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Aim and Background: This study was aimed to investigate the possibility of predicting success or failure in marital relationships according to adult attachment styles and religious attitudes. Method and Materials: This was a case-control study. The sample consisted of 49 divorce-seeking and 52 intact couples. The divorce-seeking and intact couples were respectively selected through convenient and cluster randomized sampling methods. All couples were evaluated by Shaver- Hazan’s Adult Attachment Inventory and Azarbayejani’s Religious Orientation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as discriminate analysis . Findings: The results confirmed that secure attachment style and religious attitudes have the power to predict success of the marital relationship. The results confirmed the detailed model presented in this study. Conclusions: Findings revealed the fact that success or failure in marital relationship can be predicted by the variables of adult attachment and religious attitudes. The results of the prediction shows that when the couples have higher secure attachment style and lower avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles and also have firmer religious attitudes, the probability of success  in their marital relationship will be higher.

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Aim and Background: The present study tried to assess increasing marital satisfaction and family health as two of the primary mental health measures. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental case-control research used a pretest-posttest design with follow-up. The statistical population consisted of 60 couples in Isfahan, Iran. The subjects were wishing to solve their marital problems and volunteered to participate in the program. Couples were included if they had been married for 3-7 years. Data was collected by the 47-item Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale. Finally, 30 couples with the lowest pretest scores were randomly allocated to two groups of experimental and control (15 couples in each group. The study group attended a 6-week communication skills program including weekly 90-minute sessions. A final application of the marital satisfaction scale was administered to both groups at the end of the program. A follow-up test was given 1 month later to all the subjects participating in the couples communication program. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for analyzing data. Findings: The Islamic communication styles and religious attitudes were found to be effective on couples&#039; marital satisfaction in the posttest and follow-up (P < 0.05). In addition, the posttest and follow-up scores were significantly higher than pretest scores in the experimental group. Conclusions: According to our findings, application of marriage counseling based on Islamic communication styles and religious attitudes are suggested in order to enhance marital satisfaction.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease and can extremely affect on body esteem at patients and changes obviously Emotions and attitudes with body in patients. Based on this study was to examine body esteem in patients with MS. Methods and Materials: This research Study was descriptive, 395 patients of the MS Society in Tehran in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire of body esteem. Data was analyzed by independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and post hoc Scheffe test using SPSS/16. &nbsp; Findings: According to score of body esteem (3.25) and the overall average score for body esteem (42.25), Patients with multiple sclerosis had favorable body esteem. There were significant relationship between body esteem and marital status (p=0.011), educational level (p<0.001), occupational status (p=0.004), income monthly (p<0.001) and duration of disease (p=0.004), whereas this relationship for between body esteem and age were significant inverse (p<0.001). Conclusions: Where of Human feeling about body esteem is equal to value that hears, sees and senses is created in the mind and community have a role effective in improvement body esteem, the nurses can change people reaction in the first encounter with physical disabilities and so play a main role in positive assessment body esteem and take up valuable of them.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Sulloway suggested that birth-order has a significant effect on personality traits, proposing first-borns children are more perfectionistic and more neurotic than later-borns. In abnormal form, perfectionism is closely associated with eating disorders and obsessive compulsive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of birth-order on perfectionism, pathological eating attitude, obsessive compulsive features, and obsessive compulsive personality. Methods and Materials: This study was a post facto research. The statistical population of the research comprised of male and female undergraduate students in Tabriz and Sarab branches of Payam e Noor, and Azarbayjan universities in the academic year 1390-91. A group of 790 university students, using Stratified random sampling method, took part in this research. Participants answered to The Perfectionism Inventory, Eating Attitude test (EAT-26), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R) & Millons obsessive compulsive personality scale. Data were analyzed using correlational coefficient and one way analysis of covariance. Findings: There are no significant differences on perfectionism, pathological eating attitude, obsessive compulsive disorder, and obsessive compulsive personality among first, middle and late born. Conclusions: Sulloways theory and the effect of birth order on personality traits are not approved.&nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of coping skills and mental health with attitude to addiction in high school students. Method s and Materials: The subjects of this study consisted of 600 high school students (300 girls, 300 boys) who were selected by multiphase cluster sampling from high schools in city of Shiraz and were assessed with coping inventory, GHQ-28 and attitude to addiction inventory. The data were analyzed using Pearson multiple regression and t test methods. Findings: Findings showed that there is a significant difference between adolescents who have high score on GHQ (bad condition) and who have low score on GHQ (better condition) in attitude to addiction. Furthermore a positive significant relationship was found between the problem focused coping and negative attitude to addiction. Also between non-effective coping skills and negative attitude to addiction a negative significant correlation was found. Regression analysis showed that non-effective coping skills are the best predictor of negative attitude to addiction. Conclusions: It can be argued that coping styles and general health in students have a great importance in screening and preventive interventions for substance use.  

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Abstract Aim and Background: This study aims to predict self-care behavior based on the characteristics of Hardiness , hope and dysfunctional attitudes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: Study design was a descriptive correlation method. The target population was all patients with diabetes type 2 who referred to Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Centers. The sample consisted of 120 patients. The multi-stage cluster sampling was used for the sample selection . The instrument employed in this research was Self &ndash; care Scale, hardiness Questinnaire, Hope Scale and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale . The Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with stepwise method were used to analyze the data. Findings: Analysis of the data showed that the only interaction between hope and dysfunctional attitudes have been able to predict self-care (r=0.191,p<0.05). But separately there is no relationship between hardiness , hope, dysfunctional attitudes and self-care. Conclusions: Interaction of dysfunctional attitudes and hope are able to predict self-care behavior. Therefore, the program which modify dysfunctional attitude and enhance Life Expectancy seems to increase self-care behavior.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Romantic relationships among adolescences serve as social developmental duty, might be normal or abnormal regarding on cultural context. The aim of the present research was to investigate the frequency, attitude and demographic correlates of heterosexual relationships among Tabriz payam noor university students. Methods and Materials: The current study was conducted in survey context. A group of 444 normal participants took part in research. Findings: Results indicated that 47/3% of cases had heterosexual friendships, with more incidences among males. Attitudes of male were more positive than females. Students that evaluated them as low on religious beliefs acquired more positive attitudes in order to heterosexual relationships. There are positive relation between using internet/satellite on free time and heterosexual friendships. Student believed that experiencing heterosexual friendships affected marriage low or moderately. They believed that same relations have moderate or more negative psychological affect and little positive psychological affects. According to students, girls experience more affective outcomes than boys in ending heterosexual friendships.   Conclusions: Results were discussed in light of previous researches and cultural variations in heterosexual relationships.  

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Aim and Background: Drug use is a very serious concern for general health. There are various factors involved in drug use, family, social, psychological, and biological. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between family factors and drug use among adolescents.
Methods and Materials: Statistical population of this study consists of all the students of Bushehr schools in the academic years 2011-2012 .Sample of this study consists of 1006 people (414 females and 592 males) were selected through cluster random sampling. Data were collected by Risk and Protective Factors of Drug use Questionnaire (Mohammadkhani 2004 Data were analyzed by stepwise multivariate Regression analysis.
Findings: The results of the multivariate Regression analysis showed that there is a significant and positive  relationship.between family factors (family conflicts, lack of monitoring children's behavior and positive attitude of parents to drug use) and drug use. The results of the Regression test for prediction of the use of drugs from family factors showed that family conflicts did not play a predicting role in explaining the use of drugs among adolescents and the lack of parents supervision on adolescents as well as parents 'attitude could predict codeine use and the parents' positive attitude to drug use has been able to explain the use of cannabis, grasses, crackers, glasses, X-pills, Ritalin, tramadol, and energizing drug. The use of energizing drugs was predictable by positive attitude of parents to drug use.
Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used in family-based interventions related to prevention and treatment of adolescents’ drug use, with emphasis on parenting surveillance and parental attitude to drug use.

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Aim and Background: Spouse abuse is one of the major health crises in the world, which simultaneously threatens people's physical and mental health. The World Health Organization has reported that spousal abuse is more prevalent in the form of violence against women in families, with one out of every three women being physically, sexually or otherwise abused in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the Effectiveness of Imago relationship training on Negative Marital Attitudes in Couples with Emotional spouse abuse.

Methods and Materials: This research was based on objective, applied and, in terms of data type, quantitative. In terms of research design, the present study was a semi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test design with control group. In this study, population was the couples were afflicted with spouse abuse in Isfahan city in the year 96. The sample consisted of 16 couples (32 people) who were purposefully selected based on the criteria for including and excluding and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.

Findings: The results of multivariate and one-variable covariance analysis showed that Imago relationship training in the experimental group significantly decreased negative marital attitudes in comparison with the control group.

Conclusion: Regarding the effect of Imago relationship training on negative marital attitudes, it is suggested that the therapists include the main components of this treatment in working with couples with a spouse's problem.

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Aim and Background: The coronavirus epidemic, a phenomenon that shocked the world with its emergence, began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has spread around the world and to date, millions of people have been affected by the disease. This study aimed to predict psychological distress based on coping styles with stress, attitudes toward risk severity, and preventive behaviors of people in Isfahan in terms of corona disease.
 Methods and Materials: The research design was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all people over 18 years old living in Isfahan in 1400 that 351 of them were selected using the available sampling method, responded to questionnaires of Kessler psychological distress, Indler and Parker coping styles stressful situations (short form) and Corona Attitude and preventive measures made by Honarvar & et. al. The data were analyzed using statistical methods Pearson correlation and stepwise regression via SPSS 28.
Findings The results of the analysis showed that attitude toward the severity of covid19, avoidant coping style, emotion-focused coping style, and preventive behaviors can Predict 18% of changes in psychological distress significantly. But Problem-focused coping styles could not predict psychological distress.
Conclusions: The results of the present study can be used to formulate individualistic and community interventions to promote the health of people with epidemic diseases.

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Aim and Background: This is a descriptive correlational study of the type of structural equation conducted aiming at investigating the structural model of attitude towards body image based on the Achievement Identity Status with the mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance among adolescent girls.
Methods and Materials: The study’s statistical population included all adolescent girls studying in the secondary level in Isfahan city in the academic year 2020-2019, 567 of whom were chosen by cluster random sampling, so that one of the six districts of education in Isfahan (District 5) was randomly selected and among the schools of this district, six schools and from each school, five classes (30 classes in total) were randomly selected and asked to participate in the study. To collect data, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2), sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and unconditional self-acceptance questionnaire (USAQ) were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with AMOS.
Findings: According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between the variables of identity status, sociocultural attitude towards appearance, and self-acceptance and attitude towards body image. Moreover, the findings revealed the effect of the achievement identity status on the attitude towards body image by mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance, and among adolescent girls, the proposed model has a good fit.
Conclusions: The identity status affects the type of people’s attitude towards their body image as their first experienced ego by mediating role of the sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance; hence, to improve the people’s attitude towards their body image, counseling centers, beauty centers, and schools are suggested to consider the aforementioned variables.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy (ACT-CBT) on changing attitudes and self-esteem.
Materials and Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design and a control and follow-up group. The statistical population of this research included all self-identified addicts of Dezful addiction treatment centers. First, a Dezful addiction treatment center was selected. Then, a sample of 30 people was selected using the available sampling method and they were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was subjected to combined acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy during 10 sessions. The control group did not receive any treatment during this period. To collect data, the attitude towards addiction and theoretical drugs questionnaire (1378) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1965) were completed by the participants in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. To analyze the data in this research, univariate covariance analysis was used in SPSS-20 software. The significance level of all tests was considered less than 0.05.
Findings: Combined acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy had a significant effect on changing the attitude and self-esteem of self-reported addicts in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results showed that this treatment is an effective strategy for changing the attitude and self-esteem of self-identified addicts and it can be used as an effective treatment method.
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that teaching creativity and learning strategies promotes optimism and adaptive performance in procrastinating female students.

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Aim and Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and despite medical advances and the development of treatments, this disease continues to cause psychological and physical effects on the life dimensions of many affected people, such as the attitude to death and tolerance of distress, which should be taken into account. Therefore, the aim of this research was the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on attitude towards death and distress tolerance of breast cancer patients.
Methods and Materials: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all patients diagnosed with breast cancer in government cancer treatment centers located in Isfahan. The sample consisted of 36 patients with breast cancer from Seyed al-Shohda Hospital (AS) in Isfahan and Alaa Cancer Prevention and Control Center, who were selected through targeted sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (18 people) and control groups (18 people). The experimental group was treated with emotional schema. The data in this research was collected The Death Attitude Profile (DAP-R) –Revised (Wang, Racker & Gasser,1994) and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) by (Simons& Gaher, 2005), in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up, and it was done using proportional statistical tests and SPSS-26 software.
Findings: The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that emotional schema therapy improved the attitude towards death and distress tolerance of the experimental group at a significant level (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy can have a significant impact on the psychological characteristics of breast cancer patients, including the attitude towards death and distress tolerance, so it is suggested that this type of treatment be used to help breast cancer patients.

 

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Aim and Background: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and Pathological Dimensions of Personality with The body dysmorphic symptoms was carried out through the mediation of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance.
Methods and Materials: The current research was descriptive and  based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population; all the students of the second secondary level of the five districts of Tabriz in the academic year of 1402-1403 were selected by available sampling method in the number of 396 people and answered  questionnaires of body dysmorphic symptoms (Oosthuizen et al.), schemas Yang's early maladaptive (short form), Pathological Dimensions of Personality (PID-5), Social-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance (SATAQ-3) and Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity (Park). SPSS software was used to calculate descriptive and correlation indices, and AMOS software was used to model structural equations.
Findings: Based on the results in the modified model of the research, all the hypothesized direct paths, except for the path of Pathological Dimensions of Personality to body dysmorphic symptoms (effect size: 0.11 and P: 0.09), have a significant positive and direct effect (P<0.05). In addition, the mediating role of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and Pathological Dimensions of Personality with body dysmorphic symptoms is at a significant level (P< 0.01).
Conclusions: The results show that early maladaptive schemas and pathological dimensions of personality can predict the formation of body dysmorphic symptoms based on the mediating mechanisms of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance among teenagers.