each group). To collect data, the Beck Depression Inventory was used. Analysis of data was performed using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA. Findings: The results showed no significant difference between the CBT and time perspective treatment on reduction of PTSD symptoms (P = 0.942) in war veterans. However, both CBT and time perspective therapy had significant effects on reduction of depression in war veterans (P < 0.001). Time perspective therapy had a greater effect on reduction of depression (P = 0.001) in war veterans, but this difference was not significant. Conclusions: Follow-up results showed that the effectiveness of time perspective therapy in the reduction of depression among war veterans with PTSD was higher and had greater stability and sustainability compared to CBT. Hence, it can be used as a short-term psychological intervention of war veterans.

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Aim and Background: Traumatic events have several negative consequences, but in a number of cases, positive psychological changes occur following these events. However, little is known about how this positive psychological changes. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between brain behavioral systems and posttraumatic growth in betrayed men. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlational study, 100 betrayed men in the city of Neyshabur were in 2017-2018 years selected by available sampling method. The participants completed Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Findings: The result showed that behavioral activation system predicted cognitive emotion regulation, which, in turn, predicted more posttraumatic growth in betrayed men (p<0.05). Also, adaptive cognitive emotion regulations mediated the relationship between behavioral activation system and posttraumatic growth in betrayed men. Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize the importance of behavioral activation system and cognitive emotion regulation in posttraumatic growth.

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Aim and Background: Although the relationship between history of trauma and symptoms of borderline personality is widely studied, there has been little attention to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and spiritual coping as mediators of this relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and spiritual coping in the relationship between the history of trauma and symptoms of borderline personality. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlational study, 200 female-headed households of Neyshabur city were selected by available sampling method. The participants completed Borderline Traits Scale (BTS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ) and Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (SCQ). Data were analyzed by LISREL and SPSS software, using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results of this study showed that proposed model about mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and spiritual coping in the relationship between the history of trauma and symptoms of borderline personality has an acceptable fit with the data. In addition, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and negative spiritual coping mediated the relationship between history of trauma and symptoms of borderline personality. Conclusions: The results of present study emphasize the importance of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and negative spiritual coping in developing the symptoms of borderline personality after the trauma.

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Aim and Background: Regard to the impact of the sexual traumatic event on somatic and psychological functioning and the importance of this issue in students, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the severity of sexual trauma experience on somatic symptoms and the role of moderating cognitive emotion regulation strategies in Student girls abused.
Methods and Materials: The present research method was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population was all students aged 14 to 17 in Tehran province in the academic year of 1997-98. In this study, two areas were selected as available (Rudehen Education Area and Four Area). By screening the cases of sexual experience (sexual harassment and sexual abuse), 273 people participated in the analysis as the main sample. The data were collected by checklist of Traumatic Experiences of Nugent Hues and Wonder Hart & Kruger (2002), Cognitive emotion regulation strategies questionnaire Garnefsky et al. (2001), Greek’s Mental Health Questionnaire (2015), and analyzed using correlation, bootstrap test, and conditional effects.
Findings: The results of the present study showed that among the strategies of emotion regulation, Catastrophizing and rumination positivity, and acceptance negatively, were able to significantly moderate the effects severity of the experience of sexual trauma on somatic symptoms.
Conclusions: Due to the moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between the severity of sexual experience and somatic symptoms in order to promote physical health and reduce somatic symptoms, it is recommended to develop programs to study the history of trauma, especially sexual trauma in adolescents with somatic symptoms, and also by training the emotion regulation consistence strategies, effective interventions should be performed.

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Aim and Background: Psychotic-like experiences are considered non-clinical and mild forms of psychotic disorders that are associated with negative consequences such as distress, mental disorders and functional impairments. In addition, they can lead to clinical psychosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive biases, and negative schemas in the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and psychotic-like experiences.
Methods and Materials: The research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch (N=5700) in the academic year of 2019-2020. The sample size was 400 people who were selected by cluster random sampling. In order to collect data, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS), Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) and the 16-item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) were used. The present research data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software and structural equation modeling.
Findings: The results showed that traumatic childhood experiences have a significant effect on the cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive biases and negative schemas (p <0.05). Cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive biases, and negative schemas have a significant effect on the psychotic-like experiences (p <0.05). Also, cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive biases, and negative schemas mediated the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and psychotic-like experiences.
Conclusions: The results of the present study support the hypothesis that cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive biases, and negative schemas mediate the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences psychotic-like experiences.

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Aim and Background: Psychological well-being consists of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, and purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Numerous factors especially childhood trauma and psychological well-being. Besides this relationship does not seem direct and is influenced by other variables such as fear of happiness and alexithymia. The aim of this research was assessing the mediating role of fear of happiness and alexithymia in relation to trauma and psychological well-being.
Methods and Materials: In a descriptive—correlation study, a sample of 262 students from Alborz and Science and Culture Universities were selected by convenience sampling. Participants answered the battery of questionnaires including psychological well-being, fear of happiness scale (FHS), Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS), childhood traumatic Questionnaire (CTQ). Data were analyses using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by LISREL 8.85 software. For evaluating the descriptive statistics SPSS 24 was used as well.
Findings: The analyses revealed that hypothetical model fit the measurement model (RMSEA= 0.55, CFI= 0.92, X2/df= 2.588). The results of the analysis showed that childhood trauma by mediating roles of alexithymia and fear of happiness were able to predict the psychological well- being, so that fear of happiness and alexithymia predicted psychological well-being positively and indirectly.
Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that fear of happiness and alexithymia are mediating the relation of childhood trauma and psychological well-being. Consisting this effect can be useful for improving individual well-being and also can be effective for intervention of childhood traumas.

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Aim and Background: Understanding the predictors and vulnerabilities of bipolar disorder is very important because the prevalence and recurrence rate of this disease is high and even after treatment, patients still experience mild symptoms and functional impairments. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of behavioral activation system–relevant cognitive styles in the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences with bipolar disorder syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all patients with bipolar disorder admitted to Shahid Hayinejad Hospital in Babol. The sample size was 379 people who were selected by available sampling method in a period of 18 months. In order to collect the research data have used  from the Child Trauma Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory- II,  Mania Self-Report Scale and 3 Questionnaires of behavioral activation system–relevant cognitive styles (Perfectionism / Performance Evaluation subscale of Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, Self-Criticism subscale of Depression Experiences Scale, and Autonomy subscale of Autonomy - Community orientation Scale). The research data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software and structural equation modeling.
Findings: The results showed that traumatic childhood experiences have an effect on behavioral activation system–relevant cognitive styles and symptoms (depression and mania) of bipolar disorder (p <0.05). Behavioral activation system–relevant cognitive styles have an effect on symptoms (depression and mania) (p <0.05). In addition, the results showed that the behavioral activation system–relevant cognitive styles mediate the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and symptoms (depression and mania) of bipolar disorder.
Conclusions: The results of the present study support the hypothesis behavioral activation system–relevant cognitive styles mediate the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and symptoms (depression and mania) of bipolar disorder.

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Aim and Background: Covid-19 as a stressor causes several psychological disorders and physical problems around the world, but some people experience post-traumatic growth despite these problems. The aim of this study was to explain post-traumatic growth coping styles based on the experiences of patients with Covid-19. Methods and Materials: Qualitative research design was done by thematic analysis method. Twenty-five participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed according to the step-by-step process of Brown and Clark content analysis using MAXQDA software.
Findings: Data analysis resulted in 96 primary codes, 31 basic themes, and 13 organizing themes. The most important coping styles of patients growing from Corona were: deep thinking style, prayer style, trusting style, hopeful style, modeling style, normalization style, acceptance style, Problem solving style, Meaningful style, Conscious procrastination style, Emotional outburst style, Humorous style, and Supportive style. Finally, the validity and reliability of the identified styles were confirmed using Lincoln and Gaba methods along with four indicators of credibility, conformability, dependability and transformability.
Conclusions: grown individuals have a wide range of coping styles that they use to cope with the stress of Covid-19 disease. The results of this study can significantly help to design the scale of assessment, educational and therapeutic interventions of coping styles that facilitate post-traumatic growth in Covid-19 patients.

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Aim and Background:Romantic relationships are a common global experience among human beings; however, many people experience the breakup of a romantic relationship and may suffer after the end of the romantic relationship. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on love trauma syndrome.
Methods and Materials: The method of this study was quasi-experimental and case studies. For this purpose, three female participants with the experience in romantic relationships were selected by purposive sampling in Isfahan and treated by an individual who focused on compassion during eight 90-minute sessions. Participants in the treatment phase (baseline, intervention, and follow-up) answered the Peasant Love Trauma Syndrome Questionnaire (2010). In the pre-treatment phase, the Ross Love Trauma Questionnaire (1999) and the MMPI-2RF Questionnaire were interviewed clinically. Data were analyzed by visual mapping, baseline change index, and recovery percentage formula.
Findings: The improvement rates in the love trauma symptoms variable in the post-intervention and follow-up stages were 95% and 50% in the first participant, 50% and 31% in the second participant, and 16% and 41% in the third participant, respectively. Thus, the overall recovery rates for all the three participants were 55% and 41%, respectively, indicating good and moderate treatment success in the short and long terms, respectively.
Conclusions: CFT with compassionate topical cultivation provides the opportunity for clients to go through the healing process with full awareness of their own painful experiences. Research results can be used by psychologists and counselors.

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Aim and Background: Family is the most important and basic foundation for creating a healthy society. If couples have a healthy and good relationship with each other, we will have a healthy family and as a result, a healthy society. Now, if couples have an inappropriate relationship with each other, problems will arise for them. One of the most important issues that, in addition to disrupting the family unit and the couple's relationship, aggravates the injury in the injured person, is post-traumatic stress disorder caused by marital infidelity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy approach on post-traumatic stress disorder caused by marital infidelity.
Methods and Materials: The quasi-experimental research method was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all women affected by the phenomenon of infidelity in the winter of 2022. The number of 30 couples who visited the Education Counseling Center of the 2nd District of Tehran and had moderate to high symptoms in the scores of the FOA (2003) Emotional PTSD scale scores were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The subjects in the experimental group participated in a group program of emotional couple therapy for 15 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention.
Findings: The results of the analysis showed that emotional couple therapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in women affected by marital infidelity and this effect is stable in the follow-up phase.
Conclusions: Since emotion-oriented couple therapy regulates a person's emotions and due to the effectiveness of this approach in couples involved in marital infidelity, its use as a therapeutic approach in this type of issues is recommended.
 

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Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to compare the effect of tele-hope-based coaching and counseling on post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients with COVID-19 in quarantine conditions in Isfahan province (18 years and older).
Methods and Materials: This research is a quasi-experimental study in which the convenience sampling method with random assignment is used. For this purpose, 43 patients with COVID-19 were randomly assigned in three groups of hope-based coaching (14 people), hope-based counseling (14 people) and control group (15 people). All participants completed questionnaires related to happiness, life satisfaction and post-traumatic growth in the pre-test phase, and then the experimental group members participated in hope-based coaching or counseling (8 sessions for 60 minutes). At the end of the intervention, the post-test was completed and the results were analyzed using MANCOVA test and post hoc tests.
Findings: The findings showed that both tele-interventions had a significant effect on post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients with COVID-19 compared to the control group. However, there was no significant differences between the research variables in the two intervention groups and both interventions were equally effective (P <0.05).
Conclusions: Considering the importance of tele-hope-based interventions during crisis time, such interventions are recommended to increase post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients who are not able to visit in person.