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Introduction: As depression and anxiety can have profound negative effects on the functional status, quality of life, duration of hospitalization and even medical outcome of cancer patients, evaluation and treatment of these disorders are important.  Methods: This was a descriptive study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in cancer patients hospitalized at Isfahan Sayyed-o-shohada hospital. A toal number of 173 hospitalized patients were enrolled. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) were applied to measure depression and anxiety respectively. Data were analyzed using chi-squar test running SPSS-ll soft-ware.  Findings: Prevalence of anxiety and depression was found to be 18.5% and 32.9% respectively. Anxiety had a higher prevalence among women (P Discussion: Considering the relatively high prevalence of anxiety and depression among cancer patients, careful attention must be paid toward diagnosis and treatment of these morbidities. 

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Abstract Aim and Background: The breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian women and low quality of sleep is one of the most common complications experienced by patients with cancer. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and music therapy methods on sleep quality of breast cancer patients. Methods and Materials: Research method of this study was experimental and its&rsquo; design was pre-test and post-test on multi groups. The population of this study were the total number of females who suffer from breast cancer and were introduced themselves to Shafaparto Clinic in Ardabil province in order to radiotherapy from 2011 September until 2012 April. The samples were selected using accessible sampling, and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used for data collection. The data were analyzed by chi square and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: Results showed that both treatment methods were effective in promotion of sleep quality in cancer patients (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatment methods on all quality sleep components (p<0.05), with the exception of sleep disturbance component (p>0.05). Conclusions: It is advised that the therapists used the progressive muscles relaxation and music therapy techniques, along with the routine interventions, in order to promote sleep quality in cancer patients.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Due to the high incidence of breast cancer and the importance of spiritual well-being (SWB) of patients with this type of cancer, this study was performed to predict the role of psychological, medical and demographic factors, on SWB in patients with breast cancer Methods and Materials: This Cross sectional study was a descriptive-analytic one conducted in 341 breast cancer patients with simple sampling methodology. Data collection instrument included a questionnaire contains 3 parts (demographic and medical information, SWB questionnaire and DASS-42 questionnaire). The data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (One way Analysis of Variance, Student t-Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Multiple linear regressions), with applying SPSSv20 software. Findings: Based on study findings, there was a statistically significant relationship between SWB and stress, anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients. The results of regression analysis indicated that the stress, anxiety and depression explained totally 39.5% of the variance of patients&#039; SWB (R 2 = 39.5). Depression in the first was the best predictions of the breast cancer patients&#039; SWB with R 2 = 26.2. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, SWB of patients with breast cancer is predicable according to the stress, anxiety and depression. Breast cancer patients with higher grades of SWB, had lower stress, anxiety and depression so SWB is a protective factor against stress, anxiety and depression. &nbsp;

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Aim and Background: This study aimed to evaluate the spiritual experience and resilience of women with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy and their healthy counterparts. Methods and Materials : The present study was a retrospective comparative study. The study population included all women with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy and their healthy counterparts referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital from May to September 2013. The study subjects were selected through convenience sampling. Thus, 50 women with breast cancer and history of surgery and mastectomy who had completed chemotherapy treatments and were undergoing radiotherapy were compared with 50 healthy women who were matched in terms of age, education, and marital status with the experimental group. Data were collected using the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and t-test in SPSS software . Findings: The results showed a statistically significant difference between the spiritual experiences of women with breast cancer and healthy women (P < 0.05). Women with breast cancer had more spiritual experiences than healthy women. A significant difference was observed between resilience of women with breast cancer and healthy women, (P < 0.05); healthy women had greater resilience than women with breast cancer. Conclusions: It can be concluded that spiritual experiences and resilience impact patients with breast cancer and undergoing radiation therapy. Therefore, it seems that finding ways to increase resilience and spiritual experience is necessary to improve and control their disease. Hence, it is recommended that future research, inspired by the results of this research, seek to enhance the resilience of women with cancer, and study its effects on mental health and quality of life (QOL) of these patients.

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Aim and Background: This research aimed to study the behavioral-emotional problems and skills of 6 to 12 year-old children of parents with cancer, and compare them with children of healthy parents. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted with an ex post facto design. The participants included 2 groups of 80 individuals (children of parents with cancer and children of healthy parents) who were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tool used was the Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Report Form (CBCL). For statistical analysis of the findings, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), Mann–Whitney-U test, and correlation coefficient were used. Findings: There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the variable of activity (P = 0.01). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the variable of aggressive behavior in all dimensions of internalized and externalized problems (P = 0.01). However, the difference between the groups in the variables of community (P = 0.87) and school (P = 0.26) was not significant. Conclusions: Although parents&#039; chronic diseases such as cancer can cause emotional and behavioral problems in children, they can also create the basis for compensatory behaviors, such as advances in school in order to please parents or compensate for the child’s dissatisfaction with medical incompetence.

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Aim and Background: Depression and anxiety have a significant impact on performance, quality of life, hospitalization duration and treatment result in patients with cancer. The current study aimed to investigate the role of emotional schemas in predicting anxiety and depression in patients with cancer. Methods and Materials: Using convenience sampling, 250 cancer patients admitted to the oncology ward of Rasool Akram Hospital of Tehran, Iran, were selected in the form of a descriptive-analytical design. Data were obtained by emotional schemas scale (ESS), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and Stepwise regression analysis. Findings: There was a significant association between all subscales of emotional schemas with depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Among all emotional schemas, being out of control, strong values, guilt, self-awareness and reasonable effort schemas had the ability to predict depression among patients with cancer. Overall, 38% of the variance and variability of depression were explained by variables of emotional schemas. Also, emotional schemas such as being out of control, scolding, reasonable effort and guilt had a role in predicting anxiety in patients with cancer. In total, 24% of the variance and variability of anxiety was explained by variables of emotional schemas. Conclusions: The emotional schemas play an important role in the prediction of depression and anxiety level in patients with cancer. Therefore, psychological interventions in this field can lead to a reduction in depression and anxiety in these patients through identifying and modifying negative emotional schemas.

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Aim and Background: Mental health is one of the vital factors in human life. Even, the mental health is important in improving the diseases of the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the intermediate role of resilience mediation in the relationship between the meaning of life and spiritual health with mental health in patients with colon cancer. Methods and Materials: Participants were 120 patients with colon cancer in stages 1 or 2 selected via convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS), Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale Mils Scale (CD-RISC), and Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) questionnaire. Findings: Meaning of life and spiritual health were not able to predict mental health; but, resiliency could predict mental health in a positive and meaningful way. Values, goals, and life perspective components of meaning of life could tend to more resiliency, and result in more mental health. In addition, there were positive significant relationship between the meaning of life, spiritual health, and resilience mediation with mental health. Conclusions: The results showed that values, goals, and life perspective components of the meaning of life can increase the resilience, and thus reduce mental disorders and increase mental health.

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Aim and Background: Cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases that its patients face with various psychological problems; therefore, methods should be sought to reduce the severity of the psychological problems among these patients. Therefore this study was done aimed to evaluate of effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on psychological symptoms of patients with cancer. Methods and Materials: It was a semi-experimental research and has been executed by pre-test and post-test with control group. The research population included all patients with cancer who referred to Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas. It contained 30 cancer patients who were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups (15 individuals per group).The members of both groups completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) before and after the sessions of group therapy (within three months). Findings have been analyzed by SPSS software and covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that the difference between experimental group and control group were significant respectively in psychological symptoms of depression (F= 84.11, p<0.001), anxiety (F= 47.52, p<0.001) and stress (F= 59.51, p<0.001). Conclusions: According to the results, it can be said that it is necessary for therapeutic centers and support forums related with cancer patients to use MBCT in their plans to reduce psychological symptoms of patients.

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Aim and Background : The cognitive damage caused by breast cancer can have detrimental effects on the quality of life, occupational and social performance of these patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of a cognitive rehabilitation on executive functions and self-care behaviors in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods : In an experimental study with pre-test, post-test and control group, 41 patients with breast cancer were selected by convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent two months treatment and the scores of the Self-care behaviors questionnaire, Tower of London test (TOL) and Stroop Test (ST). were gathered in both groups before and after the intervention and in one month follow up period. The data were analyzed by the statistical test of mixed analysis of variance. Results : The results in the post-test and follow-up stages showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups, in terms executive function (P <0.05 and self-care behaviors (P <0.05). This means that the experimental group who underwent the intervention program had a significant improvement in the post-test phase in the variables mentioned above, and the changes made during the follow-up phase were also stable. Conclusions : The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of a designed cognitive rehabilitation program on executive functions and self-care behaviors of patients with breast cancer; therefore, considering these findings and the mechanism, the effectiveness of this treatment method can have appropriate therapeutic effects on reducing cognitive and psychological problems and improving the quality of life of patients with brest cancer.

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Aim and Background : In recent decades, cancer has been considered by many as the most important cause of mortality in the world, with a large amount of studies in psychology. Theerfore, present study seeks out the effectiveness of positive psychology on pain catastrophizing and life expectancy of women with breast cancer. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group and one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included all women with breast cancer who referring to Isfahan Milad Hospital in spring 2015. Thirty of them were selected through available and targeted sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (each group was 15). Positive psychology interventions were performed on a test group for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but not given to the control group. The tools used in this study were Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Hope Questionnaire (HQ). Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA with repeated measures and using SPSS software version 20. Finding: The results of the training and follow up showed that positive psychology interventions had an effect on the life expectancy of women with breast cancer (p<0.05), but did not affect the pain catastrophizing (p>0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, these interventions can increase the life expectancy of women with breast cancer and reflect new horizons in clinical interventions and can be used as effective interventions.

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Aim and Background: Breast cancer, one of the most important cancers, creates many challenges for women who are suffering from it. The aim of present study the study of the efficacy of Comparison of The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy and acceptance and commitment group therapy on Self-efficacy in breast cancer patients. Methods and Materials: In a semi experimental study, pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group, 60 subjects who were admitted to the study were selected by available sampling method. The subjects were matched on demographic factors and divided in 3 groups of 20 persons. For the group based on acceptance and commitment, 8 training sessions were held and 10 training sessions were held for the group based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, while no intervention was provided for the control group. At the end of the training sessions, The self-efficacy scale (post-test) was performed in each of the 3 groups. Also, 2 months after treatment, 3 groups completed again The self-efficacy scale in the follow up phase. Data analysis was performed using the Repeated Measurement Test and Multivariate Covariance Analysis. Findings: The results demonstrated that both group therapies Improve self-efficacy among patients (P>0.001). Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between two methods in Improve self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer. (P>0.05) Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive - behavioral therapy are effective in Improve self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer.

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Aim and Background: Disease in individual with cancer is a major source of distress for caregivers. Therefore, the aim of present study was to modeling the relationship between worry processes with symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of individuals with cancer.

Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all caregivers of individuals with cancer in Mashhad city. Two hundred of caregivers of individuals with cancer were selected through convenience sampling. The tools of this study include Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed by SPSS₂₄, using Pearson correlation test and path analysis.

Findings: The results showed that there are a significant relation between worry processes such as intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance and worry about worry (meta-worry) with symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of cancer patients, but there is no relationship between cognitive avoidance and symptoms of depression and insomnia. Intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance and worry about worry were predictors of depression, whereas intolerance of uncertainty predicted insomnia. The modified model for predicting the symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of individual with cancer based on worry processes had a good fit.

Conclusion: The results of this study support the role of worry processes in the symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of cancer patients.

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Aim and Background: Health literacy is the ability to receive, process, understand and understand health-related information and services in order to make appropriate health decisions. The health literacy for breast cancer patients plays an important role in accessing adequate diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Pain catastrophizing in the relationship between health literacy and specific quality of life among patients with breast cancer.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a cross-sectional and correlational study in terms of method and was basic science in terms of purpose. In this cross-sectional study, 213 consecutive patients with breast cancer were selected based on the inclusive and exclusive criteria. Then, the patients completed questionnaires of Iranian version of health literacy, quality of life and Pain catastrophizing. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software by path analysis model.
Findings: All components of health literacy and specific quality of life were significantly correlated with Pain catastrophizing. Also there was a significant association between health literacy and specific quality of life. The findings showed that as far as the health literacy is Increase, the Pain catastrophizing scores significantly are also decrease.
Conclusions: It seems that Pain catastrophizing plays the mediating role between health literacy and specific quality of life among patients with breast cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the relational model between these factors for development of psychological protocols and integrating those protocols in therapeutic plans for breast cancer patients.

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Aim and Background: Children's cancer is a special bio-psychological status that challenges the perceived social support and locus of control of mothers with different educational levels and affects their psychological adjustment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect role of education, with the mediating role of locus of control and perceived social support, on psychological adjustment of mothers of children with cancer.
Methods and Materials: This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with cancer who referred to the clinics of pediatricians of Mashhad. The sample size of 220 people was selected using targeted sampling method. Data were collected using psychological adjustment to illness scale, Rotter locus of control, multidimensional perceived social support, and demographic characteristics.
Findings: According to the results of this study, the increase in education directly and indirectly through increased perceived social support reduced maladjustment (P<.01). Also the increase in education directly related to increase in internal locus of control and decrease in external locus of control but has not indirect relationship on adjustment.
Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that increased education through perceived social support mediates the psychological adjustment of mothers. Increasing levels of education can also lead to an increase in internal control and a decrease in external control.

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Aim and Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women around the world that from the very beginning of diagnosis can cause fear, despair and psychological harm, and challenge all aspects of life (including physical, psychological, social). The aim of this study was determination of the role of emotional regulation, pain - efficacy and disease perception in predicting the negative mood of women with breast cancer.
Methods and Materials: The research design was descriptive correlational and the statistical population of the study included all women with breast cancer referring to Isfahan health centers in spring of 2018. Accordingly, 160 women with breast cancer were selected by available sampling method, and based on the criteria for entry and exit. Data collection tools consisted of Gross and John's emotion regulation questionnaires (2003), Nicholas pain (1995) self-efficacy inventory, Brodbent & et.al (2006) illness perception questionnaire, Lovibond, and Lovibond's negative mood scale (1995). To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used.
Findings: The results showed that the perception of the disease (β= 0/46, p= 0/001), self-efficacy of pain (β= 0/15, p= 0/021), negatively and meaningfully and the suppression strategy (β= 0/21, p= 0/001) positive and meaningful can predict changes related to the negative mood of women with breast cancer.
Conclusions: It is concluded that the type of emotion regulation strategy, the degree of self-efficacy of pain and the level of perception of the disease have a significant effect on mood disorders in women with breast cancer;  therefore, it can be understood by a deeper understanding of psychological characteristics and beliefs The disease in women with breast cancer takes steps to increase their mental health and well-being with new conditions.

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Aim and Background: Cancer is a chronic disease that, despite medical advances and the development of treatments, this disease is still unique in terms of the feeling of helplessness and deep fear it creates in a person, and the psychological and physical effects on many aspects of their lives, such as the quality of life. Disrupt life and sense of agency. In this research, the aim of the study was the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the quality of life and the sense of agency of breast cancer patients.
Methods and Materials: The research method is a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all patients diagnosed with breast cancer in government cancer treatment centers located in Isfahan. The sample includes 36 patients with breast cancer from Seyed al-Shohda Hospital (AS) in Isfahan and Ala Cancer Prevention and Control Center, who were selected through available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (18 people) and control groups (18 people). The experimental group underwent emotional schema therapy by Leahy (2012) in 9 sessions of 60 minutes. The data in this research, by Arnson quality of life questionnaire (1987) and Palito and et al (2013) sense of agency questionnaire was compiled in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. And it was done using analysis of variance with repeated measurements in SPSS-23 software.
Findings: The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that emotional schema therapy significantly improved the quality of life and sense of agency of the experimental group (P<0.01).
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on increasing the quality of life and sense of agency was confirmed in the present study. It is suggested to use this type of treatment to help breast cancer patients with death anxiety.
 

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Aim and Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and despite medical advances and the development of treatments, this disease continues to cause psychological and physical effects on the life dimensions of many affected people, such as the attitude to death and tolerance of distress, which should be taken into account. Therefore, the aim of this research was the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on attitude towards death and distress tolerance of breast cancer patients.
Methods and Materials: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all patients diagnosed with breast cancer in government cancer treatment centers located in Isfahan. The sample consisted of 36 patients with breast cancer from Seyed al-Shohda Hospital (AS) in Isfahan and Alaa Cancer Prevention and Control Center, who were selected through targeted sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (18 people) and control groups (18 people). The experimental group was treated with emotional schema. The data in this research was collected The Death Attitude Profile (DAP-R) –Revised (Wang, Racker & Gasser,1994) and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) by (Simons& Gaher, 2005), in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up, and it was done using proportional statistical tests and SPSS-26 software.
Findings: The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that emotional schema therapy improved the attitude towards death and distress tolerance of the experimental group at a significant level (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy can have a significant impact on the psychological characteristics of breast cancer patients, including the attitude towards death and distress tolerance, so it is suggested that this type of treatment be used to help breast cancer patients.