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Background and Aim: Some personality characteristics have been associated with success orientedness and may play a role in eliciting, organizing and perpetuating behaviors which pave the way toward success. Also personality characteristics have been found to influence in tendency to and capacity of group directorship and management. Little is known about those relationships in our socio-cultural background. This study aimed to examine the relationship between personality characteristics and occupational success in the managers of a governmental organization. Method & Materials: Eighty managers were selected among senior managers of a governmental organization through simple randomization. Occupational Success Scale were administered and based on their scores on this scale, participants were then assigned to two 30-person groups of namely successful and unsuccessful managers. Cattle Personality Scale as well as Occupational Success Scale was administered to all participants. Findings: The mean age of participants was 40. Most of them had a bachelor's degree of education. No correlation was found between demographic characteristics and occupational success. Successful managers had a significantly higher mean score of self-control and nonsignificantly higher mean scores of warmth, emotional stability, superego strength, social assertiveness, delicacy & self-efficiency. They also had a significantly lower mean score of dependence. Both groups of managers had high mean scores of extroversion and this was nonsignificantly higher in successful managers. Both groups had also low mean scores of anxiety. Conclusion: Some personality characteristics like self-control and lower levels of dependency are associated with occupational success in managers. These factors can be considered in the process of managers' employment and also in their continuous education programs.

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Introduction: Identifying the factors which affect the level of the workers’ satisfaction, has a potential important role in sustainability of the satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which affect the employees' satisfaction of the governmental organizations in Hamedan Province. Method and Materials: In this descriptive-analytic study, 2923 employees were selected from the eight province districts through stratified randomized sampling. The sample consisted of 1793 men (61.3%) and 1130 (38.7%) women. The average age of the employees was 34.86±6.23 (years-old). From all employees, 2516 (68.1%) were married and the rest 407 (13.9%) were single. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability and validity had been already examined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Spearman correlation tests, running SPSS software. Findings: The following factors were found to significantly contribute in the employees’ satisfaction: Definite and scientific approach toward the evaluation of the employees’ function (mean=3.75, B=0.096, P Discussion: The findings are consistent with other studies in many ways, while presenting some different aspects as well. While the findings were generally in keeping with the previous studies conceptual model, the manager related factors were found more significant in this study. The managers should pay more attention toward the employees’ job satisfaction.

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Introduction: The aim of this survey was to assess psychometric properties of GHQ-28 in Iranian psychiatric population and appropriating it as a screening instrument for assessing general health in this population. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on 80 psychiatric patients and 80 matched normal participants. The assessments consisted of a psychiatrist’s interview based on DSM.IV criteria, and administration of GHQ-28 and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed using factor, discrimination and regression analysis methods, as well as Pearson’s correlation co-efficient, Spearman- Brown’s and Guttmann’s split tests.  Findings: Four factors were extracted from the GHQ-28, of which the first three explained the most percenttage of variance. Clinical cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity and classification error were found to be 24, 0.80, 0.99, 0.10 respectively. Criterion validity Chronbach's alpha and split reliability co-efficient were found to be 0.78, 0.97 and 0.90 respectively.  Discussion: Factor analysis revealed that the four factors which are the basics in this questionnaire have a high internal consistency. The calculated optimal clinical cut-off point for screening general health in Iranian population was 24 which ensure optimal psychometric indices. Coefficients of criterion validity, structural validity and reliability showed that GHQ-28 is one of the most valid instruments for screening general health. 

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Introduction: As a result of their stressful job, nurses are supposed to be vulnerable to aggressive behaviors. This study was done to assess the rate of aggression among nurses.  Method and   Materials: This was a descriptive-analytic study on 100 nurses working in pediatric wards of all general hospitals in Isfahan in 2006. Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) as well as a Demographic questionnaire was administered. Data was analyzed using Fisher Exact Test running SPSS software.  Findings: A total of 23% of nurses had scores more than 45. Considering the sex, 10% of men, and 24.2% of women had scores more than 45. There was no significant relationship between aggression and sex. Considering the age group, 34.8% of the nurses in the age group of 22 to 29 years old, 16.6% of those in the age group of 30 to 39 and 7% of those in the age group over 40 had scores more than 45. There was a significant relationship between aggression and age. A rate of 14.9% of the single nurses versus 35.6% of the married ones had scores more than 45. A significant relationship was found between aggression and marital status. There was also a significant positive relationship between aggression and the years of service. No significant relationship was found between aggression and the level of education, shift of work, different wards of hospital, different hospitals and the salary pay.  Discussion: Based on the results of this study, aggression was higher in the lower age group and those with lower work experience. Aggression was higher in the married group. These results should be considered in planning appropriate mental health intervention. 

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Background and Aim: Psychological scales are increasingly used as important tools for assessment of intelligence, talents, academic achievement and personality characteristics and as a help in diagnosis of mental or personality disorders. Besides other methods of studying behaviors, these tools can be used for such purposes in schools, industrial and commercial organizations, public offices, universities and medical centers. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale(DASS-42) in a sample of high school students in Kermanshah. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on Kermanshah high school students in 2003-2004 academic year. A total number of 400 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. In addition to DASS-44, other scales used in this study include: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Zung Anxiety Scale (ZAS) and Studets’ Stress Scale (SSS).Data were analysed running SPSS-10 software. Findings: The depression subscale of DASS-42 showed a high correlation (0.849) with the BDI in a 0.01 level of statistical significance. The stress subscale of DASS-42 was also found to have a 0.757 correlation co-efficient with SSS, again statistically significant at a 0.01 level. The rates of Chronbach alpha for the depression, anxiety and Stress subscales of DASS-42 were found to be 0.94, 0.85 and 0.87 respectively. The KMO rate for the present study was 0.88 which indicates a large-enough sample size for factor analysis. The Cruet-Bartlett’s test also showed a chi-square rate of 0.794 with a degree of freedom equal to 861, which was again significant at a 0.01 alpha level.  Discussion: After factor analysis, the factors which showed high specificity measures were compared with those introduced by the original authors. Hence this study identified a three factor model which can be regarded as identical with the model introduced by the original authors. 

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is an acute and dangerous syndrome which usually arise as a side-effect of Neuroleptic drugs. Its high mortality rate, acute course and the current controversies about the best treatment method indicates the necessity of further investigation on its clinical features, predisposing factors and effective therapeutic methods . Method and Materials: Retrospectively in a 4-year period, we studied patients hospitalized with NMS applying a 7-section questionnaire assessing: drug historys, the underlying psychiatric disorder, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment methods and their outcomes, and duration of hospital stay. Findings: Rigidity and impaired consciousness were the most common clinical findings. Haloperidol, perphenazine and risperidone were the most common antisychotics used before the NMS onset. Mood disorders, schizophrenia, and mental retardation were the most frequent underlying disorders. The most common prescriptions for treatment of NMS were bromocriptine, fluid and electrolytes therapy, and amantadine . Discussion: In diagnosing the NMS, impaired consciousness, especially when being accompanied by rigidity and fever, may be a more sensitive criteria than it is currently believed. Bromocriptin and fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy among many other treatment methods, and also interventions for prevention of NMS complications may play important roles in reducing its mortality rate .  

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Good performance in academic tests plays a major role in the student's further academic and occupational achievements. In students who experience excessive amounts of anxiety while sitting for a quiz or test, lower academic grades may be achieved as a result of and impaired information processing. This study examined the relationship between anxiety test (AT) and some socio-demographic factors in high school students in Shiraz. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 512 high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were students from both sexes and from all kinds of high schools (named: Governmental, private, and specialized high schools for the exceptionally talented students). The instruments used for data collection were Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11 software, using ANOVA, paired t, and Pearson's correlation tests. Results: The STAI mean scores showed significant correlations with the districts of education organization to which the school belonged, the populated status of the classroom and the attitude of parents and school authorities toward academic failure (P Conclusion: The Findings demonstrated the adverse effects of AT on the student's academic performance. Identifying the bio-socio-demographic correlates of AT may help to plan more specific interventions for reducing AT in students.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: During the recent years, increasing rate of divorce, affects families and community. Identifying divorce risk factors seems to be very important. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and some demographic correlates of mood Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (BSD) in volunteers of divorce referred to Family-Counseling Centers. Method and Materials: This was a descriptive-analytic study on divorced volunteers referred to family counseling centers of Isfahan in winter-spring 2007. The sample consisted of 96 volunteers selected through randomized cluster sampling. All participants were administered Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) as well as a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 13 software, using descriptive statistics, χ 2 and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: BSD was significantly more prevalent among females (p (p Conclusion: Our findings indicated that psychiatric disorders including BSD may have a role in divorce. Marriage and/or divorce counseling may serve as a means for recognizing BSD in consults. Hence, it may play a role in reducing the rate of divorce through patients' referral for appropriate specialized treatment.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Aim and Background: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) is a chronic disease with relapsing and remitting periods. As it can make disabilities in patients' physical activities, MS can affect patients' psycho-social status to various degrees. The aim of this study was to evaluate attitudes of patients with MS towards the impacts of the disease on their social and sexual activities. Method and Materials: One hundred patients with a diagnosis of MS hospitalized in Az'zahra Hospital in 2006-2007 were selected through a simple randomized sampling. Data was collected using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as well as two other researcher-made questionnaires to assess patients' attitudes. Data was analyzed by SPSS-12 software using t-test and ANOVA. Findings: The mean score of patients' attitude toward the adverse impacts of MS on their social & sexual activities were 23.64 and 14.23 respectively (the mean scores of the tests are 24 for impacts on social activities and 12 for impacts on sexual activities) . According to the results, patients with MS believed that the disease has had a moderate impact on their social activities but a relatively high adverse impact on their sexual ones. Conclusion: Patients with MS viewed the disease as moderately disturbing for their social activities and highly interfering with their sexual life. There were significant differences in this regard according to sex and depression co-morbidity.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Aim and Background: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of face to face and internet-applied methods of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Counseling (CBGC) based on Ellis's theory in increasing marital satisfaction. Method and Materials: In a controlled experimental pre-post test study, a total number of 36 couples with low marital satisfaction referred to a university counseling center were randomly selected. They were then randomly assigned to one control and two experimental groups. The two different methods of CBGC were applied for the two experimental groups.   Data was analyzed using the one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Sheffeh's test through the SPSS-12 software. Findings: A significant higher increase was seen in marital satisfaction in both intervention groups compared with the control one (P Conclusion: For solving marital problems, internet-applied group counseling can be regarded as a good substitute for the face to face method in special conditions.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background and aim: ADHD is considered as the most prevalent disorder during childhood and adolescence. For the purposes of diagnosis and treatment various methods including play therapy one applied. This research has been conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of  play therapy on severity of  symptoms of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school male students aged 9-11. Materials and Methods: By considering a experimental design two psychological and counseling clinics in Isfahan were selected. From the population of all clients in the two clinics who were diagnosed as ADHD-C by the psychiatrists, 30 were selected randomly and assigned into the experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). At the pre- and post - test stages, before and after 8 sessions which took 30-45 minutes every two days play therapy with emphasis on increasing attention and decreasing hyperactivity, CSI-4 and MFFT questionnaires were applied to both groups. Furthermore, in order to diagnose any change after the therapy, a follow-up study was conducted after a month. The data were analyzed by SPSS14 software, using ANCOVA. Findings: The play therapy decreased the amount of ADHD, hyperactivity, attention deficit, and response errors symptoms significantly, but increased response time significantly (all at p Conclusion: Considering the significant differences between the experimental and control groups as well as the fallow - up, play therapy may  be applied as an effective method of treatment for children and adolescence with ADHD preferably, a combination of this and other relevant methods may be used for the treatment of those with ADHD. As the ADHD symptoms were decreased significantly after the intervention, the effect of play therapy was confirmed.

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Background & Aim: Although socio-economic variables are widely used for describing the tourist&#039;s behavior, but increasing awareness is evident in current researches that personality characteristics might also be useful for that purpose. In this regard, the present study compares the personality characteristics of Iranian tourists with those of non tourists. Method and Materials: In a causal comparative study, 150 tourists and 150 non tourists were selected through an accessible sampling method. They were then administered NEO- Five Factor Inventory and of Zuckerman&#039;s Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V (SSS-V). Data were analyzed using independent t-student test and MANOVA. Results: The findings indicated that the two groups were significantly different regarding the sensation seeking, extroversion and openness characteristics (P < 0.0001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding other personality characteristics (i.e. neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness). Conclusion: The findings provide empirical support for the proposition that personality characteristics may influence tourism.  

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Aim and Background: Achieve coherent identity is effective in many dimensions of life&nbsp; and many factors are effective in it . for this ,&nbsp; Study&nbsp; about&nbsp; effective&nbsp; factors at&nbsp; identity status&nbsp; in students is necessary and aim of this study&nbsp; is Prediction of identity statuses in high school female / male students which relate with other sex friend based in&nbsp; their demographic and psychological characters in Tehran city. Method and Materials: The design of research was crossection with correlational method in population of high school students that was studying in 1385 in Tehran city that ralate with other sex&nbsp; friend . The sample&nbsp; in this study contained 200 students (101 males and 99 females ) that they choosed by avalailable sampling . Data achived with 2 quastionaire: Extended Objective Measure Ego Identity Status and&nbsp; Sternberg love scale and analysed their with descriptive and inferential statistic (multiple analyses of regression) . Findings: The results showed for achieved identity any of variables didn&rsquo;t show meaningful relationship. Gender variable with moratorium identity&nbsp; ( P<0/01 , F=13/857) , birthday, passion intimacy and gender variables with&nbsp; foreclosure identity, ( P< 0/01 , F= 4/595) intimacy and passion variables with&nbsp; diffusion identity were&nbsp; meaningful ( P< 0/01 , F= 16/648). Conclusions: The results showed, some of demographic and psychological characters are effective in identity statuses

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Aim and Background: The aim of current study was to investigate the factor structure, reliability, and validity of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) among Tehran city&#039;s mothers with 7-12 year-old children. Methods and Materials: After translation, back translation and adaptation of instrument, due to normalization this instrument by applied survey design, 468 mothers from those which selected by multiphase cluster sampling method, complete the PSI-SF questionnaire. The data were analyzed by structural equating model using LISREL software. Findings: The results of Cronbach&#039;s alpha showed that the reliability quotients for parenting stress and each of subscales of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child were 0.90, 0.80, 0.84, and 0.80 respectively for total sample (these results for mothers of boys were 0.89, 0.80, 0.83, and 0.78 and mothers of girls 0.91, 0.80, 0.84, and 0.80). Test-retest reliability after 18 days showed 0.75 for total score, 0.82 for parental distress, 0.73 for parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and 0.71 for difficult child. Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) and the child behavior checklist (CBCL) tests were used for evaluating the divergent and convergent. By using factor analysis, we extracted 3 factors (parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child). Conclusions: Results of this study showed that PSI-SF has psychometric properties for utilizing in psychological research and clinical diagnosis of mother&#039;s parenting stress.

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&nbsp; The concept of theory of mind (ToM) refers to the ability to predict and explain feelings, thoughts, ideas and intentions of self and others. Patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show a deficient development of theory of mind. Specifically, individuals with autism spectrum disorders fail to understand not only that others have minds, but also that other minds have different thoughts, and that behavior is determined by mental states. Individuals with ASD have marked difficulties to infer their own and other persons&#039; mental states, what has been referred to as theory of mind. It has also been claimed that a person with autism spectrum disorders in part fail to respond appropriately to the emotional experiences of others These results show that although children with autism spectrum disorders can learn a simple discrimination between two identities, adaptive face-coding mechanisms are severely compromised, offering a new explanation for previously reported face-perception difficulties and possibly for some of the core social deficits in autism spectrum disorders. The author&rsquo;s propose that the prefrontal cortex is involved in theory of mind; also, internal simulation mechanisms, such as the mirror neuron system, are necessary for normal development of recognition, imitation, theory of mind, empathy, and language. Additionally, the authors suggest that dysfunctional simulation mechanisms may underlie the social and communicative deficits seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

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Aim and Background: Insecure attachment style is one of the important effective factors in many mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the positive, negative and disorganized schizotypal characteristics in secure, avoidance and anxiety attachment patterns among students of Tabriz University, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 300 students (150 Male, 150 Female) from Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling method. Schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) and adults attachment inventory (AAI) scale were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: Mean age of participants was 21 &plusmn; 1.28 years. There were significant differences between secure attachment, anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics and total score SPQ (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics personality and total score SPQ (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Insecure avoidant attached individuals experience more intensity of negative, positive and disorganized schizotypal characteristics than secure attached individuals.However, there isn&#039;t significant difference between individual with avoidant and anxiety attachment in terms of severity of positive, negative, disorganized schizotypal characteristics. In sum, individual with insecure attachment are more vulnerable to experience the schizotypal characteristics and schizotypal personality disorder.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Evaluation of cognition is fundamental for every comprehensive epilepsy program. We sought to conduct this study to assess memory state of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy before decision for epilepsy surgery. Method and Materials: In a case-control study, 20 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 20 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy were selected using convenience sampling in Kashani hospital, Iran and 20 normal person as a control group were randomly selected; the Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to them. The results were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Findings: In mental control, logical memory, digit span and visual memory subscales, significant differences were obtained between right-left temporal lobe epilepsy and control group (P < 0.001). However there was not a statistically difference between right lobe temporal epilepsy and left temporal lobe epilepsy in 7 subscales. Conclusions: Our findings indicated the ability of Wechsler Memory Scale to differentiate temporal lobe epilepsy.

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Aim and Background: It is estimated that Coronary heart diseases (CHD) will be the major cause of mortality by the year 2020. The traditional factors such as age, genetics, smoking and obesity, account only half of the variance in CHD.&nbsp; Therefore, regarding increasing concern about the psychosocial factors, the purpose of present study was to evaluate the role of personality, stress and social support in predicting CHD. Methods and Materials: In this correlative study, patients with CHD referred to Shahid Rajaee cardiology hospital for cardiac angiography through winter 2008 to spring 2009 in Tehran, were selected by convenience sampling method. 150 age, gender, marital status and education matched healthy individuals from families of patients were selected as control group. The inclusion criteria included absence of acute conditions such as the need for surgery, having had the willingness and ability to cooperate. Data collected using The NEO-FFI personality questionnaire, Pickle&#039;s stressful life events scale and Pierce&#039;s social relation quality scale. Obtained data analyzed by logistic regression method. Findings: Studied psychosocial variables predicted 51.9- 69.2 % of CHD variance. The classification accuracy (patient and healthy) which was performed by cardiologist based on psychosocial variables was 84.3%, with 82% and 86.7% predicting accuracy for illness and healthiness. Neuroticism, extroversion, stress and interpersonal conflicts had a positive correlation with illness and a negative correlation with healthiness, but conscientiousness and openness to experience had positive correlation with illness and negative correlation with healthiness. Conclusions: In general, it seems that psychosocial factors specially personality, stress and social support have an important role in predicting CHD.

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Aim and Background: The role of behavioral inhibition and activation systems as predisposing factors in readiness for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents has been increasingly studied in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these two systems in predicting the development of psychopathology in adolescents. Methods and Materials: The study population included all male and female junior high school students of Tehran. Multistage cluster sampling (with classification) was used to select 303 students (160 girls and 143 boys) from schools in 1st, 2nd and 13th districts of Tehran. The type of research design was descriptive-correlational. Participants completed youth self report questionnaire (YSR) and behavioral inhibition and activation scale (BIS/BAS). Descriptive (mean and standard variation) and inferential (correlation coefficient and regression analysis) statistical methods were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed behavioral inhibition systems to be positively related to anxiety and somatic problems and negatively related to symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the other hand, behavioral activation systems had a positive relationship with symptoms of conduct disorder and a negative relationship with affective problems. All relationships were statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results, in agreement with previous studies, revealed that biological factors underlying behavioral inhibition and activation systems can be considered as predictive factors for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents.

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Aim and Background: Some of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients believe that their unpleasant thoughts can influence the external events. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the contents of thought-action fusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional correlative study 60 OCD patients selected by available sampling method. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and revised Thought-Action Fusion questionnaire (TAF-R) were administered. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis methods. Findings: There was positive and significant association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and TAF-R subscales (P < 0.05). The result of stepwise regression indicate that, valence of negative events was strongest predictor of washing, likelihood of negative events was strongest predictor of checking, responsibility of positive events was strongest predictor of doubt, and likelihood-self was strongest predictor of obsessional thoughts. Conclusions: The results indicated positive and significant correlation between the TAF and OCD symptoms. Thus, it seems that occurrence of cognitive bias such as TAF increases the individual&rsquo;s vulnerability to OCD.