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Abstract Background and Aim: The intolerance of uncertainty model was initially developed as an explanation for worry within the context of generalized anxiety disorder. However, recent research has identified intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as a transdiagnostic maintaining factor across the anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study was to compare the intolerance of uncertainty in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) and control group. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and ex-post facto investigation (causal comparative method). Statistical universe constituted all patients had been referred the first to the Bozorgmehr clinic in Tabriz in the 1389_1390. In this study, 30 client with Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 30 client with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) and 30 control group were selected accessibility. The groups were matched in demographic characteristics with other. Data were collected through a structured clinical interview and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS-17 and descriptive statistic indexs and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Results: The present study has found that people with GAD ,OCD ,and PD disorders compared with controls, according to the f=89/6 significance levels of /0001 had higher intolerance of uncertainty, but people with GAD, OCD, and PD disorders were not significantly different in the intolerance of uncertainty. The results showe differences between the (GAD, OCD, and PD) disorders and control groups in the (F=1/7), significance level0/0001, F=23/5 ,and significance level 0/002,in the two factors  the intolerance of uncertainty questionnaire.   Conclusion: In tolerance of uncertainty is not just for generalized anxiety disorder, It construct seen in the obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. It seems cognitive factor of intolerance of uncertainty plays a pivotal role in causing in this disorders. A potential application of these results for the treatment of anxiety disorders are treatable.  

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Aim and Background: Death anxiety plays an important role in panic disorder. Women with panic disorder experience higher death anxiety than other types of anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of death anxiety and the strategies to deal with that in women with panic disorder.

Methods and Materials: This study was conducted using the underlying theory approach. Date was collected by semi- structured interviews with 13 women with panic disorder. The data was analyzed using Strauss and Corbin methods, which included open, axial and selective coding.

Findings: Findings of the causes of death anxiety included 4 main categories: (related to oneself, related to others, nature of death, related to the Afterword) and also contains 7 initial concepts: (revealing human weakness, stopping of life, death of loved ones, destiny of loved ones, dying process, lack of there recognition of death and afterwards and the punishment for the sins). Their strategies of confronting included two main categories: (avoidance strategies, consolation strategies) plus that seven basic concepts are also engaged: (limiting relationships, avoiding situations related to death, considering God’s mercy, abandoning the idea of death, charity, promising positive ideas to oneself, staying in fear).

Conclusions: In addition to self- related factors, factors related to others, the unknown nature of death and the afterlife were involved in causing death anxiety in women with panic disorder. They use avoidant and repressive solutions that do not provide them with sufficient effectiveness.

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Aim and Background: Because of the similarity between some signs of panic disorder (PD) and COVID-19, individuals with PD like individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are vulnerable to negative outcomes of the pandemic. However, previous studies did not adequately address the impacts of COVID-19 on this disorder. Regarding the importance of cognitive mechanisms for both disorders, examining the cognitive impacts of COVID-19 is especially critical. The study aims to compare individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and nonclinical samples in terms of obsessive beliefs and COVID-19 stress, two years after the beginning of the pandemic.
Methods and Materials: In a survey, 127 individuals were recruited through purposive sampling. After being taken for the clinical interview, they were divided into OCD (n=42), PD (n=40), and nonclinical (n=45) groups. Participants responded to the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44), COVID-19 Stress Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Scheffe posthoc tests.
Findings: There were no significant differences between clinical groups based on any obsessive beliefs. In terms of socioeconomic outcomes and traumatic stress components of COVID-19 stress, there were no significant differences between clinical and nonclinical groups. However, individuals with OCD and PD obtained meaningfully higher scores in xenophobia and obsessive checking/ reassurance-seeking components, respectively, than other groups. Even two years after the beginning of the pandemic, clinical groups were significantly more concerned about the danger and contamination of COVID-19 than the nonclinical group.
Conclusions: Obsessive beliefs in individuals with PD are comparable to individuals with OCD during the pandemic. Also, individuals with PD engaged more in obsessive checking/ reassurance-seeking than individuals with OCD and the nonclinical group; it could burden extensive costs for the therapeutic system during the pandemic.

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Aim and Background: The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness on trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorder.
Methods and Materials: The research employed a semi-experimental design with two experimental and control groups, utilizing pre-test, post-test, and a 45-day follow-up. The target population included all individuals exhibiting symptoms of panic disorder seeking counseling and psychotherapy services in Tehran during the years 1401-1402. The sample size consisted of 30 individuals diagnosed with panic disorder, selected purposively, and randomly assigned to the experimental (15 individuals) and the control groups (15 individuals). The experimental group underwent eight sessions of combined virtual reality and mindfulness-based therapy. Both groups answered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire in three phases (pre-test, post-test, and 45-day follow-up). The research data were analyzed using SPSS23 statistical software, employing mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent and dependent t-tests for analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the average scores of trait and state anxiety in the experimental group at post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group had a significant decrease (p<0.001). This means that the combined treatment of virtual reality-based therapy and mindfulness has been effective in reducing trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorders.
Conclusions: Based on the results indicating the positive effect of the combined treatment of virtual reality-based therapy and mindfulness on trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorders, therapists can utilize the combination of virtual reality and mindfulness packages for treating individuals with panic disorders.