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Abstract Aim and Background: Studying the role of background causes and biomarkers on early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence as one important issue is need for prevention of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of background factors and biomarkers for early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive study with cross-sectional design, 154 outpatients with cardiovascular diseases who attended to Tehran Heart Center and 181 healthy persons among who associated with these patients were select by convenience sampling during November 2012 to March 2013. Data were collect by semi-structured interview and demographic-disease characteristics questionnaire, then analyzed by Chi-square, Independent t test and Logistic Regression with predictive analyses software (PASW). Findings: Low family income (OR=8.325; P<0.001), higher sedentary behaviors (OR=9.671; P<0.001), loss of regular exercise (OR=5.609; P<0.002), cigarette smoking (OR=3.320; P<0.009), high triglyceride level (OR=5.125; P<0.001), high blood&nbsp; pressure (OR=6.183; P <0.004), (kg/m2>25 th ) Body Mass Index (OR=7.133; P<0.005), (&ge; 200 mg/dL) higher total cholesterol (OR=6.108; P<0.001), (&le; 35 mg/dL) decreased HDL cholesterol (OR=5.589; P<0.002) and (&ge;130 mg/dL) increased LDL cholesterol (OR=5/094; P<0.005) significantly predicted early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence (P<0.05). Conclusions: Family income level, sedentary behaviors and loss of regular exercise, cigarette smoking and biomarkers are important in early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence. Therefore, it is matter to intervention in these causes for prevention of early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence.

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Aim and Background: Anxiety can lead to heart disease in a 10-year interval, and heart disease, in turn, leads to anxiety; death anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group schema therapy on reducing the death anxiety in cardiovascular patients. Methods and Materials: The statistical population included all patients with cardiovascular disease referred to Tehran heart center. The sampling method was of convenience and the research design was semi-experimental with the experimental and control groups including pre-test and post-test. Initially, the data from the Templer death anxiety scale were collected from 113 individuals and after a primary evaluation 30 individuals (18 women and 12 men) from the participants who had the highest marks in the test were involved in the research and assigned randomly to two experimental and control groups. It was previously considered that the participants did not suffer from a nervous condition disturbing consciousness, such as head injury and dementia. Then, the members of the experimental group were intervened for 12 sessions of 90 minutes by group schema therapy and after that, they were evaluated again in terms of the degree of death anxiety. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23. Findings: The results showed that after the implementation of the schema therapy, the death anxiety level of the experimental group significantly decreased (p< 0.05, F= 147.4). Therefore, the hypothesis of the research on the effectiveness of group schema therapy on reducing death anxiety is confirmed. Conclusions: This finding may contribute to the current research vacuum regarding death anxiety in cardiovascular patients as well as to clinical applications in the face of this phenomenon.

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Aim and Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic medical condition that affects many aspects of patients' lives. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors of CVD for the design of interventional and preventive programs. The purpose of this study was to review the psychological risk factors of CVD.
Methods and Materials: This systematic review study examines the psychological risk factors of CVD. For this purpose, articles from 1995 to 2019 were searched from the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Elsevier. Out of 257 articles, 51 articles were finally used in this study.
Findings: The results of this study showed that various factors such as stress, depression, anger and hostility, lack of social support, anxiety, lack of spiritual health and personality traits such as type A personality in the development of CVD is involved.
Conclusions: According to the findings of the study, health professionals can prevent and control of CVD in different age groups by designing educational programs focused on risk factors of this disease such as stress, depression, anger, social isolation and anxiety.