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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: This study was conducted to compare the parenting stress in exceptional children’s mothers (ECMs) and normal children’s mothers (NCMs). Method and Materials: A total number of 738 mothers were enrolled in a retrospective comparative causal relationship study. They were mothers of 7 to 12 year old boy students (386 normal students and 352 exceptional ones) who had been selected through randomized multi-stage cluster sampling in Qom city primary schools. Data were collected using Abedin`s Parenting Stress Index (short form) and analysed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: Mean total score of Parenting stress in ECMs was significantly higher than that of NCMs. Considering the subscales, ECMs had significantly higher scores on subscales of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child characteristics when compared with NCMs. Conclusions: ECMs experience higher levels of parenting stress than NCMs do.

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Aim and Background: Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) results in many psychological problems for family members, especially mothers. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment method on anhedonia and gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) in mothers of children with ASD. Methods and Materials: The statistical population included all mothers of children with ASD in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Sampling was conducted through convenience sampling from among mothers who had obtained the highest scores in anhedonia and gelotophobia (a SD of higher than the mean scores of the group). As a result, 40 individuals were selected, and then, divided randomly into control and experimental groups. The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHPS) and the Fear of Being Laughed at Scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using MANCOVA in SPSS software. Findings: The results indicated that transdiagnostic treatment is effective on the components of anhedonia including social interaction, sensory experience, eating and drinking, interest/pastimes, and gelotophobia (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicated that transdiagnostic treatment can be an effective educational program for reducing anhedonia and gelotophobia in mothers of individuals with ASD.

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Aim and Background: The presence of a mentally retarded child in each family affects the structure and mental health of that family, especially the parents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training problem-solving skills on depression and anxiety in mothers of children with mental retardation. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up method along with the control group. The study population was mothers of children with mental retardation in Shahrekord City, Iran, in the year 2016. 30 mothers were randomly selected and assigned to two equal groups of experimental and control. The research instruments were as Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). First, both groups were given pretest; then, experimental group was trained for 7 sessions of 2 hours twice a week according to training problem-solving skills; and after training, posttest was taken from both groups. Data were analyzed using covariance method. Findings: Compared with the control group, problem-solving skills reduced depression and anxiety among experimental group (P < 0.050). Problem-solving skills reduced depression and anxiety in mothers of children with mental retardation with covariance changes of 71.9 and 72.7 percent, respectively. Conclusions: Training problem-solving skill can be used as an effective educational program to decrease depression and anxiety in mothers of children with mental retardation.

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Aim and Background: Eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorders are more than their healthy counterparts and can negatively affect their health, communication and other disabilities. Maternal resilience and interactive style play a vital role in the health, behaviors and quality of life of these children. The aim of this study was to predict the eating problems of children with autism spectrum based on resilience and interactive style of their mothers.
Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population of this study was children with autism spectrum disorders aged 4 to 7 years who referred to private rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The sample size of 90 people was selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Resilience Scale, and Child-Parent Relationship Scale. The data of this study were analyzed using SPSS software and Spearman correlation method.
Findings: Based on the findings, increasing maternal resilience reduced eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorders (p<0.01). In addition, increasing the quality of the parent-child relationship reduces eating problems in these children (p<0.05). Also, increasing the resilience of these mothers directly affects the quality of parent-child interaction (p<0.01). Maternal resilience can predict eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorder.
Conclusions: Resilience and communication style of mothers play a key role in the development of nutritional problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. It seems that by strengthening the parent-child relationship and mothers' resilience, the eating problems of these children can be reduced.

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Aim and Background: The birth of a disabled child influences a wonderful effect on parents psych especially mothers. The birth of disabled child could be let parents down and cause to be hard to cope with. Therefore, the present research aimed to study of effectiveness of native solution-focused therapy based on narrations of mothers with mentally retarded children on their resilience.
Methods and Materials: The research method of this paper was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest, and control group design. The research population include all mothers who has disable child and were referred to Welfare Organization of Arak in the first 3-month of 2019 year. The research sample includes 40 mothers who were selected randomly among research population (each group 20 subjects). To gather the data Conner and Davidson’s questionnaire was used. The experimental group received solution-focused therapy intervention and the subjects of control group were in waitlist. Analyzing the data carried out by Repeated Measure ANOVA.
Findings: The results showed that native solution-focused therapy intervention has been effective on resiliency of mothers with disabled children (p<.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings, it seems to intervention of native solution-focused therapy based on narrations of mothers with disabled children on increasing of their resilience has been effective. Theoretical and practical implications discussed in this research.

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Aim and Background: Research indicates that parents on the verge of separation experience psychological issues, including difficulties in emotion regulation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a lived-experience-based educational package on improving emotion regulation difficulties in mothers on the verge of separation.
Methods and Materials: The research method was experimental, utilizing a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. From among mothers on the verge of separation, referred by the court to counseling centers affiliated with the Judiciary of Isfahan in the first half of 2022, a total of 30 mothers were selected using convenience sampling based on the study's inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of 90-minute training, while the control group was placed on a waiting list. The tools used in the present study included the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis.
Findings: The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test phase (P < 0.05). Additionally, the follow-up results demonstrated that the lived-experience-based educational package had a positive impact on improving emotion regulation difficulties in mothers on the verge of separation (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that the lived-experience-based educational package was effective in improving emotion regulation difficulties in mothers on the verge of separation. Therefore, utilizing this educational and therapeutic approach is recommended to enhance the psychological health and well-being of individuals on the brink of separation (divorce).    

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Aim and Background: Chronic and incurable diseases, such as celiac disease, significantly impact the quality of life of patients and their families. The diagnosis of celiac disease in a child can pose a threat to the mental well-being of their caregivers, especially their mothers, as these individuals often endure considerable anxiety and psychological stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of solution focused therapy and narrative therapy on distress tolerance in mothers of children diagnosed with celiac disease.
Methods and Materials: The present study is a semi-experimental intervention research with a pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up design, consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included mothers with at least one child diagnosed with celiac disease who are members of the Celiac Association of Iran in Isfahan. Among them, 60 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (20 participants in each group). The first experimental group received solution-focused therapy, while the second experimental group underwent narrative therapy in the form of eight90-minute sessions. The control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire by Gaher and Simon (2005). The data were analyzed in SPSS version26 using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.
Findings: Both interventions led to a significant increase in distress tolerance among mothers of children with celiac disease (P<0.01). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two interventions on distress tolerance between the two experimental groups at the post-test stage. These results remained stable during the follow-up phase (P<0.01).
Conclusions: Both solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy can be utilized as beneficial interventions to enhance distress tolerance in mothers of children with celiac disease