---

Introduction: Metacognition and perfectionism may have particular relevance in cognitive consequences of substance use. Substance use is an effective means of rapidly modifying cognitive events such as feelings, thoughts, or memories. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of metacognition and positive or negative perfectionism with psychological consequences in the substance dependent patients. Methods: This was a retrospective correlation study. The sample consisted of 75 substance dependent men selected from the Hamedan city self-representative center for treatment of substance dependence. Wales’ Metacognition Questionniare (short form), Terry & Short Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Addiction Psychological Consequences Checklist were administered to them.  Findings: Metacognition(r=0.65), positive perfectionism(r=-0.29) and negative perfectionism(r=0.66), were all in significant correlation with psychological consequences. Multiple regression analysis also revealed s that metacognition, negative perfectionism and positive perfectionism could explain at least 54 percent of the variance of psychological consequences.  Discussion: High levels of metacognition and negative perfectionism can increase the adverse psychological consequences, while a high level of positive perfectionism may decrease those consequences. The results are fairly in keeping with findings of other studies. 

---

Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated that preclinical dementia accompanies a decreasing trend in cognitive state a few years prior to clinical diagnosis. Sudden decline in episodic memory and semantic knowledge have been found to have the capability to differentiate patients in preclinical state of dementia from those experiencing normal aging. In addition, decline in episodic memory is usually the earliest cognitive change that occurs prior to the development of clinical dementia syndrome. Asymmetry in cognitive abilities may also occur in this preclinical phase of the disease and predict imminent dementia. This review summarizes the contributions of neuropsychological assessment in early diagnosis of dementia.

---

Aim and Background: Meta-cognition is one of the high cognitive processes of brain which has positive relationship with other cognitive capacities and can be considered as a predisposing factor in most of psychopathologies. the aim of present study was to examine the relationship between meta-cognition with anxiety and depression in mothers of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with mothers of normal children. Materials and Method: this is a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. The populations of this study were the mothers of 7-12 years old children who lived in Isfahan in 2011. 50 mothers of children with ADHD and 50 mothers of normal children were chosen through purposive sampling and were assessed by means of Wells and Cartwright meta-cognitive beliefs Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory- II.   Findings: data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety and depression between two groups of mothers with ADHD children and mothers of normal children when the age is controlled and the first group had more depression symptoms. The mean of meta- cognition scores in these two groups was not significantly different. Anxiety was correlated with depression and meta- cognition in both groups(p= 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological health of mothers of children with ADHD is less than mothers of normal children, and taking a systemic approach in solving problems of such families can be useful.

---

Aim and Background:  major depressive disorder (MDD) has physically and psychological effect on individuals with that disorder. One of the effective areas is emotion expression styles and metacognitive beliefs that has important role in interpersonal and between individual relationships. The purpose of this research was study of emotion expression styles and metacognitive beliefs in individuals with MDD. Methods and Materials: The sample population was included individuals with MDD (n=47) on base of DSM IV-TR criterions and students (n=40) in Semnan University without MDD in 2009. The devices which are aid to collecting data had Questionnaires of Meta-Cognition (MCQ), Emotional Expressiveness (EEQ), Emotional Control (ECQ), and Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness (AEEQ). The questionnaires data had been analyzed by use of Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA. Findings: There was a significant difference between metacognitive beliefs and emotion expression styles in individuals with MDD and students (P<0.05). Also, There was a significant difference in subscales of negative emotion expressiveness, rumination or rehearsal, positive emotion expressiveness, and entitlement expressiveness significantly, were the best predictors of metacognitive beliefs between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of dysfunctional in metacognitive beliefs and emotion expression in individuals with MDD that it associated with their metacognitive beliefs and emotion expression ways. Thus, they aren&#039;t accuracy mindfulness because they concentrate to events distortion. Also, individuals with MDD have not necessary skills for labeling and self feelings interpretation and involve in internal challenge between metacognitive beliefs and emotion expression.

---

Absrtact &nbsp; Aim and Background: Autistic traits may present in normal population without interfering with daily functionings. The present investigation is to find factor structure and validation of Broad Autism Phenotype Questionaire (BAPQ) and comparing psychometric structures of it with Autsim Quotient (AQ). Methods and Materials: In this correlational study, 351 students in Shahid Beheshti University completed two questionnaires of Autism Phenotype Questionaire (BAPQ) and Autsim Quotient (AQ) which are designed to assess autistic traits in normal population. Exploratory factor analysis was used for evaluation of validity. Chronbach Alpha, split half and test-retest methods were used for evaluation of reliability. Findings: Exploratory analysis showed 4 factors for BAPQ which totally explained 37 percent of the overall variance of the data . Two subsets of BAPQ questionnaire (pragmatic language and rigid personality) plus its overall score and two subscales of AQ (imagination and communication) plus its overall score are able to differentiate between two sexes which shows high discriminant validity of these scales. Chronbach alpha shows reliability of 82 percent for BAPQ questionnaire. Conclusions: Based on the findings, BAPQ is a better scale regarding validity and reliability and also has better discriminant validity of two sexes. Future research is suggested to use this questionnaire. &nbsp;

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Mind reading as an ability of interfering mental state of others has an essential role in social interactions. The purpose of the present study is designing farsi version of reading the mind from the voice and evaluation of psychometric properties of it. Methods and Materials: In the present correlation study, twenty hundred sixteen students of Shahid Beheshti and Tehran universities performed farsi version of reading mind from voice (FVRMFV) and reading mind from eyes (RMFE) tests. Two different versions and one short version of the tests were prepared based on items difficulty. Exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation and independent T- test were used for evaluation of validity and Chronbach test was used for evaluation of reliability. Linear regression was used for evaluation of predictive validity of the tests. Findings: One main factor revealed from exploratory factor analysis. Correlation between all version of FVRMFV and RMFE was significant (P<0.001) Females performed FVRMFV better than males (P< 0.001) and FVRMFV is better predictor of sexuality than RMFE (P< 0.001). Cronbach&#039;s alpha for main, A, B and Short version relatively found 0.816, 0.571, 0.764 and 0.885 Conclusions: FVRMFV is a reliable and valid test for evaluation of mind reading. FVRMFV is a better predictor of sexuality than RMFE.

---

Aim and Background: This study examined the effectiveness of Toukaa software (a Persian application of learning difficulties) on audio detection and memory in children with learning difficulties (dyslexia). Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design and control group. In this study, using Toukaa software, the experimental group were trained in 10 sessions. The population consisted of all the students in the first grade of school with age of 7 to 8 years in Isfahan city, Iran. These students were referred by some experts in psychology. The participants were equally divided into two groups of experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10). Research tools included children Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and reading achievement test. For data analysis purposes, the progress of two groups of control and experimental were examined via comparing the scores of the two groups using ANOVA test with repeated measures, Mauchly test and consistency of variances. Findings: Toukaa auditory memory training software improved the recognition and auditory memory among the children with learning difficulties (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Considering the effect of Toukaa software on improving audio detection and memory in children with learning difficulties (dyslexia), and as these children suffer memory disorders, we suggest to use this software 15-20 minutes per day to improve their memory capacities.

---

Aim and Background: Major depression disorder (MDD) is comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to compare depressing rumination and its components among patients with MDD and OCD and healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: The current study was a causal-comparative research. The statistical population included all patients with MDD and OCD referred to the clinics, psychiatric centers, and counseling centers in the city of Tabriz, Iran. Using structured clinical interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and convenience sampling, 30 individuals with MDD and 30 individuals with ODC were selected and compared with a group of 30 healthy matched individuals. The participants completed the Depressive Rumination Inventory. To analyze the data, MANOVA was used in SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of depressive rumination were significantly higher in patients with MDD and OCD compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.001). In addition, no significant difference was observed among the MDD and OCD groups in terms of depressive rumination scores (P < 0.330). Conclusions: Depressive rumination is a common component in both MDD and OCD, and can play a role in the development, maintenance, and severity of the two disorders. This finding could be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of these two disorders.

---

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on cognitive and metacognitive abilities among inactive elder men. Methods and Materials: This was a semi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, and control group, in which 40 inactive men volunteers aged more than 60 years, divided randomly into two groups of experiment and control. The Mini-Mental State Examination and Meta-Cognitive Questionnaire-30 were used to assess cognitive and meta-cognitive abilities. Experimental protocol was performing aerobic activities for eight weeks, three sessions in a week, 60 minutes each session at 50 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate intensity. Findings: The experiment and control groups were significantly different in posttest in terms of inhibitory control and selective attention, planning, constant attention, cognitive flexibility, overall level of cognitive abilities, cognitive uncertainty, and cognitive self-awareness (P < 0.050 for all). Conclusions: Aerobic training interventions for eight weeks could be effective to improve some cognitive and metacognitive abilities among inactive elder men.

---

Aim and Background: Body dysmorphic disorder is a disabling illness with a high worldwide prevalence. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between self-concept, cognitive fusion and social well-being with body dysmorphic disorder among female teenagers.

Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all female high school students in Damghan during 2018-2019 Of the population, 310 subjects were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. Then by using purposive sampling method 110 students were selected as the final sample. In order to collect data, the instruments of self-concept (self-concept scale), cognitive fusion (cognitive fusion scale), social well-being (social well-being scale) and body dysmorphic disorder (body dysmorphic disorder scale) were used. Data analysis was conducted by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests. The data were entered into SPSS software.

Findings: The results showed a significant relationship between self-concept (r=-0.55), cognitive fusion (r=0.59) and social well-being (r=-0.62) the body dysmorphic disorder of female teenagers (p<0.05). In addition, the results of multiple regression showed that self-concept (-0.28), cognitive fusion (0.32) and social well-being (-0.39) significantly predict the body dysmorphic disorder of female teenagers (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Female teenagers' body dysmorphic disorder is predictable by the self-concept, cognitive fusion and social well-being. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and counselors consider the role of self-concept, cognitive fusion and social well-being to decrease the level of teenagers' body dysmorphic disorder. Also, the researchers conduct further studies on the teenagers' body dysmorphic disorder.

---

Aim and Background: Based on embodiment cognition theory, mental or emotional states can be characterized through posture and gestural features. Bodily expression of emotion is a source of information in both expressive and receptive emotions, and we use it in our daily life. These social cues play an essential role in our social interaction and individuals with more capability of these social cues, are more successful in paralinguistic interactions. In the present study, we aimed to define the expressive postural positions to present six primary emotional states.
Methods and Materials: In the present study, we try to gather data in the second study. In the first study, a database of body posture was prepared. For this purpose, fifty theater players wear a face mask to conceal their facial emotional expression. After that, they try to represent six primary emotional states (sad, happy, fear, anger, disgust, surprise) through bodily position. After induction of emotional state through some respected scenario, a picture was taken from each position. In the second study, in a cross-sectional design, the taken pictures were rated by 321 participants in the case of the dependence of the posture to the emotional states. The rating scores were used for selection of the final postures.
Findings: The results found that bodily posture can convey emotional states. The female participants excel male in recognition of emotional states. The recognition of emotional states based on the postures was not age- and state- sensitive. It also showed that the experimental group compared with the control group, there was a significant difference between the frequency of correct and incorrect answers between the six body positions. In the sense that the number of correct answers in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Also, the number of incorrect answers in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group.
Conclusions: The emotional states can be recognized based on bodily expressions without considering facial emotional expressions. The player should learn and use their bodily expression for conveying the emotional states to viewers.

---

Aim and Background: The concept of mentalization as a purely human capacity refers to the understanding of one's own and others' psychological processes, which in 4 dimensions forms the basis of one's daily interactions. Today, this basic psychological process has been considered in all major mental disorders. In this study, a summary review of the concept and multidimensional nature of mentalization has been studied.
Methods and Materials: This review study was conducted in December 2020 from indexed articles on mentalization and its four dimensions in PubMed Databases (SID), Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, Scopus using related key words such as: Mentalization، Automatic mentalizing، Controlled mentalizing، Cognitive mentalizing، Affective mentalizing.
Findings: Neuroscientists have identified four components or different dimensions of mentalization: 1. automatic mentalizing versus controlled mentalizing 2. Self- mentalizing versus another mentalizing 3.Internal mentalizing versus external mentalizing 4.Cognitive mentalizing versus Affective mentalizing which indicates different social cognitive processes and different forms of mental illness can be explained as an imbalance in these dimensions.
Conclusions: Applications of mindfulness and treatment based on it indicate the treatment of several different mental health disorders Such as psychosis, depression, eating disorders as well as personality disorders. This model is applicable to a wide range of contexts and conditions, such as parenting, couple therapy, family therapy, art therapy, and services to help some of the most vulnerable, and social contexts such as schools and even prisons.

---

Aim and Background: Infertility is a global health-related problem that imposes significant psychological pressure on the people involved in this problem and can negatively affect their quality of life. The aim of research investigating the mediating role of illness cognitions in the relationship between infertility stigma and fertility quality of life in infertile women.
Methods and Materials: This study is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women suffering from infertility in the city of Mashhad who had referred to specialized infertility clinics and centers between May and July 2023. The sample consisted of 300 infertile women who were selected by convenience sampling method. Participants completed the infertility stigma scale, illness cognition questionnaire and fertility quality of life questionnaire. The Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling methods were used for data analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the model related to the mediating role of illness cognitions in the relationship between infertility stigma and fertility quality of life in infertile women has a good fit. The results showed that the direct effect of infertility stigma on fertility quality of life (P>0.05). The direct effect of illness cognitions (P<0.01) and the indirect effect of infertility stigma with the mediation of illness cognitions on fertility quality of life are significant (P<0.01).
Conclusions: Considering the mediating role of illness cognitions in the relationship between infertility stigma and reproductive quality of life of infertile women, paying attention to these variables in the field of psychopathology and formulating educational and therapeutic interventions regarding reproductive quality of life can be useful.

---

Aim and Background: Chronic and incurable diseases, such as celiac disease, significantly impact the quality of life of patients and their families. The diagnosis of celiac disease in a child can pose a threat to the mental well-being of their caregivers, especially their mothers, as these individuals often endure considerable anxiety and psychological stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of solution focused therapy and narrative therapy on distress tolerance in mothers of children diagnosed with celiac disease.
Methods and Materials: The present study is a semi-experimental intervention research with a pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up design, consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included mothers with at least one child diagnosed with celiac disease who are members of the Celiac Association of Iran in Isfahan. Among them, 60 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (20 participants in each group). The first experimental group received solution-focused therapy, while the second experimental group underwent narrative therapy in the form of eight90-minute sessions. The control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire by Gaher and Simon (2005). The data were analyzed in SPSS version26 using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.
Findings: Both interventions led to a significant increase in distress tolerance among mothers of children with celiac disease (P<0.01). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two interventions on distress tolerance between the two experimental groups at the post-test stage. These results remained stable during the follow-up phase (P<0.01).
Conclusions: Both solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy can be utilized as beneficial interventions to enhance distress tolerance in mothers of children with celiac disease