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Background and Aim: It can be a catastrophic stress for a mother when she finds out that her child is mentally retarded. Furthermore, presence of a mentally retarded child in the family may be a source of chronic stress which predisposes family members and especially the mother to further emotional crises and extreme stress reactions and disorders. This study was aimed to assess and compare PTSD symptoms in mothers with educatable mentally retarded children and mothers with normal children. Method & Materials: In this cross- sectional study, 80 mothers including 40 with educatable mentally retarded children and 40 with normal children were enrolled. Participant mothers were randomly selected using student profiles of routine intermediary schools and specified intermediary schools for the mentally retarded in Kashan . PTSD symptoms scale(PSS) was administered to mothers to assess PTSD symptoms. PSS includes 17 questions that specify the criteria of PTSD according to DSM-IV and assess PTSD symptoms intensity. Findings: PSS-mean score was significantly higher in mothers who had mentally- retarded children(P < 0.01). Conclusion: Mothers of mentally retarded children have a high vulnerability to stress. Appropriated plans should be designed for prevention and early diagnosis of PTSD symptoms in this group as well as for support and intervention.

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Background and Aim: Mood Bipolar Disorders(BD) are associated with unstabilities in patients&#039; interpersonal interactions which in the long term may result in impairments in their social adjustment. Problem solving skills training, both in individual and group settings have been found effective on improving social adjustment. However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of such approaches in social adjustment of patients with BD. This study was carried to assess the efficacy of problem solving skills training in the group setting on improvement of social adjustment in patients suffering BD. Method & Materials: Participants were 45 female patients with BD, aged 25-30 year old who were randomly selected among patients referred to rehabilitation centers of Isfahan in 2006. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention and one control groups. In the first intervention group only patients received the education but in the second one along with patients, family members separately received the training too. No training was performed for control group. BD diagnosis was confirmed according to two psychiatrists&#039; and the author&#039;s diagnostic interviews. In all three groups patients remained on their medications during the study. Wineland Social Adjustment Test were administered to the three groups before the intervention and then interventions groups received problem solving skills training by Hawthorn method in ten sessions. Wineland Social Adjustment test were again administered to patients of the 3 groups after the last intervention session and also later as a follow up post-test. Data were analyzed through SPSS-software using ANCOVA tests. Findings: After intervention, social adjustment mean scores were significantly higher in both intervention groups than in the control group (P Conclusion: Group problem solving skills training can improve social adjustment in patients with BD. This intervention can be considered as a part of these patients&#039; treatment protocol in the long term.

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Background & Aim: At recent three decades, management of chronic mental disorders has been a focus of attention in mental health systems. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of group psychodrama in reducing depression in inpatient women with chronic mental disorder. Method & Materials: In this semi-experimental study, thirty women with chronic mental disorders bedridden at Razi comprehensive psychiatric center(Tehran, Iran) were randomly assigned to two groups, namely intervention & control groups. Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) was administered to all participants and then a 12 session group psychodrama intervention program was carried out for the intervention group. Meanwhile routine treatments were continued for the control group. BDI was then re-administered for both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent and Paired T tests, Kolmogroph-Smernoph, Chi-square, Leven and Covariance analysis(ANCOVA) tests. &nbsp; Findings: After the intervention, the BDI mean score significantly reduced in the intervention group(p=0.000) but not in the control one. The two groups showed no difference regarding the mean BDI scores before the intervention but afterward the control group had a significantly higher score in this respect(p=0.000). The significant differences remained true after applying ANCOVA to control the effects of age and rate of depression(p=0.000) Conclusion: Psychodrama may be an effective intervention for reducing depression in patients with chronic mental disorders.

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Introduction: Many women in fertile period of their lives experience some bothering mental and physical symptoms that begin around 7-10 days before menses (lutheal phase) and cease in the first days of menstrual bleeding. After presentation of the Text Revision of the Fourth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV), these symptoms already known as Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) were called Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This process was associated with addition of some criteria about duration and intensity. The prevalence of PMS has been estimated to be about 40% to 70% but severe signs (PMDD) have lower prevalence. This study has evaluated the frequency of PMS and PMDD and some related factors in students of girls&rsquo; high schools in Kermanshah. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-analytic study, 800 students of girls&rsquo; high schools were chosen by randomized cluster sampling. A researcher made questionnaire assessing PMS and PMDD according to DSM.IV.TR criteria as well as a demographic questionnaire were administered to participants. Data were analyzed running SPSS software -version 11.5. Findings: Frequencies of PMS and PMDD were 41.5% and 9.4% respectively. The disorder was more frequent in students older than 16 years old. Mood symptoms were the most frequent presentation, followed by physical and behavioral symptoms. There was a lower frequency of the disorder despite a higher frequency of the syndrome in students with highly educated mothers. The frequency of PMS was higher in students with positive family history.&nbsp; Discussion: Because of the potential adverse effects of PMS and PMDD on academic achievement and mental health of students, the high frequency of these problems need urgent attention. Planning mental health evaluations and interventions is necessary for these age group students. Diagnosis of severe cases and referring them should be considered in such programs.&nbsp;

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Introduction: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Meta Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) on reducing self-punishment behaviors in patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).&nbsp; Methods: In this clinical trial study, One hospital (Shahid Rajaie) was selected from the two psychiatric hospitals for war veterans in Isfahan through multi stage cluster sampling. Thirty subjects were then randomly selected from the war veterans with PTSD referred to this hospital and were randomly assigned to one experimental and one control group. Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) was then administerd to both groups as pretest. Afterward the experimental group received Meta-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) in 8 weekly sessions as well as drug therapy while the control group received only drug therapy. Post-tests were then administered to both groups once immediately afterward and then 2 months later.&nbsp; Findings: Results showed that MCBT was followed by a significant decrease in self-punishment (P Discussion: This intervention is believed to reduce self- punishment by facilitating transmission from the object mode to the metacognitive mode and enhancing the efficient and flexible coping skills.&nbsp;

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is an acute and dangerous syndrome which usually arise as a side-effect of Neuroleptic drugs. Its high mortality rate, acute course and the current controversies about the best treatment method indicates the necessity of further investigation on its clinical features, predisposing factors and effective therapeutic methods . Method and Materials: Retrospectively in a 4-year period, we studied patients hospitalized with NMS applying a 7-section questionnaire assessing: drug historys, the underlying psychiatric disorder, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment methods and their outcomes, and duration of hospital stay. Findings: Rigidity and impaired consciousness were the most common clinical findings. Haloperidol, perphenazine and risperidone were the most common antisychotics used before the NMS onset. Mood disorders, schizophrenia, and mental retardation were the most frequent underlying disorders. The most common prescriptions for treatment of NMS were bromocriptine, fluid and electrolytes therapy, and amantadine . Discussion: In diagnosing the NMS, impaired consciousness, especially when being accompanied by rigidity and fever, may be a more sensitive criteria than it is currently believed. Bromocriptin and fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy among many other treatment methods, and also interventions for prevention of NMS complications may play important roles in reducing its mortality rate . &nbsp;

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Stress has wall- known effects in the pathogenesis of many physical and mental disorders and training of stress management skills may help individuals to reduce the adverse psychological consequences of it in such conditions. This study was aimed to assess the effects of stress management skills training on the academic achievement of girl students. Method and Materials: A semi-experimental study carried out in the girls&#039; high schools of Tiran and Karvan city in the 2006-2007 academic year. A total number of 198 students were selected through randomized cluster sampling and randomly assigned to the case and the control groups. Their coping styles were assessed using the Checklist of Stress-Revised (CS-R).After performing Stress Management Skills Training for the case group, in an active mutual participation model, the final average academic scores of the first (pre-intervention) and the second (post-intervention) academic half-year examinations were compared between the two group using t-student and t-paired tests running SPSS-10 software. Results: No significant difference was found between two groups regarding their use of problem-focused, emotion-focused, less effective and non-effective styles. Comparing the 18 coping strategy subscales, both groups showed a significant difference only in the impulsivity subscale (p Conclusion: Training stress management skills exerts positive effects in the students&#039; academic achievement.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: The higher prevalence of suicidal attempts among women has been reported in a vast amount of scientific literatures; but contradictory findings have been reported about the different rates of such attempts in different menstural phases. Some studies have shown that suicidal attempts in women are more frequent in specific menstrual phases compared to other phases and to general population. Some other studies, however, have failed to duplicate such results. Regarding these controversies, this study was aimed to evaluate the existence of is any relationship between the suicidal attempts and different phases of menstrual cycle. Material and methods: This was a descriptive study carried out on 298 suicide-attempted females referred to Isfahan Noor and Ali Asghar poisoning emergency center in 2005. They were selected through convenient sampling and were administered questionnaires to assess the menstrual phase at the time of suicidal attempt. Data was analyzed by SPSS 10 software using &chi; 2 test. Results: Most of the suicide-attempted women were in the luteal phase. There was a significant difference between the frequency of this phase and the other phases at the time of attempt (p Conclusion: Suicidal attempts in females may be more frequent during luteal phase. For preventing suicide, more supportive and evaluative methods should be considered during this high-risk phase.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Aim & Background: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between depression and Pre Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) with Meta Cognitive beliefs in female university students. Method and Materials: This was a correlation analytical study executed on the female students of psychology studying at psychology and education school of Isfahan University in 2007-2008. Thirty students were randomly selected. The instruments used for data collection included the Meta Cognition Questionnaire (MCQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), as well as a researcher-made questionnaire for assessment of Pre Menstrual Syndrome (PMS). Data was analyzed using the SPSS-13 software and the regression analysis method Findings A significant correlation was found between the mean scores of the negative Meta Cognitive beliefs subscale (referring to the beliefs of dangerousness and uncontrollability of worry) with the mean scores of PMS (p Conclusion: Meta Cognition may play a role in development and perpetuation of PMS and depression in women.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Aim and Background: Members of the psychiatric team have significant role in the treatment and care providing process for patients with psychiatric disorders. In order to improve the care system in psychiatric wards, it is essential to have a deep understanding of the team members&#039; experiences with team working. This study was conducted to accesses the psychiatric team&#039;s experiences of team working in psychiatric settings. Method and Materials: This was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Through a convenient sampling, a purposeful sample was selected consisting of 10 persons working as personnels of psychiatric wards of four university hospitals in Isfahan in 2007. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews. Data was analysed using the seven-step method defined by Colaizzi. Findings: Findings were summarized as three core concepts (namely: &quot;;communication, &quot;;power&quot;; and &quot;;conflict&quot;;) as well as 5 sub concepts (that are: &quot;;cooperating&quot;;, &quot;;self awareness&quot;;, &quot;;hop&quot;;, &quot;;competence&quot;; and &quot;;multiple role&quot;;). Conclusion: The findings can contribute to future plans for improving psychiatric care in hospitals.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Aim & Background: There is little information regarding the psychological experiences of patient with surgical stoma in Iran. Since preventing adverse psychological effects of surgical stomas is important in planning nursing care programs, exploring the experiences of these patients seems necessary. Method and Materials: This was a phenomenological qualitative study. A purposeful sample of seventeen hospitalized patients was selected through convenient sampling. They had undergone colostomy surgery in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan Medical University. Data was gathered by means of in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data analysis was conducted using the phenomenological analytic method defined by Colaizzi. Findings: Seven main themes were obtained related to psychological experiences including depression, feelings of being a burden on family, feelings of worthlessness, distrust, dishonor, non-acceptance and dependency. Conclusion: Based on our findings, psychosocial problems were of the most important experiences mentioned by patients. This finding is congruent with previous similar studies. In a holistic approach, nurses as essential members of health care system should consider patient&#039;s psychosocial needs in their care planning.

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Background & aim: Co-morbidity with schizotypal personality in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been widely reported to be associated with poor treatment response. Studies have repeatedly revealed a positive and a negative dimension for schizotypy. The primary aim of the present study was to explore if all or only certain features of schizotypy are predictive for therapy outcome in OCD subtypes. Method and Materials: The current study was conducted in an experimental research context. Thirty adults with OCD were selected through accessible sampling method. They received cognitive behavioral therapy in three groups (pure OCD, OCD with positive schizotypal personality and OCD with negative schizotypal personality). Subjects were assessed through administration of SPQ-B and STA questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The between groups difference was significant (P < 0.01, F= 6.01, 8.05, 5.71, 6.64). Findings revealed that elevated scores in the positive schizotypal scales were highly predictive for treatment failure in OCD subtypes. Responders to treatment and non-responders did not significantly differ on scores in negative schizotypal scales. Conclusion: It is concluded that positive and negative schizotypal traits have different effects on treatment outcome of OCD. This study suggests that positive (not negative) schizotypal personality traits are associated with poor treatment response in obsessive-compulsive patients.

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Background & Aims: Psychological interventions may improve the quality of life in asthmatic patients through affecting the bio-psycho-social dimensions. This study is aimed to assess the efficacy of cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) group education on improvement of quality of life in asthmatic patients. Method& Materials: This was an experimental study using randomized pre-, post- and follow-up tests. Twenty-four patients already diagnosed with asthma were randomly selected and assigned to two groups. They were all administered the Quality Of Life questionnaire for Asthmatic patients (Asthma-QOL) before and after the intervention and again after the follow-up period. CBSM group education was directed for the experimental group in eight sessions. Meanwhile both groups were kept under their routine medical treatments and the control group was registered in the waiting list for the CBSM education group. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: After the intervention, the mean QOL-Asthma score in the experimental group showed a significantly higher increase when compared with that of the control group(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The results demonstrated the effectiveness of CBSM group education on the improvement of quality of life in female asthmatic patients. 

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Aim and Background: This study was aimed to investigate the possibility of predicting success or failure in marital relationships according to adult attachment styles and religious attitudes. Method and Materials: This was a case-control study. The sample consisted of 49 divorce-seeking and 52 intact couples. The divorce-seeking and intact couples were respectively selected through convenient and cluster randomized sampling methods. All couples were evaluated by Shaver- Hazan&rsquo;s Adult Attachment Inventory and Azarbayejani&rsquo;s Religious Orientation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as discriminate analysis . Findings: The results confirmed that secure attachment style and religious attitudes have the power to predict success of the marital relationship. The results confirmed the detailed model presented in this study. Conclusions: Findings revealed the fact that success or failure in marital relationship can be predicted by the variables of adult attachment and religious attitudes. The results of the prediction shows that when the couples have higher secure attachment style and lower avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles and also have firmer religious attitudes, the probability of success&nbsp; in their marital relationship will be higher.

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Aim and Background: There are various methods for treatment of depression. This study was aimed to examine and compare the efficacy of three therapeutic techniques namely group cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, drug therapy with fluoxetin and drug- therapy with the herbal medicine named hypiran in treatment of depression in women. Method and Materials: In an experimental study, a total number of 45 female patients with major depression were randomly selected. They had been already screened with the depression-measurement questionnaire and further diagnosed by a psychiatrist to suffer from major depression.&nbsp; Patients&nbsp; were assigned to three experimental groups namely cognitive- behavioral , Fluoxetin and Hypiran groups. The three groups were assessed both before and after the intervention, and&nbsp; after the follow up period as well. Data were analyzied using one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA and post- hoc tests. Findings: Comparing changes in the mean scores, there was found significant differences between the efficacy of the three therapeutic techniques (P < 0.01). Schefe&rsquo;s test also revealed that group cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective than Hypiran (P < 0.01). The follow-up assessments showed that the efficacy of the therapeutic techniques were still in force even after 100 days. Of course significant differences were found between the perseverance of efficacies of the different therapeutic techniques (P < 0.01). Conclusions: All the three mentioned therapeutic techniques were proved effective in treatment of depression. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy was found to be more effctive than hypiran in the post intervention phase and than the both other techniques in the follow-up assessment.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: School is where adolescents spend a great part of the day in it. If the influencing aspects of it are known, school could be used as a context for preventive programs. Factors related to tendency toward cigarette, alcohol and drug use investigated in this study. Method and Materials: In a descriptive crosssectional study 3530 students of both sexes from all the grades of 168 highschools applying multiple sampling methods included. All students completed sSchool Connection Questionnaire (SCQ) and Iranian Adolescents Risktaking Survey (IARS). The relation between tendency towards cigarrette, alcohol, drug use and 4 aspects of school connestion including belonging, commitment, engagement and relationship with peers investigated applying linear regression analysis. Findings: Engagement and commitment were more important in predicting risktaking than belonging and relationship with peers. Gender, family income, having alive father, having remarried parent, living with both parents and having failed to pass the last term successfully were predictive variables for tendency to abuse drugs mentioned here. Conclusions: School and its aspects had different effects on tendency to abuse drugs mentioned here. Relationship with peers in school had a positive effect on this tendency while commitment and engagement affected it reversly.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the anxiety disorders that traumatic events posed as a causal factor for it. Because emergency nurses and fire fighter workers were exposed to traumatic events more than other people. Then the present research was conducted in other to determine prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency hospital nurses and fire department workers in the uremia city. Method and Materials: This research was conducted by cross&ndash;sectional method with 100 emergency nurses and 100 fire fighter workers who were selected randomly. Each of samples was tested individually by Mississippi posttraumatic stress disorder scale at the occupational place. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 15 with descriptive statistic and multiple regression test. Findings: The result showed that 14 percent of hospital emergency nurses and 8 percent of fire department workers diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. From demographic variables, age negatively predicted disorder prevalence, namely disorder prevalence decreased with increased in age. Also marriage situation related to disorder prevalence. In this research, there were not significantly relationship between Gender and educational level and posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence. Conclusions: Results revealed that emergency nurses and fire department workers are being at risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. This problem suggests the necessity of coping skills training for this people.

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Aim and Background: The aim of present study was to compare attachment styles between young adults with visual or auditory defects and normal groups in Isfahan city. Methods and Materials: The present study assessed by ex-post facto method. The statistical society of the study is including of all young adults with visual, auditory defects and normal people.80 young adults with visual defects (40 girls and 40 boys), 90 with auditory defects (45 girls and 45 boys) and 80 normal ones (40 girls and 40 boys) were selected randomly. The research tools were questioners including; the Hazan and Shaver attachment styles questionnaires and research&ndash;made sociological questioner. Data analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance ( MANOVA ), Post&ndash;hoc LSD and chi&ndash;square tests. Findings: The results of this study show that there was a significant difference among attachment styles of young adults with visual, auditory defects comparing with normal population (P < 0.001). Also the results show that there was a significant difference among the scores of anxiety / avoidance insecure attachment, ambivalent/ anxiety insecure and secure in these 3 groups. In this study there was no significant differences between mean scores of young male and female&rsquo;s avoidance/ anxiety, ambivalent/anxiety insecure and secure attachment styles (P = 0.165). Conclusions: Young adults with visual, auditory defects more commonly were at risk for insecure attachment in compare with normal group. It is also important to mention that the avoidance/ ambivalent insecure attachment style was more common in the groups with visual, auditory defects and the secure attachment style in normal group. The avoidance and ambivalent insecure attachment styles was more common in the group with auditory defects than those with visual defects.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Adoption is a subject with prolix antecedent in historical society and culture. Child acceptation affects on partner and kinfolk relation; so the family experience recognition help nurse to have deep knowledge about family relation. Method and Materials: In this phenomenological qualitative study, participants were 15 family with adopted child in Shahrekord, Iran. Target based method used for sampling. Data were gathered by means of in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data analysis was conducted using the phenomenological analytic method defined by Colaizzi. Findings: One hundred and sixty codes were extracted. Nine main themes were obtained related to psychological experiences including parent role acceptation, adoption tools, interaction with others, child specification, mental changes, family relation, life changes, child acceptation and relation with child. Conclusions: Based on our findings, mental changes were the most important experience mentioned by families. Adoption has some compensation for adopted child and consolidates the family basis.

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Aim and Background: Relationship enhancement is one of the life skill training programs and it could effect on couples coping styles with life tensions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of relationship enhancement on improving marital coping strategies of couples in Isfahan. Method and Materials: The design of this study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control groups. The population was the couples who referred themselves to in order to conduct this study, 24 couples were randomly selected from the couples who were volunteer to take place in the research to nervous and psychiatry center in 2008. They lives 2 years with together at least and aren&rsquo;t in divorce stage then they randomly assigned in two experimental (13 couples) and control groups (11 couples). Relationship enhancement was administrated in 8 sessions for the experimental group. The data of the Marital Coping Inventory (MCI) was analyzed by covariance analysis. Findings: The result showed that relationship enhancement effectively led to decrease the marital conflict, introspective self-blame, and self-interest, marital avoidance strategies and to increase the positive approach strategy. The result of follow up after a month showed that there was differences between experimental and control groups considering the scores of marital coping strategies and its dimensions (p< 0.01). The efficacy of relationship enhancement had remained after a month. Conclusions: Results provided useful information for counselors and psychotherapists about relationship enhancement program and marital coping strategies and the ways of manipulation of these strategies. Relationship Enhancement (RE) may be implicated for improving of marital coping strategies and decreasing marital conflict in couple therapy.