---

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Aim and Background: Fear of movement is a psychological construct with pivotal role in chronicity of pain. Chronic pain may lead to depression and anxiety in patients, which may change life quality and style. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of fear of movement in chronicity of pain in patients with musculoskeletal pain. Method and Materials: In a descriptive analytic study a sample of 170 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain referred to an orthopedic clinic at Atieh hospital (Tehran, Iran) was selected. Based on scores of Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia, were divided into three groups of high, medium, and low fear of pain. Data was analyzed by SPSS 12 using ANOVA test. Findings: Patients with higher fear of pain received higher scores on other pain related measures except estimation of pain severity during the current and the next week. In addition, regression analysis showed that scores on Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Pain vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire are the best predictors of Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia scores. Conclusion: Fear of movement in patients with chronic pain is predictable by psychological variables which are correlated with pain specific anxiety rather than pain severity. Such variables can predict further movement and physical disability and have clinical implications for chronic pain management.

---

Aim and Background: Pain is a complex experience involving psychological factors which results in functional disorder. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between cognitive and emotional factors with chronic low back pain among women in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional research, the target population included all women with chronic low back pain that referred to clinics and hospitals of Isfahan during summer 2011. A total number of 50 women with chronic low back pain were selected by simple random sampling. Instruments used in this research included a demographic questionnaire, the multidimensional pain inventory, the fear-avoidance beliefs inventory, the pain catastrophizing scale, and the hospital anxiety scale. The obtained data was analyzed by stepwise and hierarchical regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Findings: Pain was positively related with fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and anxiety. The results of stepwise regression showed that fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing explained 45.6% of the variance of the pain. In addition, moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that job had a moderating effect on the relationship between anxiety and pain. Conclusions: Chronic low back pain can be predicted by fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing. Moreover, decreasing professional stress would reduce the overall anxiety and thus low back pain among women.

---

Aim and Background: Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) results in many psychological problems for family members, especially mothers. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment method on anhedonia and gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) in mothers of children with ASD. Methods and Materials: The statistical population included all mothers of children with ASD in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Sampling was conducted through convenience sampling from among mothers who had obtained the highest scores in anhedonia and gelotophobia (a SD of higher than the mean scores of the group). As a result, 40 individuals were selected, and then, divided randomly into control and experimental groups. The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHPS) and the Fear of Being Laughed at Scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using MANCOVA in SPSS software. Findings: The results indicated that transdiagnostic treatment is effective on the components of anhedonia including social interaction, sensory experience, eating and drinking, interest/pastimes, and gelotophobia (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicated that transdiagnostic treatment can be an effective educational program for reducing anhedonia and gelotophobia in mothers of individuals with ASD.

---

Aim and Background: Significantly, in most previous studies, it has been recognized that fear of falling is one of the health threatening factors of the elderly, especially in people with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the core stabilization training program with and without the use of neurofeedback on the fear of falling in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods and Materials: In this semi-experimental research, the statistical population included men with Parkinson's disease who referred to Rehabilitation Centers in Tehran City, Iran, during 2016. Based on the criteria for entering and leaving the research, 30 eligible individuals were identified and randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 including 20 experimental subjects (core stabilization training, and core stabilization training with neurofeedback) and 10 controls. The research tools included the Fall Efficacy Scale International Form (FES-I) neurofeedback apparatus. Shapiro-Wilk, t, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and least significant difference (LSD) post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. Findings: 12 weeks of core stabilization training and core stabilization training with neurofeedback had significant effects on the fear of falling among the patients Parkinson's disease (P < 0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference between the results of the two experimental groups regarding fear of falling (P < 0.001). But there were significant differences between the control and the two experimental groups (P > 0.001 for both). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that in order to reduce the fear of falling in patients with Parkinson's disease, core stabilization training and core stabilization training with neurofeedback can be used.

---

Aim and Background: Vaginal delivery is one of the most stressful experiences of a mother's life. Therefore, a significant number of pregnant mothers select cesarean delivery as a method of termination of pregnancy to get rid of these conditions. Since one of the important factors in choosing cesarean in pregnant women is fear of labor pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing the fear of labor pain in the way of the reality therapy on the choice of vaginal delivery in pregnant women. Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design, with control group. The statistical sample of study included 39 pregnant women with gestational age ≥4 weeks in Nowshahr city, in Iran. These women had chosen cesarean section method for the termination of pregnancy and were visited for Midwifery Care in the Urban and Rural Health Centers from December of 2017 to March 2018. The sample was selected targeted non-random method and randomly divided into two experimental (20) and control groups (19). The reality therapy was performed in 8 sessions of 90 minute, twice a week for the experimental group. The. Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire (CAQ) was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: After the intervention, the fear of labor pain in the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group (p<.05). The scores of fear of labor pain in women who decided to undergo vaginal delivery after the reality therapy showed no significant difference with those who continued to perform cesarean section delivery for termination of pregnancy. Conclusions: The result showed that reality therapy can be used to reduce the fear of childbirth.

---

Aim and Background: Psychological well-being consists of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, and purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Numerous factors especially childhood trauma and psychological well-being. Besides this relationship does not seem direct and is influenced by other variables such as fear of happiness and alexithymia. The aim of this research was assessing the mediating role of fear of happiness and alexithymia in relation to trauma and psychological well-being.
Methods and Materials: In a descriptive—correlation study, a sample of 262 students from Alborz and Science and Culture Universities were selected by convenience sampling. Participants answered the battery of questionnaires including psychological well-being, fear of happiness scale (FHS), Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS), childhood traumatic Questionnaire (CTQ). Data were analyses using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by LISREL 8.85 software. For evaluating the descriptive statistics SPSS 24 was used as well.
Findings: The analyses revealed that hypothetical model fit the measurement model (RMSEA= 0.55, CFI= 0.92, X2/df= 2.588). The results of the analysis showed that childhood trauma by mediating roles of alexithymia and fear of happiness were able to predict the psychological well- being, so that fear of happiness and alexithymia predicted psychological well-being positively and indirectly.
Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that fear of happiness and alexithymia are mediating the relation of childhood trauma and psychological well-being. Consisting this effect can be useful for improving individual well-being and also can be effective for intervention of childhood traumas.

---

Aim and Background: Today, marriage is not simply as past, and young people on the verge of marriage suffer from a fear or concern about marriage and its issues that related to cognitive distortions, maladaptive schemas and coping styles that individuals use against schemas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of schema-based premarital education on fear of marriage and coping styles in single girls in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included student and single girls in Esfahan; The study sample consisted of 30 people who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). Subjects in two stages of pre-test and post-test were Samiei, Yousefi and Neshat Doost (2014) and Young's Schemas Minds (2008). The experimental group received schema-based premarital education as a group during 15 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 23.
Findings: The results of comparison of the experimental group with the control group showed that the function of fear of marriage and coping styles was significantly different from the control group. In other hand, Schematic-based premarital education had a significant effect on fear of marriage and coping styles of single girls (p <0.05).
Conclusions: In general, the results showed the effect of schema-based premarital education on fear of marriage and coping styles of single girls; and it can be used as an important and key intervention in the field of premarital. Also, the results of this research can be used by family and marriage counselors.

---

Aim and Background: Nowadays, in the global society, it is necessary to examine people's behavior, especially their behavior patterns. Health promotion is receiving more and more attention due to its central role in health care. The main goal of this research was to investigate the structural relationships between abnormal personality traits and fear of the corona virus with health-oriented behavior patterns during the covid- pandemic.
Methods and Materials: The research method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included the employees of Alzahra State Hospital in Isfahan. The sampling method was available and according to the table of Morgan and Gerjesi, it was equal to people. The research tools included the questionnaire of abnormal dimensions of personality (PID-5), the scale of fear of the corona virus (Visi et al.) and health-oriented behavioral patterns (Walker et al.). Pearson's correlation coefficient (with SPSS. software) and structural equation modeling (SMART PLS.) were used for data analysis.
Findings: There was a relationship between abnormal personality traits and health-oriented behavior patterns during the covid- pandemic period (p<.05). There was a relationship between the fear of corona virus and health-oriented behavior patterns during the covid- pandemic period (p<.05). Also, the mediating role of fear of corona virus in the relationship between abnormal personality traits and health-oriented behavioral patterns was significant (p<.05).
Conclusions: According to the results of the current research, it can be said that fear of corona has a significant mediating role in the relationship between abnormal personality traits and health-oriented behavioral patterns.

---

Aim and Background: Identifying factors that reduce initial hesitancy toward vaccination and increase vaccine acceptance among the general public can aid ongoing efforts to vaccinate against Covid-19. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between fear of covid-19 and desire to get vaccinated with the mediating role of Complacency and Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a correlational descriptive study, and its statistical society consisted of all students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022-2023. The number of sample members in this research was considered to be 300 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. To collect the data, the scale of fear of covid-19, the scale of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention, the Complacency subscale of the 5C model and the Scale for evaluating the Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine used. Data were analyzed using path analysis and SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8.8.
Findings: The age range of the subjects was between 18 and 30 years, with an average age of 21.75 and a standard deviation of age of 1.93. The research findings showed that there is the highest correlation between fear of covid-19 perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. This correlation was positive and significant ((p<0.01). In addition, the lowest correlation value was observed between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid-19. This correlation was also positive and significant (p<0.01). Also, the findings of the research showed that Complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine play a mediating role in the relationship between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid 19 (p<0.01).
Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of predictors about covid-19 and psychosocial mediating mechanisms of antecedents based on the health belief model and the 5C model on willingness to get vaccinated. Based on this, complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine appeared as mediating psychological factors that affect the acceptance of the vaccine.

---

 
 Aim and Background: The Covid-19 epidemic has had many effects on the people's lives, especially medical students. However, little is known about the effects of this pandemic on medical students' learning, stress, and academic burnout. Therefore, the aim of present study was investigating the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between the fear of Covid-19 contagion and the academic burnout of medical students.
Methods and Materials: The research population of this study was consisted of all students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (N=4000) in the academic year of 2021-2022. The research sample was consisted of 436 students who were selected by available sampling method and completed the fear of contagion questionnaire, academic self-efficacy scale and Maslach burnout inventory–student survey. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling.
Findings: The findings showed that direct effect of fear of Covid-19 contagion on academic burnout was significant, but its effect on academic burnout was not significant. The direct effect of academic self-efficacy on academic burnout was significant. Also, indirect effect of fear of Covid-19 contagion with the mediation of academic self-efficacy on is significant.
Conclusions: The results suggest that academic self-efficacy can play an important role in increasing the effects fear of contagion epidemic diseases such as Covid-19 on academic burnout. The findings of this research can help to design or use of trainings based on self-efficacy during epidemic periods to reduce academic burnout of medical students.

---

Aim and Background: Comparing the characteristics of normal and disordered people is one of the topics of interest to researchers. In this regard, the aim of the research was to compare mentalization, fear of compassion and attachment styles in people with non-clinical borderline and normal personality syndromes.
Methods and Materials: A comparative study and statistical population were all students of Salman Farsi University of Kazeroon in the academic year 1401-1402 of both sexes. With available sampling, 136 people in the group of borderline and normal personality syndromes were selected as a sample by matching age, gender and education. Data were collected with borderline personality questionnaire, mentalization, fear of compassion and adult attachment scale and analyzed with multivariate variance by SPSS 24.
Findings: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in self-related mentalization (F=25.745, p<0.05), but there was no difference in mentalization related to others and motivation for mentalization. Also, two groups in terms of fear of self-compassion (F=10.391, p<0.05), fear of others (F=24.365, p<0.05) and fear of receiving compassion (p<0.05, F=15.027) had a significant difference. Other findings showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in avoidant attachment style (F=17.367, p<0.05) and ambivalent (F=47.657, p<0.05).
Conclusions Therefore, it can be said that people with borderline personality symptoms are different from normal people in mentalization, attachment styles, and fear of compassion.