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Abstract Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease and can extremely affect on body esteem at patients and changes obviously Emotions and attitudes with body in patients. Based on this study was to examine body esteem in patients with MS. Methods and Materials: This research Study was descriptive, 395 patients of the MS Society in Tehran in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire of body esteem. Data was analyzed by independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and post hoc Scheffe test using SPSS/16. &nbsp; Findings: According to score of body esteem (3.25) and the overall average score for body esteem (42.25), Patients with multiple sclerosis had favorable body esteem. There were significant relationship between body esteem and marital status (p=0.011), educational level (p<0.001), occupational status (p=0.004), income monthly (p<0.001) and duration of disease (p=0.004), whereas this relationship for between body esteem and age were significant inverse (p<0.001). Conclusions: Where of Human feeling about body esteem is equal to value that hears, sees and senses is created in the mind and community have a role effective in improvement body esteem, the nurses can change people reaction in the first encounter with physical disabilities and so play a main role in positive assessment body esteem and take up valuable of them.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The current research was evaluated the effectiveness of basic facial emotional expression’s training on recognition of basic emotions in high function autistic children. Methods and Materials: The method was quasi-experimental and used pre-test and post-test design. The target samples were five 5-8 high functioning autistic children who were selected from a clinic of autistic children according to DSM-IV-TR criterions. The training included 3 times a week, twelve 20 minutes sessions that trained six basic emotional expressions. Findings: The results show improvement in performance of participants in recognizing basic emotions. Conclusions: The training improved participant’s recognition of emotions especially emotions of happiness, sadness and anger but not about hate and fear. Thus it is recommended to use emotion’s training as a part of autistic children’s program.

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Aim and Background: Emotion dysregulation, as one of the main symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), has significant effects on emotional perception in this group of patients. Given the importance of facial affect recognition in social interactions and contradictory results of researches that have evaluated the emotion recognition of patients with BPD in the past, the aim of the present study was to investigate emotion recognition in individuals with borderline personality symptoms and the relationship between these symptoms and interpersonal interactions in these individuals. Methods and Materials: The study subjects included 30 people; 15 with the symptom of BPD and 15 healthy subjects as control group. Subjects were selected from among the related statistical population through convenience sampling. The Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI) and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) were completed and facial affect recognition task was conducted on the two groups. Findings: The findings of this study suggest that people with BPD symptoms have poor performance in facial affect recognition compared to their healthy counterparts (F = 1.5, P < 0.001). On the other hand, the results indicate that these subjects do not have defects in the recognition of all negative emotions, but are specifically defective in the recognition of disgust (F = 2.5, P < 0.010) and anger (F = 4.05, P < 0.020). Furthermore, they showed more interpersonal problems than the control group (F = 0.01, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Deficits in facial affect recognition may underlie interpersonal problems in people with the symptoms of BPD. Therefore, paying attention to emotion recognition as an effective factor in social interactions can help us better understand underlying factors of social dysfunction in patients with BPD.

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Aim and Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common type of anxiety disorder and has high rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Sever anxiety is the main diagnostic criteria for GAD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in female second grade high school students with GAD. Methods and Materials: The present experimental study was conducted with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female second grade students of high schools in Izeh, Iran, in the academic year of 2015-2016. Screening was conducted and 302 participants completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaires (PSWQ), then, 40 individuals with GAD were identified and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instrument used in this study was the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The experimental group received 10 sessions of self-compassion training lasting 90 minutes, 1 session per week, for 2 months. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential tests such as ANCOVA. Findings: The results showed that self-compassion training significantly decreased self-blame, rumination, and catastrophising, from among maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, in the experimental group. From among adaptive emotion regulation strategies, it only effected positive reappraisal in the experimental group. Conclusions: Based on the results, it can be concluded that cognitive self-compassion training is an important factor in reducing some maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in students with GAD.

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Aim and Background: A reason for the higher prevalence of psychological problems in individuals with obesity is their lack of emotional control. The aim of this study was the assessment of the effectiveness of emotion regulation techniques on the psychopathological problems in women with obesity. Methods and Materials: The present clinical trial was conducted through pretest-posttest method and follow-up. From among all women with BMI of over 25 in Isfahan, Iran, in 2015, 24 women were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental (emotion regulation techniques) and control groups. Data were collected using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using ANCOVA in SPSS software. Findings: The results of psychopathology dimensions indicated that the effect of emotion regulation on the reduction of anxiety and obsession was not significant in the posttest stage (P > 0.05), but it was significant in the follow-up stage (P < 0.05). However, emotion regulation had a significant effect on the reduction of depression and somatization in the posttest and follow-up stages (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that emotion regulation education is effective on the improvement of psychopathological symptoms in patients with obesity and it has some important implications in the consideration of emotion regulation group therapy in the reduction of the problems of patients with obesity.

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Aim and Background: This study was designed to determine the effect of unified transdiagnostic therapy on binge eating and difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with binge eating disorder. Methods and Materials: In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, the study population consisted of all women diagnosed with binge eating disorder in Kashan, Iran. Of those who went to the nutrition clinic in Kashan in the first half of 2015, 60 individuals of 19-52 years of age who were diagnosed with binge eating disorder were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups in order to receive transdiagnostic therapy (n = 30) or remain on the waiting list (n = 30) for 12 weeks. The dependent variables were measured using the Binge Eating Scale (BES) (Gormally et al.) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz and Roemer). The collected data were analyzed using MANCOVA. Findings: After 12 weeks, compared with the control group, transdiagnostic therapy resulted in a significant reduction in binge eating (-8.46 ± 3.55 vs. -1.36 ± 1.90) (P < 0.001) and difficulties in emotion regulation results (-99.70 ± 33.91 vs. 15.43 ± 24.32) (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The behavioral component of unified transdiagnostic therapy focuses on the normalization of eating patterns, planning of meals, nutrition education, and culmination of the cycles of binge eating, and training of the individual to use smaller amounts of food regularly. Moreover, the cognitive component of this therapy focuses on coping with dysfunctional thoughts associated with binge eating. Generally, unified transdiagnostic therapy intervention had positive effects on binge eating disorder and difficulties in emotion regulation.

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Aim and Background: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent mental disorders, frequently compromise individual’s health and well-being. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between the brain behavioral systems and the severity of insomnia. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlational study, 210 students in Shahrood University of Technology, Iran, were selected using stage cluster sampling method. The participants completed Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Data were analyzed via SPSS and LISREL software using Pearson correlation and path analysis. Findings: The behavioral inhibition system predicted higher difficulties in emotion regulation, which, in turn, predicted higher insomnia in students. In addition, the model of the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between the brain behavioral systems and the severity of insomnia had an acceptable fit with the data. Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize the importance of the brain behavioral systems and emotion regulation difficulties in the severity of insomnia.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training based on Gross and Linehan models on emotion regulation strategies in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experiment study with pretest/posttest method and control group. The study population included all the adolescents with borderline personality disorder referred to counseling centers, psychiatrists, and psychiatric services, as well as suicide emergency centers in Tehran City, Iran, in the year 2017. 45 patients were selected using random sampling method, and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (n = 15). Both experimental groups were under treatment within 8 sessions, 2 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, while the control group received no treatment. The research tool included Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), which was conducted in pretest and posttest assessments. Findings: Linehan model had significant effects on all emotion regulation strategies in posttest survey. Gross model had significant effects on some of emotion regulation strategies such as acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, catastrophizing, other-blame, except self-blame, and rumination in posttest assessment. Conclusions: Due to common components of treatment, both models of emotion regulation skills training were effective on emotion regulation strategies. Overall, the results indicated Linehan model to be more effective on emotion regulation strategies (reduction of less adaptive strategies). Therefore, it can be used to improve emotion regulation strategies.

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Aim and Background: In the recent years, the percentage of people diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) through sexual relations has grown dramatically. Since AIDS infection is associated with risky behaviors, to prevent illness, understanding the reasons for the growth of high-risk behaviors is essential. The aim of this study was to predict risky sexual behaviors related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) based on difficulties in emotion regulation in substance users. Methods and Materials: This study was descriptive-correlational. Statistical population included substance users referred to addiction treatment and rehabilitation centers in Shiraz, Iran, that 200 of them were selected by convenient sampling. The criterion variable was risky sexual behavior and the predictor variable was difficulties in emotion regulation which were assessed by HIV Risk-taking Behavior Scale (HRBS) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), respectively. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression. Findings:  All dimensions of difficulties in emotion regulation had a significant positive relationship with risky sexual behaviors (P < 0.01). Among other subscales of difficulties in emotional regulation, non-acceptance and limited access to effective strategies of emotion regulation were predictors of risky sexual behaviors. Conclusions: It can be concluded that difficulties in emotional regulation can predict risky sexual behavior in substance users and can lead to more vulnerability to such behaviors. This result will be useful in designing interventions to reduce risky sexual behavior.

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Aim and Background: Physical well-being is one of the main criteria of quality of life, and emotions is one of the important factors in physical well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between achievement emotions and students' physical well-being, and to identify the communication processes between these two variables. Methods and Materials: This research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all students in the high school of Tehran city, in Iran. The sample size (n= 1146) was determined using the formula of Tabakhnic and Fidell and the participants were selected by random cluster sampling method. Questionnaires of Achievement Emotions (AEQ), physical well-being, self-evaluation and bodily sensation were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and structural equation method) in SPSS and LISREL software. Findings: The hypothetical model of academic engagement provided a good fit to the research population (χ 2 /df=2.78, RMSEA=.073). The path of achievement emotions and physical well-being was positive and significant. The effect of self-evaluation on physical well-being and the effect of bodily sensations on physical well-being were significant. Moreover, positive self-evaluation and bodily sensations have a mediator role in the relationship between achievement emotions and physical well-being. Conclusions: Achievement emotions play a fundamental role in determining the students' physical well-being. Cognitive (positive self-assessment) and emotional paths (physical feelings) support this relationship. Recognizing and paying attention to these variables is a key factor in student's physical well-being.

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Aim and Background: Inflammatory bowel disease has clinical features and therapeutic interventions that can greatly impact patients' psychological function and personal relationships. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of yoga and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on negative and positive emotions and cognitive emotion regulation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Methods and Materials: The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included inflammatory bowel patients in Isfahan. The study sample consisted of 30 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants in the pre-intervention and post-intervention stages to the questionnaire فه Positive and Negative Emotions و Watson et al. (1988) and Garnfsky et al. (2002) responded to the cognitive regulation of emotion. The experimental group underwent yoga-based cognitive therapy based on 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using variable covariance analysis and SPSS22 software.
Findings: The results of comparing the experimental group with the control group showed that negative emotions and cognitive regulation of emotion were significantly different from the control group. Yoga and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly affect negative and positive emotions (p <0.05). It also had a significant effect on the cognitive regulation of emotion, except for the dimensions of acceptance and blame of people with inflammatory bowel disease (p <0.05).
Conclusions: In general, the results indicate the effect of yoga-based mindfulness cognitive therapy on negative emotions and positive emotions and cognitive emotion regulation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and can be considered as an important and key intervention alongside drug therapies in patients. Inflammation of the intestine is used. Also, the results of this research can be used by health psychologists.

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Aim and Background: Health tourism is becoming one of the most important branches of the industry. The health industry can act as a driving industry and develop side industries as well. Iran is one of the countries that, in addition to natural attractions, also has good capabilities in the field of treatment, and despite all these potentials, a suitable mechanism for targeting this industry has not been developed in Iran.
Materials and Methods: The present study seeks to provide a providing a model of positive emotions and behavior in health tourism. The statistical population of this research includes health tourists of Adel Hospital in Tehran. The sampling method is being used in several cases. And considering that the statistical population was unlimited, the sample size of 384 people was determined using Morgan's table. A questionnaire has been used to collect the needs and the data analysis has been done using structural models and with the help of SPSS and LISREL software.
Findings: The results of data analysis showed that pleasure affects satisfaction by 5.80, pleasure affects loyalty by 3.34, arousal affects satisfaction by 6.55, and arousal affects loyalty by 7.89 (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It is suggested that service providers and managers of health tourism, by focusing on positive emotions and considering the potential of health tourism in Iran, will create positive behavioral tendencies in health tourists, which will ultimately make better themselves than regional and equal level countries.