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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: A chronic illness, such as diabetes mellitus, creates changes in the life style and requires constant adjustment. The onset of a chronic illness can be a stressful event in any life stage including adolescence.. The interaction between the illness related problems and the psychosocial changes associated with normal adolescence makes it difficult for the patient to cope with the chronic illness in a constructive way.. Poor adherence to medical treatment and poor drug compliance are common concerns of the families and physicians dealing with diabetic adolescents. It is of an urgent importance to study effective, culturally appropriated interventions which focus on the high-risk diabetic adolescents with severe adherence difficulties and/or chronically poor metabolic control . Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (Experimental design). The sample consisted of sixty randomly selected male and female diabetic adolescents living in Esfahan, with an age range between 12 to 18 years old. They were randomly assigned to four groups with different subjects of training including: personal self-efficacy, communication skills, both subjects and no training (control group). The scale of self-efficacy in diabetes and Family Assessment Device (FAD) were then administered to all participants. Treatment adherene was also evaluated using laboratory tests for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) index. Data were analysed using the one-way Analysis of the Variance (one-way ANOVA). Findings: Significant difference was found between the groups regardind the scores of self-efficacy (F=3.725, P=0.017), FAD (F=4.151, P=0.01) and communication (F=8.302, P=0.000), as well as HbA1c results (F=3.088, P=0.035). Discussion: For preventing the short and the long term side effects of the diabetes mellitus, patients’ treatment adherence should be improved. Psychological interventions for enhancing self-efficacy and improving communication skills can be effective in this respect.

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  The concept of theory of mind (ToM) refers to the ability to predict and explain feelings, thoughts, ideas and intentions of self and others. Patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show a deficient development of theory of mind. Specifically, individuals with autism spectrum disorders fail to understand not only that others have minds, but also that other minds have different thoughts, and that behavior is determined by mental states. Individuals with ASD have marked difficulties to infer their own and other persons' mental states, what has been referred to as theory of mind. It has also been claimed that a person with autism spectrum disorders in part fail to respond appropriately to the emotional experiences of others These results show that although children with autism spectrum disorders can learn a simple discrimination between two identities, adaptive face-coding mechanisms are severely compromised, offering a new explanation for previously reported face-perception difficulties and possibly for some of the core social deficits in autism spectrum disorders. The author’s propose that the prefrontal cortex is involved in theory of mind; also, internal simulation mechanisms, such as the mirror neuron system, are necessary for normal development of recognition, imitation, theory of mind, empathy, and language. Additionally, the authors suggest that dysfunctional simulation mechanisms may underlie the social and communicative deficits seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The key purpose of the study was to investigation the relationship of job burnout and some of job variables like type and level of responsibility, service and mangement experiences. Method and Materials: This descriptive study was conducted on 245 managers and vice-chancellors randomly selected by the cluster-sampling technique. They were assessed by Job Burnout Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by t and analysis of variance tests. Findings: There was a relationship between job burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment dimensions) and the type and level of responsibility, service and management experiences. Conclusions: This research indicated that type and level of responsibility of managers has an important role in managers’ job burnout.

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Aim and Background: The present study tried to assess increasing marital satisfaction and family health as two of the primary mental health measures. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental case-control research used a pretest-posttest design with follow-up. The statistical population consisted of 60 couples in Isfahan, Iran. The subjects were wishing to solve their marital problems and volunteered to participate in the program. Couples were included if they had been married for 3-7 years. Data was collected by the 47-item Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale. Finally, 30 couples with the lowest pretest scores were randomly allocated to two groups of experimental and control (15 couples in each group. The study group attended a 6-week communication skills program including weekly 90-minute sessions. A final application of the marital satisfaction scale was administered to both groups at the end of the program. A follow-up test was given 1 month later to all the subjects participating in the couples communication program. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for analyzing data. Findings: The Islamic communication styles and religious attitudes were found to be effective on couples&#039; marital satisfaction in the posttest and follow-up (P < 0.05). In addition, the posttest and follow-up scores were significantly higher than pretest scores in the experimental group. Conclusions: According to our findings, application of marriage counseling based on Islamic communication styles and religious attitudes are suggested in order to enhance marital satisfaction.

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Aim and Background: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of group anger management and communication skills training on aggression of marijuana addicted prisoners of Hamadan Prison, Hamadan, Iran. Methods and Materials: Quasi-experimental method was carried out with designing pre-test and post-test. The study community consisted of 700 prisoners of Hamadan occupational camp who had the history of aggressive behaviors. Based on the sample size formula of Krejcie and Morgan, 248 people were selected randomly. After conducting Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) 63 individuals whom had high aggression rate were selected. Among them 45 people were randomly selected and were assigned to three groups of 15 people. 15 people were placed in group anger management training (life skills, Chris and Kling 1998), 15 people in group communication skills training (psychology, human relations, Bulletin 1994) and 15 people in the control group. First test group was trained in 8 sessions of anger management training with 60 minutes duration for 1 month, and the second test group was trained in 8 sessions of communication skills training with 60 minutes duration for 1 month, the control group did not receive any training. After the training program post-test was conducted for all three groups. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. Findings: The results showed that anger management and communication skills training both were effective in reducing aggression. Conclusions: Communication skill training is more effective than anger management training to reduce aggression.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to efficacy emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT) to improve communication patterns in couples.This research was a Quasi-experimental stud y. &nbsp; Method s and Materials: The sample included sixty (30 couples, N=60) that all were convenience selected and they were replaced randomly in experimental and control groups. All participants completed The Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ). In addition, age, state of agree and duration of marriage was investigated. Data was analyzed by Covariance analysis Findings: The results of the study showed that emotionally focused couples therapyhas been effective in improve communication patterns in couples. &nbsp; Conclusions: This difference is caused by the training program of how to deal with emotion management plays a main role in improving communication patterns.

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Abstract: Aim and Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a complex childhood neurological disorder that affects all aspects of child development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an intervention program using animals to improve cognitive, social, behavioral functioning , and communication in children with autism spectrum disorders. Methods and Materials: 14 children with autism were selected and randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control and before and after the intervention program l Autism Treatment Evaluation check list (ATEC) was completed by mothers. Findings: In order to analyze the test data, Multivariable analyses of covariance ( MANCOVA ) was used. all variables, cognitive functioning , social, communication and behavioral were meaningfully P<0.001 found. Conclusions: Since the decline of the all subscales score indicates improvement in ATEC test , thus, according to the completed checklists by mothers, animal assisted therapy could greatly enhance the cognitive functioning , social, communication and behavioral and have a positive impact among children with autism spectrum.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Gender Dysphoric disorder is a phenomenon with unclear cause and has a strong impact on affected person and his/her family. We designed a study to compare perception of people with and without Gender dysphoria regarding Family function. Methods and Materials: During a correlatioal study and through easy sampling we included 30 Gender dysphonic people and 30 non Tran&rsquo;s participants from people who were referring to Navid bakhsh clinic in Isfahan. All participants completed Farsi version of FAD-53 questionnaire and additional questions regarding their demographic data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 19 with compare means by independent-samples T test. Findings: The analysis of data indicated a significant differences between two groups&nbsp; about their perception regarding Relationship components (p=0.000), Emotional involvement (p=0.001), Role Playing (p=0.000), Problem solving (p=0.049). The person&rsquo;s with Gender Dysphonic disorder had a low Performance in these components. Conclusions: Our results show that Gender Dysphoric people have more difficulties in relationship and emotional issues, role playing and problem solving in their families. Our findings might be helpful in planning for intervention in this type of families. Further studies are warranted with greater sample size to compare family functioning and attachment style of gender dysphonic people. &nbsp;

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Aim and Background: Caring for patients with dementia is considered as the most difficult and challenging type of care and leads to increased caregiving burden and reduced quality of life (QOL) among caregivers. This research aimed to determine the effect of communication skills training on caregiving burden and QOL among family caregivers of elderly with dementia. Methods and Materials: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method. Therefore, 30 subjects were chosen randomly and assigned to control and experimental groups (each with 15 subjects). The data collection tools consisted of the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and Caregivers&rsquo; Quality of Life Questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by the participants in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The experimental group subjects received communication skills training in 7 sessions lasting 60 minutes. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software. Findings: Communication skills training resulted in reduced caregiving burden and increased QOL in caregivers in the in experimental group in the posttest and follow-up stages. Conclusions: The results emphasize the importance of the use of these interventions in terms of caregiving burden and QOL in family caregivers of elderly with dementia. The results show that this intervention can be used as an appropriate intervention method.

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Aim and Background: Sensorimotor difficulties, including abnormalities in muscle tone, gross and fine motor skills, balance, and motor coordination, are common co-occurring symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and influence different aspects of their lives. The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of sensorimotor exercises on improvement of motor functioning and ASD symptoms. Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, from among autistic children in Tehran, 2 autistic children were selected through non-random convenience sampling technique to participate in the study. Data were collected using multiple baseline design, and through the Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale and Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS). After observation of a relatively stable baseline, the 7-part intervention plan, including body awareness, motor programming, bilateral motor integration, balance skills, fine motor coordination, functional vision skills, and oral-motor skills, was implemented. The data were analyzed using visual analysis, effect size, and inferential statistics including t-test. Findings: Results of t-test, effect size and visual analysis revealed a significant difference between baseline and treatment conditions. The mean scores of motor skills increased and mean scores of stereotypic behaviors decreased (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings indicate that motor performance and stereotypic behaviors of children with ASD improved with sensorimotor exercises. However, no significant changes were observed in the social interaction and communication skills of the children.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to assess interactional pathologies among couples consisting of a woman with borderline personality disorder based on interviews with family therapists. Methods and Materials: The research population of this qualitative study consisted of all family specialists in psychological family therapy. The study participants were 12 specialists with experience in psychological family therapy. The subjects were selected through purposive homogeneous sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The gathered data were analyzed using thematic method in 3 steps of description, reduction, and analysis. Findings: From the 533 sentences related to interactional pathologies extracted from specialists’ interviews, 133 concepts related to interactional pathology were extracted in open coding. They were summarized into 16 subthemes in axial coding. These subthemes were summarized into the 4 themes of personal pathology effective on couples’ life, social interpersonal communication pathologies, couple interpersonal pathologies, and family interpersonal pathologies. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the presence of women with borderline personality disorder exposes their family to damages that increase the probability of family disintegration.

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Aim and Background: Appropriate professional collaboration between physicians and nurses can be effective on the quality of health care given to patients. This study was performed to compare the effects of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II (APACHE-II) and new checklist of health status assessment on the quality of physician-nurse relationship. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 100 nurses from intensive care unit (ICU) of Amin Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, participated. Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration was used for collecting data. Finally, data were analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon test through SPSS software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings:  The mean score of physicians-nurses relationship in new checklist of health status assessment group was significantly higher than that of APACHE-II group (P < 0.001). But overall, the attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration were positive in both scoring systems. Conclusions: According to the results, attitudes of the nurses toward physician-nurse relationship in new checklist of health status assessment group was significantly more positive than APACHE-II group, so using new checklist of health status assessment instead of APACHE-II system is recommended in the ICUs of the country's hospitals.

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Aim and Backgrounds: Communication patterns of couples are meant the dynamics of the couples’ relationships. The communication patterns determine that couples how to communicate together and what happen in their marital relationships. It seems that disruptive patterns to have a devastating effect on marital relationship. The aim of the research was to study of the role of communication patterns, aggression, and sexual satisfaction in predicting dyadic adjustment. Methods and Material: To gain of this aim a sample with 300 of employees of government departments of Isfahan through accessible method. The research method was descriptive from type of correlation. Data gathering was conduct in field method and using Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), Buss and Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSQ), and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Questionnaire (RDAS). Analyzing the data was carrying out by multiple Regression. Results: Findings showed that aggression, communication patterns, and sexual satisfaction have significant role in predicting the dyadic adjustment. Discussion & Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that good relationships and high sexual satisfaction among couples can lead to dyadic adjustment.

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Aim and Background: One of the most important specifications of marital relationships in cycles and communicational patterns, which emerge among them anf may be fixing by repetition. Aim of this research was to comparison the effectiveness of Emotionally focused approach, Gottman’s relationship Enrichment on woman’s Communication patterns.

Methods and Materials: This research was a quasi-experimental field research with pre-posttest and control group with three-months follow up. The statistical population of the study consisted of women in Khomein city who referred to Faraz Counseling Center in 2017 due to communication problems with their spouses. 36 of them were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and one control group. To collect the data, Communication Patterns Questionnaire (Christensen & Salvey, 1984) was used. To analyze the data, Ancova and Bonferroni analysis were used.

Findings: The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the communication patterns between the test and control groups in the post-test and follow up stages, so that the emotionally focused approach and enrichment of the relationship were able to significantly decrease the communication patterns Avoidance, Demand Withdraw and enhancement of mutual constructive communication model in both post-test and follow-up phases. Also, the results of the Bonferroni test showed that the difference between the group of emotionally focused approach and the Gottman enrichment group in women's communication patterns was meaningful; hence, the Gottman enrichment approach was more effective than the emotionally focused approach on communication patterns.

Conclusions: Therefore, it is possible to use both approaches, especially the Gottman's enrichment approach to improve couples' communication patterns and ultimately increase the quality of marital life.

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Aim and Background: Social developments in the past few decades globally, the family system has faced many changes, challenges and issues and by degrading the biological, social, cognitive and emotional functions of the family and gradually reducing the satisfaction of family members, causing psychosocial disruption and increasing cases such as tendency Divorced. The aim of this study was to Structural Equivalence Modeling of Divorce Tendency with Emphasis on Communication Skills, Conflict Resolution, and Marital Problems.
Methods and Materials: The statistical population of the study included all couples in Kashan, 383 of whom were studied using cluster sampling method and data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The instruments used were Qaderzadeh et al.'s Divorce Tendency Scales (2012), Rahim Conflict Resolution Scale (1983) and Communication Skills and Problem Solving Scale by Yarmohammadi Vasel et al. (2010).
Findings: Findings showed that communication skills, problem solving and conflict resolution and marital conflicts have a significant and inverse relationship with the tendency to divorce (P <0.05). Also, communication skills were related to the tendency to divorce through problem solving skills and conflict resolution skills and marital conflicts (P <0.05. (P analysis of the relationship between indicators showed that problem solving skills have the most direct impact). (-0.34) and general (-0.40) on the tendency to divorce and the most indirect effect on the tendency to divorce has belonged to communication skills (-0.09).
Conclusions: Interactions between couples and the reduction of issues that ultimately lead to conflict between husband and wife reduce the desire for divorce.

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Aim and Background: Educating couples is very important to resolve the conflicts created in marital relationship. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of relationship enrichment program training in reducing latent communication aggression and increasing relationship maintenance strategies.
Methods and Materials: The method of the study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control group design. The statistical population included all couples seeking divorce who referred to the Pre-Divorce Counseling Center of the Deputy for Prevention of Justice located in the city of Karaj in 1400-99. A total of 21 couples using simple random sampling method were selected and divided into two experimental groups (each the group was divided into 7 pairs and a control group (7 pairs). The experimental groups underwent communication enrichment training (7 sessions of 90 minutes). But the control group did not receive any intervention. Hidden communication aggression questionnaires (1) and relationship retention strategies (RMSM) were used to collect information. Multivariate analysis of covariance, analysis of covariance, Tukey and Scheffe post hoc test and repeated measures of multivariate (profile analysis) were used to analyze the data. SPSS software version 25 was used to analyze the data.
Findings: The results showed that relationship-based enrichment training was effective in reducing communication aggression in the post-test and follow-up stages (P≤0.001). Also, training based on communication enrichment was effective in increasing relationship maintenance strategies in the post-test and follow-up stages (P≤0.001).
Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be stated that the effectiveness of relationship enrichment program training is effective in reducing latent communication aggression and increasing relationship maintenance strategies.

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Aim and Background: Addiction to drugs can have irreversible effects. The support of families in regulating emotions and communication skills plays an important role in reducing the tendency of young people to drugs. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to investigate the level of drug addiction based on the pattern of communication skills and emotional regulation with the mediation of the supporting role of families.
Methods and Materials: The present research was a descriptive-correlational type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the youths of Najafabad city of Isfahan, from which 200 people were selected by cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was Gros and John's (2004) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Queendom's Communication Skills Questionnaire (2004), Wade and Butcher's Addiction Readiness Questionnaire (1992) and Procidano and Heller's Family Support Questionnaire (1983). Data analysis was done using structural equation method and SPSS and Amos software.
Findings: The results showed that the fit indices of the research model were in favorable conditions. Communication skills and emotion regulation had a direct relationship with family support, and family support and communication skills had an indirect relationship with addiction. Drug addiction was significant based on the model of communication skills and emotion regulation with the mediation of the supportive role of families. (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of the research show that the supportive role of the family is effective in the way of communication patterns and emotion regulation and can provide a platform for drug addiction. Also, effective family support can help people with drug addiction feel supported, change their beliefs and self-confidence, and reduce their desire to relapse.

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Aim and Background: With the increase of divorce phenomenon and social changes, couples' communication patterns have changed and it is necessary to discover and identify them. The purpose of this research was to analyze the communication patterns of couples on the verge of separation.
Materials and Methods: The qualitative research design was of thematic analysis type and the community included all couples referred for separation to counseling centers and family courts in Isfahan city, who were selected by purposive sampling method and according to the entry criteria. These people were investigated using a semi-structured interview and the data reached saturation with 12 interviews. Data analysis was performed according to the Claizian model.
Findings: After analyzing the data and coding them, 104 initial codes, 17 central codes and 3 main codes were extracted. Disregarding communication pattern, avoidant communication patterns and aggressive communication pattern in the main code and not paying attention to the other, not caring and ignoring the other, lack of companionship and empathy, not having the opportunity to be together, not participating, not giving the other a chance to speak, not expressing Emotions, forgetfulness, silence, giving reasons, condemning the other party, mental reading, alternative mechanisms, using inappropriate verbal and non-verbal ways, comparing with others, harassing the other party, lack of trust were classified in the central code.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that neglectful, avoidant, and aggressive communication patterns can each lead to the tendency to divorce among couples. Paying attention to the categories of the current research can be effective in order to prevent marital conflicts and reduce the divorce rate.

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Aim and Background: The existence of problems in attachment style, interpersonal compatibility and communication pattern is evident in people with bulimia nervosa.The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on attachment style, interpersonal compatibility and communication pattern of people with bulimia nervosa in Isfahan city.
Methods and Materials: : The current research method was quantitative and of the type of semi-experimental studies with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included people suffering from bulimia nervosa in Isfahan city who visited the health centers of Isfahan city in 1401. In this study, 30 women with bulimia nervosa disorder who were diagnosed by psychologists and psychiatrists were selected by sampling method. were selected as available. The people in the control and experimental groups completed the attachment style, interpersonal compatibility and communication pattern questionnaires In two stages, pre-test and post-test. Multivariate covariance test and spss-23 software were used for data analysis.
Findings:  The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy had a significant effect on secure attachment style, avoidant attachment style, constructive communication, creditor woman communication pattern, mutual withdrawal communication pattern and interpersonal compatibility (p<0.05), but There was no significant effect on the anxious attachment style, the communication pattern of the creditor-debtor, and the communication pattern of the debtor's wife.
Conclusions: From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that psychologists and psychiatrists can increase the secure attachment style, interpersonal compatibility, constructive communication pattern and decrease the avoidant attachment style, the withdrawn and demanding behavior pattern of women with bulimia nervosa. Use dialectical therapy and its techniques

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Aim and Background: This study compares emotion-oriented schema therapy and transactional analysis's effectiveness in addressing marital conflict communication beliefs, aiming to improve effectiveness and reduce recovery time.
Methods and Materials: The research method is semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up stage. The statistical population of this research consisted of all couples who referred to Abadan counseling centers and Abadan judicial service offices in 2022. The statistical sample consisted of 30 couples who were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group based on the criteria for entering the research. The research tool was Eidelson and Epstein (1982) Communication Beliefs Questionnaire. Research protocols included emotional schema therapy written by Leahy, Tirch and Napolitano (2011) and interactional behavior analysis by Eric Byrne (2011). Multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were performed using SPSS version 26 statistical software at a significance level of 0.05 for data analysis.
Findings: The findings show that in the groups of emotion-oriented schema therapy and transactional analysis, there is a significant difference in all variable components of communication beliefs in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases (p≤0.05), but There is no significant difference in between the post-test and follow-up (p≥0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between the two experimental groups in the post-tests and follow-up group comparison (p≥0.05); But there is a significant difference between the control group and the two experimental groups (p<0.05).
Conclusions: According to the results of the research, it can be said that both treatments are effective on the variable of communication beliefs and its components in couples with marital conflict.