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Aim and Background: The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Anticipatory Social Behaviours Questionnaires (ASBQ) (Hinrichsen & Clark, 2003) in a student sample. Methods and Materials : The participants of the present study consisted of 460 students (280 women, 180 men) who answered the ASBQ and 284 students (198 women, 86 men) who completed the ASBQ, Social phobia and anxiety inventory (SPAI), Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), and Social Phobia Scale (SPS). In addition, 55 socially anxious patients also answered the ASBQ. The independent sample t-test, multivariate analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, Cronbach’s alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for data analysis. Findings: In the determination of criterion validity, the Pearson correlation coefficient of the ASBQ score with the scores of the mentions questionnaires was significant. The CFA replicated the two-factor solution for the 12-item ASBQ. Discriminant validity using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance illustrated a significant difference in the ASBQ score and its subscales between the two groups of with and without social anxiety. Furthermore, the internal consistency of the ASBQ, based on Cronbach’s alpha, was high and acceptable and its test-retest reliability was also approved. Conclusions Hence, it seems that the Persian version of the ASBQ was a reliable and valid instrument for assessment of anticipatory social behaviors in our Iranian student sample.

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Aim and Background: Social anxiety disorder is the most common type of anxiety disorders that affects the performance and social communication. Among the factors influencing the development and maintenance of the disorder, is early maladaptive schemas and deficits in emotion regulation. The present study aimed to present the structural model of direct and indirect role of early maladaptive schemas on social anxiety with mediation of emotion regulation. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-correlation research, the study population consisted of all students of University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, that among them, 300 students were selected using multistage cluster sampling technique. Young maladaptive schemas, Kanverd social anxiety and Gross and John emotion regulation questionnaires were used to the collect data. The data were analyzed using path analysis method. Findings: Disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limitation, other-directedness and over vigilance/inhibition schemas, due to emotional regulation, had positive and significant effects on social anxiety symptoms (P < 0.01). On the other hand, among the early maladaptive schemas, role of over vigilance, impaired autonomy and performance, and disconnection/rejection schemas in social anxiety were more prominent than the other-directedness and impaired limitations. Conclusions: The findings indicated that not only social anxiety was affected by bad-functioning in maladaptive schemas but also the symptoms of this disorder was aggravated by emotion disregulation; so that the negative effects of defective cognition on social anxiety were increased through defective performance of emotional regulation and aggravated the symptoms of social anxiety.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) on reducing the symptoms of social avoidance and distress in people with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) . Materials and Methods: This was semi-experimental study was a pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of Semnan University in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 20 Students were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned 10 subjects to the experimental group and 10 subjects to the control group. Students were screened for social anxiety disorder and diagnosis of other disorders from Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-4 (SCID-4) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The experimental group received individual VRET for 12 sessions, 30 minutes each week. Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) was administered among the selected sample as pretest. VRET was performed in experimental group, and again, the questionnaires were administered among the participants as posttest. Findings: The results showed that VRET is effective in reducing social avoidance and distress symptoms in in people with SAD. Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of this therapeutic model on reducing the symptoms of social anxiety. This method can be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of SAD and other same disorders.

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Aim and Background: People with social anxiety face problems in many personal and social fields, including interpersonal relationships, due to the anxiety caused by being in social situations. Therefore, experts try to reduce its effects by performing psychological interventions. Accordingly, in this research, a meta-analysis comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions on social anxiety was considered to investigate the real effect of these interventions.
Methods and Materials: For this purpose, among the many research related to this topic, 68 research (31 ACT and 37 CBT research) were found in reliable databases such as Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Iranian publications (Magiran), Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, Scientific information database (SID), PubMed, Islamic world science citation (ISC) and science journals and conference proceedings publisher (Civilica) were selected and meta-analysis was done on them. This research is based on 68 effect sizes and the tool used was the meta-analysis checklist. Data were analyzed using CMA-3 software.
Findings: The research findings showed that the effect size of interventions and training based on acceptance and commitment therapy on social anxiety was 0.603 (P <.001) and for cognitive-behavioral interventions was 0.635 (P <.001).
Conclusions: The obtained effect size in terms of r value for psychological interventions (ACT and CBT) on social anxiety is high, so it can be said that both psychological interventions can effectively reduce social anxiety, but according to the results, obtained effect size is higher for cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to acceptance and commitment therapy.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that stuttering has a negative impact on a person's overall vitality and emotional, social, and psychological health, potentially leading to a reduction in the quality of life of adults who stutter; So, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy based on mindfulness on social anxiety, self-efficacy and quality of life of adults with stuttering with a psycholinguistic approach.
Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all adult men with stuttering who referred to psychological clinics in Mashhad in 1402. Among these people, 30 people were selected by available sampling and according to the entry and exit criteria. In addition, they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). participants in the pre-test and post-test stages of social anxiety scales; World Health Organization quality of life short form; They completed the self-efficacy questionnaire. The experimental group received the cognitive behavioral therapy program based on mindfulness in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group was subjected to regular daily training. Data analysis was done using SPSS-24 software and multivariate analysis of covariance test, following statistical assumptions.
Findings: The results showed that training based on cognitive behavioral therapy based on mindfulness is significantly effective on social anxiety, self-efficacy and quality of life of adults with stuttering (P<0.05).
Conclusions: According to the research results, it is possible to help improve social anxiety, self-efficacy, and quality of life of adults with stuttering through cognitive behavioral therapy based on mindfulness.

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Aim and Background: Social anxiety disorder is a common psychological disorder among adolescents that leads to impairments in their personal, academic, and social functioning. Therefore, this study aimed to predict social anxiety symptoms based on cognitive-attentional syndrome, considering the mediating role of emotional awareness in adolescents in the city of Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: This research was a descriptive-correlational study in the field of structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all female adolescents in the city of Isfahan, aged 12 to 18 years, with a sample size of 334 selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed the research questionnaires, including the Social Anxiety Questionnaire by Jerabak (1996), the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome Questionnaire by Wells (2009), and the Emotional Awareness Questionnaire (EAQ-30) by Rieffe et al. (2007). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS-25 and AMOS-24 software.
Findings: Social anxiety symptoms can be predicted based on cognitive-attentional syndrome and emotional awareness (p < 0.05). Additionally, emotional awareness can be predicted based on cognitive-attentional syndrome (p < 0.01). Finally, the findings indicated that emotional awareness could mediate the prediction of social anxiety symptoms based on cognitive-attentional syndrome (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Emotional awareness and cognitive-attentional syndrome are predictors of social anxiety, with emotional awareness serving as a mediator. This implies that a better understanding of these two variables can assist in the prediction and understanding of social anxiety.                       

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Abstract
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is recognized as a significant mental health challenge, especially among students, with a prevalence rate ranging from 7% to 33% globally. It is characterized by intense fear of social interactions due to concerns about negative evaluation. If left untreated, SAD can severely impact academic performance, career progression, and social relationships. Various studies show its adverse effects on quality of life, including physical, emotional, and social well-being. This disorder manifests in various social settings, such as public speaking, interacting with strangers, and performance-based situations. Research indicates that SAD is influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including childhood experiences and social conditions. Given its widespread impact, early diagnosis and intervention strategies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacological treatments, are essential in reducing its effects and improving the quality of life for individuals affected by it.