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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: Through forgiveness the offended person decreases revenge motivations and avoidance from the offender, and is motivated to increase consolation and good will for the offender. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory (TRIM) in married men and women. Method and Materials: This study was of a correlational type. The participants were 245 males and 247 females selected through a multistage-cluster random sampling among the parents of high school students in Ahvaz. The two scales administrated in this study were: (a) transgression related interpersonal motivations inventory (TRIM) and (b) trait forgivingness scale (TFS). A cronbach’s α was calculated to examine the reliability of the TRIM inventory. moreover the discriminate validity and the principal-components factor analysis were used to examine the validity of the TRIM inventory. Findings: The calculated α for the TRIM inventory was 0.85 and 0.91 for revenge and avoidance dimensions respectively and 0.92 for the whole questionnaire. The validity of the inventory was also examined through correlating it to the TFS, given the values of -0.579 and -0.595 for revenge and avoidance dimensions. A principal components factor analysis extracted two factors for the inventory; two items were also omitted because of communalities. A confirmatory factor-analysis (CFA) indicated that a two-factor structure of this inventory was better than a one factor model (for the two-factor model a RMSEA equal to 0.07 was obtained). Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that the transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory (TRIM) is a reliable and valuable instrument in forgiveness related studies in marital relationships.

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Aim and Background: The aim of present study was to compare attachment styles between young adults with visual or auditory defects and normal groups in Isfahan city. Methods and Materials: The present study assessed by ex-post facto method. The statistical society of the study is including of all young adults with visual, auditory defects and normal people.80 young adults with visual defects (40 girls and 40 boys), 90 with auditory defects (45 girls and 45 boys) and 80 normal ones (40 girls and 40 boys) were selected randomly. The research tools were questioners including; the Hazan and Shaver attachment styles questionnaires and research&ndash;made sociological questioner. Data analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance ( MANOVA ), Post&ndash;hoc LSD and chi&ndash;square tests. Findings: The results of this study show that there was a significant difference among attachment styles of young adults with visual, auditory defects comparing with normal population (P < 0.001). Also the results show that there was a significant difference among the scores of anxiety / avoidance insecure attachment, ambivalent/ anxiety insecure and secure in these 3 groups. In this study there was no significant differences between mean scores of young male and female&rsquo;s avoidance/ anxiety, ambivalent/anxiety insecure and secure attachment styles (P = 0.165). Conclusions: Young adults with visual, auditory defects more commonly were at risk for insecure attachment in compare with normal group. It is also important to mention that the avoidance/ ambivalent insecure attachment style was more common in the groups with visual, auditory defects and the secure attachment style in normal group. The avoidance and ambivalent insecure attachment styles was more common in the group with auditory defects than those with visual defects.

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Aim and Background: Relationship enhancement is one of the life skill training programs and it could effect on couples coping styles with life tensions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of relationship enhancement on improving marital coping strategies of couples in Isfahan. Method and Materials: The design of this study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control groups. The population was the couples who referred themselves to in order to conduct this study, 24 couples were randomly selected from the couples who were volunteer to take place in the research to nervous and psychiatry center in 2008. They lives 2 years with together at least and aren&rsquo;t in divorce stage then they randomly assigned in two experimental (13 couples) and control groups (11 couples). Relationship enhancement was administrated in 8 sessions for the experimental group. The data of the Marital Coping Inventory (MCI) was analyzed by covariance analysis. Findings: The result showed that relationship enhancement effectively led to decrease the marital conflict, introspective self-blame, and self-interest, marital avoidance strategies and to increase the positive approach strategy. The result of follow up after a month showed that there was differences between experimental and control groups considering the scores of marital coping strategies and its dimensions (p< 0.01). The efficacy of relationship enhancement had remained after a month. Conclusions: Results provided useful information for counselors and psychotherapists about relationship enhancement program and marital coping strategies and the ways of manipulation of these strategies. Relationship Enhancement (RE) may be implicated for improving of marital coping strategies and decreasing marital conflict in couple therapy.

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Aim and Background: Pain is a complex experience involving psychological factors which results in functional disorder. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between cognitive and emotional factors with chronic low back pain among women in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional research, the target population included all women with chronic low back pain that referred to clinics and hospitals of Isfahan during summer 2011. A total number of 50 women with chronic low back pain were selected by simple random sampling. Instruments used in this research included a demographic questionnaire, the multidimensional pain inventory, the fear-avoidance beliefs inventory, the pain catastrophizing scale, and the hospital anxiety scale. The obtained data was analyzed by stepwise and hierarchical regression analysis and Pearson&#039;s correlation coefficient. Findings: Pain was positively related with fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and anxiety. The results of stepwise regression showed that fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing explained 45.6% of the variance of the pain. In addition, moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that job had a moderating effect on the relationship between anxiety and pain. Conclusions: Chronic low back pain can be predicted by fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing. Moreover, decreasing professional stress would reduce the overall anxiety and thus low back pain among women.

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Acceptance- Based Behavior Therapies (ABBTs) is a new branch of psychological therapy that used Mindfulness-based therapy principles and techniques. Acceptance-based therapies came to be based on the assumption that psychopathology were trying to control or avoid negative thoughts and emotions. These therapies are believed people with mental impairment have been critical of these treatments on their emotions and they are judged based on their emotions. So try to avoid from these emotions and do actions to reduce their emotions or escape from them. Avoidance in the three levels of emotional, cognitive and behavioral may play an important role in continuing the psychopathology. ABBTs aim to alter individuals&rsquo; relationships with their internal experiences, reduce rigid experiential avoidance and increase action in valued directions.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The breast cancer is the most significant worrisome factor in the women&#039;s health, since it is the most prevalent cancer among women and the second cause of death from the cancer after lung cancer. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of stress management therapy through cognitive-behavioral method in women suffering from breast cancer. Methods and Materials: This study was administered in the form of a group therapy design. It was a semi-experimental research. The statistical population was all the women with breast cancer referring to Saiedo-Shohada hospital in Isfahan among whom 20 women with breast cancer having entrance criteria were put randomly into experimental group and waiting list (control group). The experimental group received therapeutic interventions during 10 sessions while the control group received no intervention. In order to collect data the questionnaires of revised injuries effect scale (IES-R), Beck anxiety, and a month follow up were applied. Findings: All participants in the pretest, posttest and follow up filled up the questionnaires. The data were analyzed through repeated measure. the amount of effect coefficient showed a significant decrease in the scores of anxiety, intrusive thoughts, avoidance, hyper-arousal, in the participants. Conclusions These primary findings&nbsp; from the role of cognitive-behavioral stress management therapy supports&nbsp; the decease of the signs of anxiety, intrusive thoughts, avoidance, hyper-arousal, of the patients suffering from breast cancer in the beginning stages

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Abstract Aim and Background: The most common psychiatric disorders in the general population, especially in Iran, are anxiety disorders and mood disorders. Several theories have been developed in recent years to explain the cognitive and behavioral disorders, including the &ldquo;intolerance of uncertainty&rdquo; model. This study aims at comparing variables of intolerance of uncertainty, worriness, cognitive avoidance and negative problem orientation, among patients with generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and normal subjects. Methods and Materials: Three groups of patients with generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and normal subjects, each with 30 members were selected using purposive sampling method. In order to collect the required data, questionnaires of intolerance of uncertainty, worriness, cognitive avoidance and negative problem orientation were used among three groups. Collected data was analyzed using Multivariate analysis and variance analysis as well as SPSS software version18. Findings: In four above mentioned variables, the difference between the three groups reached a significant level (P<0.05). In the variables of intolerance of uncertainty, worriness and negative problem orientation, the difference between each of the two groups of patients with generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder with normal subjects was significant&nbsp; (P<0.05). The difference between patients with major depressive disorder and normal subjects in cognitive avoidance variables was also significant (P <0.05). Conclusions: Four factors existing in &ldquo;intolerance of uncertainty&rdquo; model are common features of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Psychiatrists and psychologists awareness of these factors can accelerate the identification, diagnosis and treatment of failure patterns in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and major depression.

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Aim and Background: Experiential avoidance is a behavior pattern that increases binge eating among overweight and obese individuals. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on experiential avoidance among overweight and obese individuals in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: The present quasi-experimental research was conducted with a pretest-posttest, double-blind, and multicenter design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all overweight and obese individuals a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 referring to nutrition and diet therapy clinics in the winter of 2015. From among them, 40 individuals were selected through convenience sampling based on the study criteria and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (each group = 20 individuals). Both groups completed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties (AAQW) designed by Lillis and Hayes, at pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages (45 days after the intervention). The reliability of the AAQW was calculated using Cronbach&#039;s alpha coefficient (&alpha; = 0.91) and its content validity was confirmed by experts. The experimental group received 8 60-minute sessions of ACT. The control group, however, received no intervention. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA in SPSS software. Findings: There was a significant decrease in experiential avoidance among the experimental group participants (P < 0.05). Moreover, this effect was maintained until the follow-up stage. Conclusions: According to the results, ACT can be considered as an efficient intervention for the reduction of experiential avoidance in overweight and obese individuals. The reduction in experiential avoidance results in the increasing of psychological flexibility in these individuals. Therefore, ACT can be used in conjunction with other weight control interventions.

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Aim and Background: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a novel method for resolving interpersonal problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of ACT on interpersonal problems and experiential avoidance among female students with interpersonal problems. Methods and Materials: In this convenience clinical trial, the study population consisted of all female students in the Islamic Azad University of Gorgan, Iran, in the fields of nursing, midwifery, laboratory sciences, management, law, accounting, and architecture. The participants consisted of 66 individuals selected via purposive sampling. The study population was randomly categorized into intervention (ACT group) and control groups. The intervention consisted of 10 90-minute ACT sessions, which were held by a trained clinical psychologist according to a study by McKay, Lev, and Skeen (2012). The data collection tools included two short-form questionnaires, i.e., the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32) and Acceptance and Action questionnaire (AAQ-II). Pretest and posttest scores were analyzed using ANCOVA Findings: After controlling of pretest scores, a significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of the average scores of interpersonal problems (P < 0.001) and experiential avoidance (P < 0.001) in the posttest. Conclusions: Based on the findings, ACT can be effective on improvement of interpersonal problems and experiential avoidance.

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Aim and Background: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the basic disorders in psychopathology. Therefore, the aime of this study was to develop a conceptual model for the role of spiritual coping and cognitive emotion regulation strategies as moderating and mediating factors in the relationship between transdiagnostic factors and symptoms of GAD. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-correlational study, 700 undergraduate students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method from public universities of Tehran, Iran. The participants completed Generalized Anxiety Disorder (7-item) (GAD-7) Scale, Penn state Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (SCQ). Data were analyzed by SPSS, Process, and LISREL softwares using path analysis method and structural equations. Findings:  There was a significant relationship between transdiagnostic factors (cognitive avoidance, negative beliefs about worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and experiential avoidance,) and symptoms of GAD (P < 0.050). Also, there was a significant relationship between transdiagnostic factors with cognitive emotion regulation strategies and spiritual coping (P < 0.050). Results showed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between transdiagnostic factors and symptoms of GAD, and spiritual coping moderated the relationship between transdiagnostic factors and symptoms of GAD. Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize the importance of transdiagnostic factors, cognitive emotion regulation, and spiritual coping in symptoms of GAD.

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Aim and Background: The objective of the present study was investigating the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on anxiety sensitivity and quality of life in patients with hypertension who suffer from avoidance personality traits. Methods and Materials: This research was a case study. The statistical population included all patients with primary hypertension who referred to healthcare centers of Isfahan, Iran, in 2016, and their arterial blood pressure was greater than 140/90 mmHg and their disease was confirmed by the physician. They had no history of heart disease and renal failure and according to the psychiatrist, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 th Edition (DSM-5) and screening with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) on A2 scale, avoidance personality trait was detected in them. Out of them, three patients were selected through targeted sampling. Two sessions were spent on the interview and baseline explaining, and then intervention for ACT treatment was performed in 8 sessions based on Hayes et al. model, which was done individually for 100 minutes, followed by a follow-up phase. The tools used in this study included Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R) and Quality of Life Questionnaire [36-item short-form health survey (SF-36)]. The indexes of process changes, effect size, and Cohen's coefficient were presented. Findings: ACT method reduced anxiety sensivity and increased the quality of life in patients with hypertension having avoidance personality trait. The effect size showed a significant effect for all three patients. Conclusions: ACT approach is effective on anxiety sensitivity and quality of life in patients with hypertension having avoidance personality trait.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) on reducing the symptoms of social avoidance and distress in people with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) . Materials and Methods: This was semi-experimental study was a pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of Semnan University in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 20 Students were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned 10 subjects to the experimental group and 10 subjects to the control group. Students were screened for social anxiety disorder and diagnosis of other disorders from Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-4 (SCID-4) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The experimental group received individual VRET for 12 sessions, 30 minutes each week. Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) was administered among the selected sample as pretest. VRET was performed in experimental group, and again, the questionnaires were administered among the participants as posttest. Findings: The results showed that VRET is effective in reducing social avoidance and distress symptoms in in people with SAD. Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of this therapeutic model on reducing the symptoms of social anxiety. This method can be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of SAD and other same disorders.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between theory of mind and attachment styles in terms of anxiety and avoidance in adolescent girls.

Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive correlational. A total of 280 adolescents aged 12-13 and 14-17 years old were randomly selected. Participants responded to two questionnaires on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET-R) and the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR-RS). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. SPSS software was used for this purpose.

Findings: In this study, there was a significant relationship between the accuracy of theory of mind in adolescents (12-13 years old) with attachment style in terms of anxiety with mother, father, friend and anxiety (p<0.001). Stepwise regression analysis showed that anxiety with father, mother and friend was 0.96, 0.003, and 0.001. Predicted the variance of theory of mind (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant relationship was found in the larger adolescent group.

Conclusions: In order to better understand the relationship between adolescent attachment and theory of mind, it is necessary to consider common factors and distinguish between different types of unsecured attachment, especially between anxiety and avoidance.

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Aim and Background: Disease in individual with cancer is a major source of distress for caregivers. Therefore, the aim of present study was to modeling the relationship between worry processes with symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of individuals with cancer.

Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all caregivers of individuals with cancer in Mashhad city. Two hundred of caregivers of individuals with cancer were selected through convenience sampling. The tools of this study include Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed by SPSS₂₄, using Pearson correlation test and path analysis.

Findings: The results showed that there are a significant relation between worry processes such as intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance and worry about worry (meta-worry) with symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of cancer patients, but there is no relationship between cognitive avoidance and symptoms of depression and insomnia. Intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance and worry about worry were predictors of depression, whereas intolerance of uncertainty predicted insomnia. The modified model for predicting the symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of individual with cancer based on worry processes had a good fit.

Conclusion: The results of this study support the role of worry processes in the symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of cancer patients.

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Aim and Background: The prevalence of coronavirus, the unknown and cognitive ambiguities of this virus and the resulting mortality rate, cause high anxiety in individual. The aim of this study was to provide a model of coronary anxiety based on locus of control, emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support and disease anxiety with emphasis on the mediating role of cognitive-behavioral avoidance in students.
Methods and Materials: The present study is of descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The research population were Isfahan university students in the spring of 1400. From the population, according to Cochran's formula, 250 people were selected by available sampling and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (1966), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2004), Health Anxiety Questionnaire (2002), Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (1988), Avoidance Inventory (1994) and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (2019) were delivered to them virtually. Statistical analysis was performed by covariance-based structural equation modeling using Amos software.
Findings: The results showed that there is a direct relationship between the locus of control and disease anxiety with corona anxiety in students and these two variables explain 64% of the variance of corona anxiety in students (p<.05). also the results showed that cognitive-behavioral avoidance does not play a mediating role in these relationships.
Conclusions: Based on the results, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the locus of control and reduce disease anxiety in order to reduce corona anxiety in students.

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Aim and Background: The comparison of different psychological approaches in terms of their effect on psychological variables is of interest to many researchers. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment and hope therapy on self-care activities and reducing cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods and Materials: The design of the research is experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all married men and women with type 2 diabetes and members of Ahvaz diabetes society in 1400. 60 of these patients were selected based on the criteria of entry and exit, screening and purposefully, and after matching, they were randomly assigned in 3 groups of 20 people. Research tools included diabetes self-care activities scale (Toobert et al. 2000) and cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale (Ottenbreit and Dobson, 2004). Data were analyzed through multivariate (MANCOVA) and univariate (ANCOVA) analyzes using SPSS software.
Findings: The results showed that integrated transdiagnostic treatment and hope therapy were effective on self-care activities and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with diabetes (p<0.05); in addition, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of two types of intervention in patients with diabetes.
Conclusions: It seems that both approaches are equally effective on self-care activities and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with diabetes.