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Abstract Aim and Background: The purpose of the current study is to examine the performance of children with and without AD/HD in time reproduction tasks involving varying durations and modalities. Methods and Materials: A group of 15 children with AD/HD from a pediatric psychiatric clinic and 15 normal children group from two schools in Mashhad were selected by using an ADHD rating scale and Conners’ parents scale. They performed time reproduction tasks in three modalities (auditory, visual, and combined auditory/visual condition) each during six durations (6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 seconds). Findings: As expected, the ADHD group performed weaker in the time duration tasks. However, for varying modalities the performance of two groups weren’t meaningfully different. Furthermore, the difference in performance between two groups prolonged as temporal duration increased.Nevertheless, we observed no interaction between groups and modalities. Conclusions: For longer time durations the ADHD group performs less accurate than the other group. Still, the performance is not affected when the modality is changed.  

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Aim and Background:   Academic procrastination is an irrational desire to delay educational homework, and it is a widespread phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the cognitive-emotional model of academic procrastination with regard to the role of mindfulness, time perception, and mediating role of self-efficacy, exam anxiety and perfectionism. Method and Materials: The present study is a correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Shahid Beheshti University. The study sample consisted of 200 students were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected using Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS), Test Anxiety Scale (TAS), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), Self-efficacy Scale (SES) and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). In order to test structural relations in the proposed model, the method of Structural Equations Model (SEM) was used. Findings: The results showed that the modified conceptual model was confirmed with CFI=0.90 and RMSE=0.058. The relationship between the academic procrastination and mindfulness is negative and significant (P<0.001). Generally, there is a difference between the modified model with the conceptual model in the indirect effect of the test anxiety through reduction of self-efficacy on academic performance and the effect of time estimates on mindfulness. Conclusions: Based on the results, mindfulness-based methods are proposed to reduce academic procrastination due to the role of self-efficacy and test anxiety. In general, the results of the present study are in line with the set of conceptual efforts in the area of academic procrastination studies.

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Aim and Background: Burning is one of the most painful medical injuries. Due to the painful treatment processes, the time of dressing changes and treatment processes perceive very long for patients. recently, emerging therapies such as virtual reality (VR) have been used to reduce duration of time. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy and virtual reality on the time perception in burn patients of Imam Musa Kazem Center in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with a control group. For this purpose, from the statistical population of this study, which consisted of all eligible patients admitted to the burn ward of Imam Musa Kazem Center in Isfahan in 2019, 75 patients of the burn ward of Imam Musa Kazem Educational and Medical Center by sampling Available types were selected. Then, 45 patients were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental 1 (VR), experimental 2 (drug therapy) and a control group (15 people in each group). Subjects responded to the GRS scale before and after the interventions.
Findings The results showed that both virtual reality and pharmacotherapy had a significant effect on time perception of pain (p <0.05). Also, both virtual reality and pharmacotherapy had a significant effect on the perception of pain over time in patients with burns and in comparing the two treatments, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy and pharmacotherapy in reducing pain intensity (0.05 > p). The effects of both treatments were also stable over time.
Conclusions In addition to drug therapy, the use of emerging technologies such as virtual reality seems useful to reduce the damage caused by the treatment process in burn patients.