---

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: This study was conducted to compare the parenting stress in exceptional children’s mothers (ECMs) and normal children’s mothers (NCMs). Method and Materials: A total number of 738 mothers were enrolled in a retrospective comparative causal relationship study. They were mothers of 7 to 12 year old boy students (386 normal students and 352 exceptional ones) who had been selected through randomized multi-stage cluster sampling in Qom city primary schools. Data were collected using Abedin`s Parenting Stress Index (short form) and analysed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: Mean total score of Parenting stress in ECMs was significantly higher than that of NCMs. Considering the subscales, ECMs had significantly higher scores on subscales of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child characteristics when compared with NCMs. Conclusions: ECMs experience higher levels of parenting stress than NCMs do.

---

Aim and Background: The aim of current study was to investigate the factor structure, reliability, and validity of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) among Tehran city's mothers with 7-12 year-old children. Methods and Materials: After translation, back translation and adaptation of instrument, due to normalization this instrument by applied survey design, 468 mothers from those which selected by multiphase cluster sampling method, complete the PSI-SF questionnaire. The data were analyzed by structural equating model using LISREL software. Findings: The results of Cronbach's alpha showed that the reliability quotients for parenting stress and each of subscales of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child were 0.90, 0.80, 0.84, and 0.80 respectively for total sample (these results for mothers of boys were 0.89, 0.80, 0.83, and 0.78 and mothers of girls 0.91, 0.80, 0.84, and 0.80). Test-retest reliability after 18 days showed 0.75 for total score, 0.82 for parental distress, 0.73 for parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and 0.71 for difficult child. Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) and the child behavior checklist (CBCL) tests were used for evaluating the divergent and convergent. By using factor analysis, we extracted 3 factors (parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child). Conclusions: Results of this study showed that PSI-SF has psychometric properties for utilizing in psychological research and clinical diagnosis of mother's parenting stress.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Possible Selves are temporary self- concepts that individual desires to become and fears for becoming. Schema and parenting styles affect development of possible Selves. These desires and fears are important in individual&#039;s motives. This research aimed to determine relationship of Parenting Styles and Schema with Possible Selves in Students. Methods and Materials: methodology was correlation. 94 students were selected by multiple cluster sampling thorough students of Azad Islamic university, Qzvin branch. Data were collected by the questionnaires of Bamrind,s parenting styles, Young,s schema and&nbsp; Rogers,s self- concept and analyzed by multiple regression Findings: The findings indicated that parenting Style of authoritative and schema of Self-sacrifice and Emotional deprivation predict Possible Selves (P<0.05). In addition, findings showed that parenting style of authoritative (%8/6) and Schema of Self-sacrifice (%10.7) explain possible selves (p<0.01). Conclusions: The results provide some evidence that parenting styles and early maladaptive schema differently affect possible selves by mediating social- cultural norms and parental factors. Therefore, in order to enhance efficient Possible Selves of individuals was recommended to recover parenting style of authoritative and scheme of self-sacrifice. &nbsp;

---

Aim and Background: The integration of mindfulness with psychotherapy began in the 1970s and has been shown to be highly effective in treating psychological disorders and promoting psychological status in individuals without mental disorders. Improvement of parenting skills is one of the areas in which mindfulness techniques have been utilized as intervention. This paper introduces the mindful parenting model. Methods and Materials: This simple review (narrative) study was performed through a literature review of articles on parenting indexed in the databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran. Findings: Researches have been conducted on various treatment methods in the area of parenting, including positive parenting and mindful parenting programs. Conclusions: A review of available literature showed mindful parenting to be effective in different domains such as increasing caregivers&rsquo; satisfaction, improving family functioning and parenting skills, and reduction of behavioral problems in children. However, due to the limitations of these studies such as small sample size, and lack of a control group and comparison with previous treatment methods in parenting, further studies are necessary.

---

Aim and Background: Sometimes, some people feel distressed because of their gender, usually in social, occupational or other personal grounds, which would tend to compatibility problems with gender dysphonia disorder. Therefore, the present study investigated the perceived attachment styles and parenting methods among the patients with gender dissatisfaction disorder and healthy individuals in Isfahan city, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this study, patients gender dysphoria and healthy individuals who had referred to psychiatrists in Isfahan in 2015. The participants consisted of 28 patients with gender dysphoria and 30 healthy individuals, who were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tools consisted of the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) (Reid and Collins) and Perceived Parenting Style Questionnaire (McClun and Merrell). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS Software. Findings: No significant difference was observed between the mean attachment style score of patients and healthy individuals. However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of perceived parenting style. Autocratic parenting style was more prevalent among patients, compared to healthy individuals. Nevertheless, authoritarian parenting style was adopted by healthy subjects more (59.5%) than patients with gender dysphonia (40.5%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: With regard to the findings of the present study, parents of the patients with gender dysphonia disorder should be educated concerning parenting styles to shift their parenting style toward authoritarian style; which tends to lower these individuals&rsquo; psychological impairments.

---

Aim and Background: This study investigated the effectiveness of parental skills training using a solution-focused method to reduce the behavioral problems in preschool children in Isfahan city, Iran. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with control group using pretest-posttest method. The statistical population consisted of all parents of the preschool children in Isfahan city in educational year of 2014-2015. To this end, 32 families (64 parents) were selected using a cluster sampling method and were randomly divided into two control and treatment groups. After pretest for both groups, treatment group received parental skills training using a solution-focused method for 6 sessions during one month by a PhD student in family counseling; however, the control group received no training. Then, posttest and follow-up were conducted for both groups. In order to assess the behavioral problems of the children, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used. Finally, the data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test. Findings: In treatment group, mean values were significantly reduced compared to that of the control group in terms of the behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, somatization, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behaviors, aggressive behaviors, and other problems. Conclusions: It can be concluded that solution-focused parenting skills training is an effective way to reduce children&#039;s behavioral problems.

---

Aim and Background: Parenting is one of the hardest tasks of parents and a determining factor in children’s psychological health. One of the factors influencing parenting is divorce. The objective of the present study was to examine parents’ experience of parenting after divorce. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study was conducted using descriptive phenomenology method. The statistical population in this study included men and women who had experienced parenting after divorce. The participants were 13 men and women who were chosen from among the clients of consultation centers using purposive sampling with maximum variation. They were invited for in-depth and exploratory interviews. Data were analyzed using seven-stage Colaizzi method. Findings: The analysis of these experiences led to the identification of the 10 major themes of parents’ relationship, parent’s individual needs, parent’s support network after divorce, parent’s attitude, emotions, and challenges, parent’s responsibility and supervision, parent-child maturity, and parent-child psychological damage in the parenting process. Conclusions: Parents describe parenting after divorce as a challenging task. The nature of the parents’ relationship, and their individual needs and support sources after divorce can influence their attitude and emotions towards parenting. Psychological damage, growth, and maturity are among the parents’ experiences during the parenting process after divorce.

---

Aim and Background: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a gradual and chronic one always interacting with Cook’s interpersonal relationships and academic performance. Parenting is one of the effective methods for ODD, in which parents learn how to treat their children. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Kazdin method for parenting on parent-child relationships among the students with ODD.

Methods and Materials: The study employed a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest as well as 90-day follow-up and control group design. Of the students with ODD, based on the score above the cut-off point in the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and clinical interview by school’s consultant 30 students were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group contained 15 participants). The experimental group received the Kazdin method for parenting for twelve 90-minute sessions. The participants answered to Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA.

Findings: The Kazdin method for parenting training significantly increased the parent-child relationships in the subscales of proximity, the general positive relationship, the reduction of conflict, and dependence in children with ODD (p<0.001).

Conclusions: The Kazdin method for parenting training has increased the parent-child relationships in children with ODD. According to the results of this study, the Kazdin method for parenting can be an effective way to improve parent-child relationships among students with ODD.

---

Aim and Background: Parenting stress is one of the various effects that specific learning disorder has on parents. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of parenting program based on the lived experiences of mothers of children with specific learning disorder and positive parenting program on mothers’ parenting stress.

Methods and Materials: The research employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with the control group. The sample consisted of 45 mothers of children with specific learning disorder who were selected via the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The research instrument was the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Data were analyzed by MANCOVA and using SPSS version 23 software

Findings: The research findings showed that both interventions had a significant effect on parenting stress. The results of the posttest showed that there was a significant difference between the two interventions of lived experiences parenting and positive parenting in the parenting stress variable in the children’s realm, but there was no significant difference in the parenting stress variable in the parents’ domain.

Conclusions: Parenting program based on lived experiences can be used as an effective program to reduce mothers’ parenting stress.

---

Aim and Background: Social participation is a psychological concept that is important in adolescents. By participating in social activities, a person can recognize his abilities and talents and reach maturity through gaining experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent social participation. The research method was fundamental in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of data collection method.
Methods and Materials: The statistical population included all adolescents in Arak who were studying in secondary schools. The sample consisted of 510 adolescents (255 boys and 255 girls) who were selected by cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were Bumrind parenting style questionnaire, Bogard et al.'s self-regulation questionnaire, and Branigan’s eagerness to participate in social activities. Data analysis was performed using structural equation method with Smart PLS software.
Findings: The results showed that the direct effect of permissive parenting style on social participation and its indirect effect through self-regulated mediation (p<.05), the direct effect of authoritarian parenting style on social participation and its indirect effect through self-regulated mediation (p<.05), and finally the direct effect of authoritative parenting style on social participation and its indirect effect through self-regulatory mediation on social participation were confirmed (p<.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be said that self-regulation plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents' social participation.

---

---

Aim and Background: The authors conducted a quasi-experimental study to compare the effectiveness of GOSP and Triple P on self-esteem, self-efficacy and self-control of children.
Methods and Materials: The statistical population was students aged 8 to 11 who were studying in schools of 15th district of Tehran that had parents with high stress.30 mothers after screening process were randomly replaced in three experimental and control groups (10 people each). The subjects in the experimental groups were trained in (GOSP) (12 sessions), and Triple p (10 sessions according to the Saunders protocol, 1992) 120 minutes, weekly, and the control group did not receive any training. After the training course, post-test was performed for all three groups of students. Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess data.
Findings: Results revealed that the mean scores of students in the group (GOSP) in self-esteem and self-control were significantly higher than Triple p and the control group. The scores of emotional self-efficacy of GOSP were significantly higher than the control group, while there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups. Self-esteem and self-control of children had no significant difference in two groups of positive parenting and the control group. The mean scores of self-efficacy were not significantly different in experimental groups (GOSP and triple p). Regarding social self-efficacy, no significant difference was observed between the three experimental and control groups.
Conclusions: These results suggest that the combination of God oriented spirituality perspective with considering the developmental characteristics of children, increases the effectiveness of parenting trainings on children.

---

Aim and Background: Research has shown that parental empowerment in relation to children and their problems can be effective; therefore, the purpose of this study was the effectiveness of parental empowerment program for families with adopted children on the variables of parenting stress and parent-child relationship.
Methods and Materials: The statistical population included parents with adopted children in Tehran in 2020. Thirty parents were selected as the sample group by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Using a pre-test-post-test pilot design with the control group, parents first completed the parenting stress and parent-child relationship questionnaires and then performed the parental empowerment test application in 8 sessions on the experimental group and after the post-test sessions for both groups were presented. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data using SPSSV19 software.
Findings: The results showed that the parental empowerment program was effective on parenting stresses (p <0.004) and parent-child relationship (p= 0.008) and made a significant difference between the experimental and control groups.
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the parent empowerment training program with adopted children is effective on parenting tensions and parent-child relationship and therefore the knowledge of counselors, family, psychology and other experts in this study can be helpful.  

---

Aim and Background: Therefore, conducting research on children's behavioral problems is important. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of mindful parenting training program plus parental management training (combined education) with mindful parenting training and parental management training alone on reducing externalized and internalized behavioral problems of children.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all preschool children in Kashmar in 2021-2022, from which 120 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups. All completed the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up questionnaires of the Achenbach and Rescorla (2001) Child Behavior Inventory. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS_V19 software.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of externalized and internalized behavioral problems between groups (P<0.01). This means that combined education (mindful parenting program with parental management training) was more effective in reducing externalized and internalized behavioral problems of preschool children compared to mindful parenting education and parental management training alone (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the combined education of mindful parenting and parental management training can reduce the externalized and internalized behavioral problems of preschool children and therefore the awareness of parents, teachers, counselors, psychologists and other professionals about these trainings can be reduced. Behavioral problems of preschool children are helpful.

---

Aim and Background: The disorder of mood disorders is one of the mood disorders recently introduced in childhood and adolescence and has a relatively high prevalence of childhood disorders. The present study investigated the role of parenting styles and parent-child relationships in predicting disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
Methods and Materials: This research is of descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population included all boy students aged 9 to 12 years with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in Bushehr city (Iran) in 2017-2018. The sample consisted of 55 children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,selected by purposive sampling method, and 130 normal children with their parents, selected by a random cluster sampling method. Participants were assessed using a researcher-made anger and irritability questionnaire, the Alabama parenting questionnaire (APQ; Shelton, Frick, & Wootton, 1996), and The Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS; Pianta, 1992). Research data were analyzed using correlation and logistic regression and SPSS-24 software.
Findings: The logistic regression analysis showed that among different parenting styles, positive parenting dimensions and corporal punishment are stronger predictors of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (p<0.01). Among the sub-scales of the parent-child relationship, conflict and general relationships are significant predictors of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (p<0.01).
Conclusions: According to the results, it can be concluded that positive parenting, corporal punishment, intimacy, conflict, and a generally positive relationship can predict disordered mood disorder, and one of the ways to reduce the disorder’s symptoms can be interventions. Be based on parental education.

---

Aim and Background: Persistence is one of the capabilities that weakens under the influence of anxiety; But by modifying the parenting style, this ability can be strengthened; Therefore, the aim of present study was to compare the effectiveness of parent management training and positive psychology parenting on the persistence of adolescent girls with anxiety disorders.
Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental. The research community was formed by adolescent girls aged 13 to 15 years with anxiety symptoms who referred to the psychological centers of Isfahan in 2024 with their mothers. From this society, 60 people were selected purposive sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and one control group and pre-test were conducted. The research tools were Duckworth and Quinn (2009) persistence questionnaire and Spielberger (1970) anxiety questionnaire. Mothers in the first experimental group received parenting management training and second experimental group received positive psychology parenting training in the form of 12 weekly 90-minute sessions. The results analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS 26.
Findings: In persistence variable, time factor (p>0.001, F=27.675), group factor (p>0.001, F=10.324) and time and group interaction (p>0.001, F=8.861) F) are significant. Also, in the post-test and follow-up stage, there is no significant difference between the two training groups in the average of the persistence variable (p≤0.05) but there is a significant difference between the experimental groups with the control group
Conclusions: Parental management training and positive psychology parenting are effective interventions to increase the persistence of adolescents with anxiety.

---

Aim and Background: Considering the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in adolescence, this period is the main stage of developing anxiety symptoms, including generalized anxiety disorder. Many causes and factors are involved in the development of this disorder. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between parenting stress and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.
Methods and Materials: The current research method was fundamental, cross-sectional, and descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population included all secondary school students of Mashhad city (N= 63000) in 2023-2024, 203 of them and one of their parents (203 parents) were selected using the convenience sampling method. This research, used the parenting stress index, the intolerance of uncertainty scale, and the youth anxiety measure for DSM-5. The Pearson correlation method, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software for data analysis.
Findings: The results show that the direct effect of parenting stress on the intolerance of uncertainty is significant, but its effect on generalized anxiety disorder symptoms is not significant. The direct effect of intolerance of uncertainty on generalized anxiety disorder symptoms is significant. The indirect effect of parenting stress on the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder through intolerance of uncertainty is significant (CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.97, NNFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.99, RFI = 0.92, GFI = 0.9, RMSEA = 0.064).
Conclusions: The results show that parenting stress and adolescents' intolerance of uncertainty play an important role in experiencing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The findings of this research show the importance of interventions based on stress reduction and intolerance of uncertainty to reduce parenting stress and adolescents' intolerance of uncertainty and, as a result, symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

---

Aim and Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person's social interactions, communication, and behaviors. The prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. Meanwhile, the experience of caring for a person with autism is a special and unique experience that creates a lot of stress for their parents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct mindful parenting training and transdiagnostic treatment on parental stress and self-compassion in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Methods and Materials: The design of this research is a quasi-experimental one with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder in the age range of 5-12 years who referred to autism centers in Mashhad in 2024. The sampling method in the first stage was based on purposeful sampling, and 45 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder who met the criteria for inclusion in the study were randomly assigned to three groups of 15: two experimental groups and one control group. Research tools included the Parenting Stress Index and the Self-Compassion Scale. In this study, treatment sessions were conducted based on the treatment protocol of the mindful parenting method of Bögels and et al. (2014) and the transdiagnostic treatment program of Barlow and et al. (2011). Data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Findings: The results obtained from repeated measures analysis of variance showed that both mindful parenting interventions and transdiagnostic treatment were able to improve parental stress and self-compassion in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group (P<0.01).
Conclusions: Mindful parenting training and transdiagnostic therapy by teaching mothers appropriate methods of dealing with children with autism spectrum disorder improved emotional regulation and self-compassion skills, as well as reduced stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.