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Abstract Aim and Background: Evidences show that both negative and positive affects play role in tendency to use substances, giving this issue, the current study was conducted in other to investigate relationships between distress tolerance, negative and positive urgency with severity of dependence and craving in people with substance dependency. Methods and Materials: The method of this research was correlation. The whole people with substance dependency were referring to Ardabil centers of addiction treatment, comprised statistical society of this research. One hundred and thirty people were selected by cluster sampling method from this society. Having conducting clinical interview, they responded to questionnaires of demographic characteristics, distress tolerance, negative and positive urgency, severity of dependence and craving. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 18 with tests of Pearson correlation and multiple regression via inter method. Findings: The results showed that severity of substance dependency related negatively to rate of tolerance (r=-0.33; P≤0.002), absorption(r=-0.26; P≤ 0.01), and total score of distress tolerance (r=-0.25; P≤ 0.02), but positively to negative urgency (r=0.23; P≤ 0.04). Craving also correlated negatively with tolerance(r=-0.35; P≤0.001), appraisal(r=-0.30; P≤0.001), absorption (r=-0.34; P≤0.001), regulation (r=-0.23; P≤0.03), and total score of distress tolerance(r=-0.45; P≤ 0.001), but positively to positive(r=0.26; p≤ 0.03), and negative urgency(r=-0.29; P≤ 0.01). The results of regression analyses also reveled that 31 percent of variance of craving was explained with distress tolerance reversely Conclusions: According to results of this study and importance of craving as a central factor in addiction relapse, training the coping skills with negative affect, especially increasing coping power with distress were suggested for addicted clients along with typical therapies substance abuse and dependency.

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Aim and Background: Substance use disorder (SUD) is one of main issues in the field of mental health and can have negative consequences for patients as well as their families and the society in which they live. The purpose of this study was the investigation of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and methadone treatment on quality of life (QOL), cravings management, and psychological distress in individuals abstaining from drugs. Methods and Materials: This research was implemented using the multiple baseline experimental design within the framework of a single-subject research. Based on the study inclusion criteria, 4 patients were selected using convenience sampling and assigned to the CBT and methadone treatment groups. Individuals in the methadone treatment group received their medication in accordance to the prescription of a physician and those in the CBT group underwent 12 sessions of CBT for addiction. All participants completed the quality of life questionnaire, craving beliefs questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at certain intervals. Findings: Given the visual inspection of charts, effect size, indicators of improvement, and reduction in scores, CBT was more effective than methadone treatment in increasing QOL (effects size of -0.9 versus -0.62) and reducing depression symptoms (effect size of 0.92 versus 0.78). However, both treatment methods were equally effective in reducing craving (effect size of 0.84 versus 0.74) and anxiety symptoms (effect size of 0.86 versus 0.87). Conclusions: It can be concluded that CBT can decrease psychological distress and cravings and improve QOL through thinking structure modification.

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Aim and Background: Negative and positive emotional states, temptation, and anxiety are among the most important risk factors for addiction. This research aimed to study the effect of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)-based emotional management training on anxiety and temptation in patients with drug abuse. Methods and Materials: This was an experimental research with pretest/posttest method and control group. To select the sample, the available sampling method was used. Among patients with substance abuse in addiction treatment centers in Ahwaz City, Iran, based on clinical interviews, 28 were selected. They were randomly divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. Both groups passed the leaving and detoxification steps. The experimental group received 10 sessions of dialectical behavior therapy-based emotional management training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were demographic questionnaire, Craving Believes Questionnaire (CBQ), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Findings: After the intervention, there were significant differences between experimental and control groups regarding anxiety and temptation (P < 0.001 for both). In other words, the rate of anxiety and temptation in experimental group significantly decreased in comparison with pretest and control group. Conclusions: The current study indicated that dialectical behavior therapy-based emotional management training would be an appropriate treatment for university students in order to decrease the symptoms of anxiety and temptation in those with drug abuse.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combining aerobic exercise and diet with and without mindfulness motivational interviewing on cravings and quality of life of overweight non-athletes’ men.
Materials and Methods: semi-experimental research method with a pre-test and post-test research design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was made up of non-athletic men referring to the clubs of Shahrood city. The sampling method was purposeful, and based on the criteria for entering the research, 34 people were selected randomly into 3 control groups (12 people), aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet (11), and aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet together with interviews. Motivation and mindfulness (11) were divided. The research tools included the food craving questionnaire (FCQ) and the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire. One-way analysis of variance was used for intergroup changes using SPSS version 25 software and a significance level of P<0.05.
Findings: The results of the research showed that there is a difference between the post-test averages of craving variables and quality of life in the control and experimental groups (p≥0.001). But there is no significant difference between the two experimental groups (p≤0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that both experimental groups have the same effect on quality of life and craving variables. In this regard, in order to increase the external validity of the research, it is suggested that more research be done.

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Aim and Background: Obesity has spread among societies and most countries and has become a general and global issue. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of a combined weight loss program on cravings and anthropometric indicators in obese women.                                                                                     
Methods and Materials: The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test design the test boy was with the control group. The statistical population included all obese women who referred to the nutrition clinic of Ardabil city in 1402. Considering that at least 15 samples are considered in experimental research, as a result, 45 obese women (15 people in the treatment situation with integrated weight loss program and 15 people in the situation without treatment) were randomly selected and placed in the group. Each of the experimental group was treated separately daily for 50 minutes and with 14 sessions, and the control group did not receive treatment. The members of each group were evaluated using the Cepeda-Benito craving questionnaire and anthropometric indices in the pre-test and post-test stages, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Findings: Based on the obtained results, the integrated weight loss program had a positive and significant effect on food cravings, Body Mass Index and WHtR index (P<0.001), so that the scores of the subjects of the experimental group decreased significantly in the post-test of these variables, but on WHR and AVI had no significant effect (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it seems that the integrated weight loss program method can be used in weight loss and lifestyle change programs and improving community health.