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Abstract Aim and Background: Job burnout is considered as the main factor of decreasing efficiency, losing manpower and making physical and mental complication&#039;s specially in human service professions, this survey intends to study job burnout for psychologists and psychiatrists of city of Isfahan and it is interrelation with individual and professional factors. Methods and Materials: This survey is of Correlation type, that has been done on 133, psychologists and psychiatrists, (98 psychologists and 35 psychiatrists) applying an Maslach burnout inventory questionnaire (MBI) (&alpha;=0.87) and demography questionnaire. The samples were selected simple randomly, by accident and invited to cooperate individually. Data has been reported into two levels of descriptive and inferential (frequency, percentage, mean, deviation, T test, coefficient of correlation, analysis of variance). Findings: The results of this survey proved weak when the mean of job burnout scores in the study sample compared with the source score. In aspects of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, burnout was weak and in the aspect of personal efficiency it suggested medium. Moreover there is a meaningful relation between job burnout with the variable of interest in clinical work, attitude to the effectiveness of clinical work, and the type of job (P<0.05). conclusions: The results indicated that there is notable job burnout, even though it&#039;s weak in the sample group. This has been more serious among the employees of the state centers so it&#039;s necessary to identify the intensifier and reducer factors for this phenomenon in the personal, organizational and environmental aspects.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Studying the role of background causes and biomarkers on early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence as one important issue is need for prevention of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of background factors and biomarkers for early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive study with cross-sectional design, 154 outpatients with cardiovascular diseases who attended to Tehran Heart Center and 181 healthy persons among who associated with these patients were select by convenience sampling during November 2012 to March 2013. Data were collect by semi-structured interview and demographic-disease characteristics questionnaire, then analyzed by Chi-square, Independent t test and Logistic Regression with predictive analyses software (PASW). Findings: Low family income (OR=8.325; P<0.001), higher sedentary behaviors (OR=9.671; P<0.001), loss of regular exercise (OR=5.609; P<0.002), cigarette smoking (OR=3.320; P<0.009), high triglyceride level (OR=5.125; P<0.001), high blood&nbsp; pressure (OR=6.183; P <0.004), (kg/m2>25 th ) Body Mass Index (OR=7.133; P<0.005), (&ge; 200 mg/dL) higher total cholesterol (OR=6.108; P<0.001), (&le; 35 mg/dL) decreased HDL cholesterol (OR=5.589; P<0.002) and (&ge;130 mg/dL) increased LDL cholesterol (OR=5/094; P<0.005) significantly predicted early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence (P<0.05). Conclusions: Family income level, sedentary behaviors and loss of regular exercise, cigarette smoking and biomarkers are important in early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence. Therefore, it is matter to intervention in these causes for prevention of early onset cardiovascular diseases&#039; incidence.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The Zuckerman &ndash; Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire is an instrument measuring personality traits. It is designed according to Zuckerman&rsquo;s Alternative Five Factor Personality Model (FFM). The present research aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of a version of the Zuckerman &ndash; Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire which contains 50 items. Method and Materials: The research design was descriptive correlational. The sample, including 508 individuals (308 females and 200 males), were selected and tested via stratified random sampling from among the students of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University. To analyze the factor structure of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis method was used and its principal components were examined. Discriminant and Concurrent validity and Test-Retest reliability, Alpha Cronbach, Split-Half and ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) were&nbsp; also used. &nbsp; Findings: Questionnaire&rsquo;s Test-Retest reliability coefficient&nbsp; proved to be 0.79. Alpha Cronbach, Split-Half coefficient, and ICC proved to be 0.64, 0.68 and 60/0 (p<0.000) respectively. The five following factors were extracted via exploratory factor analysis with Varimax Rotation: Neuroticism &ndash; Anxiety, Sensation Seeking, Activity, Sociability and Aggression &ndash; Hostility. Concurrent Validity of the Questionnaire has been studied through correlational analysis with EPQ. The Results demonstrated a correlation between ZKPQ-50-CC and EPQ. The result of discriminant validity demonstrated that ZKPQ and its factors (except the Activity factor) could thoroughly distinguish those who obtained high mark from those who obtained low mark in N,E,P factors of Eysenck&#039;s questionnaire. Conclusions: The Results indicate that the Zuckerman &ndash; Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) enjoys desirable psychometric properties in Iranian society and can be used in psychological researches.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Conflict theory is one of the most use approaches in the field of marital discords that is widely has been used for the investigating of methods to cope with conflicts in relationships. The purpose of this study was comparing of women applying for divorce and normal women in conflict resolve tactics. Methods and Materials: In an ex post facto study 60 women who referred to the Vanak family court during the first six months in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling method and were compared with 60 normal women. Demographic information questionnaire and conflicts tactics scale were used for data collection. MANOVA test was used to compare differences between two groups. findings: Results showed that the difference between the two groups is statistically significant, except for the subscale of physical attack so that the women applying divorce group obtained higher score in physical attack subscale of aggressor form and psychological violence subscale of both aggressor and victim form. In negotiation subscale (in both aggressor and victim form) normal group obtained higher score. &nbsp; Conclusions: Based on findings of this study successful couple use the peaceful tactics in resolution of their conflicts, whereas the unsuccessful couples resolve their conflicts adopting harsh tactics and psychological and physical violence. The results of this study highlighted the importance of resolve conflict tactics in field of marital conflict and draw the policymaker and expertise to develop interventional strategies for improve this ability in prevent of divorce.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD symptoms and its association with sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) among freshmen of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Methods and Materials: The statistical population of this descriptive cross-sectional study, was all freshmen (3272 students) of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad by Census method completed the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (BAARS). The data were analysed using Z scores, chi-square, and Pearson correlation test. Findings: The results showed that the prevalence of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity were 192 (5.9 percent), 281 (8.6 percent), and 189 (5.8 percent), respectively. In other words, according to total scores of BAARS, 217 (6.6 percent) of all university freshmen (100 females and 117 males) suffering from ADHD. In addition, comparing to hyperactivity and impulsivity the results of correlation analysis showed that there was a higher correlation between attention deficit and sluggish cognitive tempo (r=0.73). Conclusions: The high prevalence of ADHD symptoms among students, showed that the necessity of prevention and treatment programs for this disorder.

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&nbsp; Abstract Autism is a developmental disability with age of onset in childhood (under 3 years old), which is characterized by definite impairments in social interactions, abnormalities in speech and stereotyped pattern of behaviors. Due to the progress of autism in recent decades, a wide range of studies have been done to identify the etiological factors of autism. It has been found that genetic and environmental factors are both involved in autism pathogenesis. Hence in this review article, a set of environmental factors involved in the occurrence of autism has been collected and finally some practical recommendations for reduction the risk of this devastating disease in children are represented.&nbsp; &nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: Based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory, normal and abnormal personalities are located along with a continuum. The aim of this study is comparing the behavioral inhibition systems and activation systems on different drug users, heroin withdrawers with normal persons. Methods and Materials: The present research applied fragmentary descriptive method and the statistical population was consisted of all drug-users who were under maintaining treatment with methadone, shisha- users, heroin-users, opium-users and heroin-withdrawers in Isfahan City in 2013, so that 150 users of different drugs and 30 men who did not use anything were selected and tested by the cluster sampling and the Gary Wilson&rsquo;s personality questionnaire (QWPQ). Findings: The results of variation analysis showed that there is a significant difference among the groups from the point of view of the behavioral activation level (P<0.05). No meaningful difference has obtained between the groups from the point of view of behavioral inhibition system and escape-fight system (p<0.05). The results of Post-Hoc Test represented that the mean behavioral activation&nbsp; in heroin user group is meaningfully more than normal groups, heroin and opium withdrawers and methadone users (p<0.05). Also the mean behavioral activation in shisha-users is meaningfully more than opium withdrawers and methadone users (p<0.05).There was no meaningful difference between other groups. Conclusions: This study is supported a hypothesis that represented drug-users enjoy thehyper function in activating-behavior system.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The purpose of present study was to prediction of tendency toward drug use based on Substance use risk and protective factors among university students. Methods and Materials: The method of the study was to descriptive-correlational. Statistical population of study included all of Islamic Azad University students of Roudhen Branch from them 310 college students (165 male and 145 female) were selected &nbsp;by multi stage sampling methods and responded to Risk and protective factors questionnaire (Mohammadkhani,1385). Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and regression statistical methods using SPSS.18. Findings: Among protective factors self-concept and assertiveness have a negative correlation with tendency toward drug use (p<0.01) and among risk factors sensation seeking, attitude toward substance use, family conflicts, availability and social disorganization have a positive relation with attitude toward substance. The result of regression analysis showed that self-concept and attitude toward drug use could explain meaningful contribution of the attitude toward drug use variance. Also there is a significant difference between attitudes toward substance use in girls compared with boys. Conclusions: The recent study emphasis on the role of interpersonal, interpersonal and social- environmental in this area. The results of present study can be used to develop a training package in the prevention of substance abuse.

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Abstract Aim and Background: This research was administered with the aim of investigating the effect of self regulation brief couple therapy on psychological capital components (self efficacy, hope, resiliency and optimism), on the basis of positive psychology, among maladaptive spouses. Methods and Materials: Research method was semi-experiment with pretest-posttest design and statistical population was the maladaptive spouses who referred to a psychological counseling centre, in Esfahan city, in autumn. Among them, 40 spouses (80 persons) were selected using accessible sampling, and then randomly assigned to two groups of experiment and control (each group 20 spouses). Self regulation brief couple therapy was presented to experimental group spouses in eight sessions. Research instruments were psychological capital questionnaires (Mac Gee, 2011) and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: Results revealed that training of self regulation brief couple therapy have significant effect on self efficacy (p<29.23, F= 0.01), hope (p<23.53, F= 0.01), resiliency (p<19.33, F= 0.01), and optimism (p<28.69, F= 0.01) of maladaptive spouses. Conclusions: Findings of current research support the effect of self regulation brief couple therapy in enhancing of psychological capital components of maladaptive spouses.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The present study examined the reliability, validity and factor structure of the four-dimensional measure of health questionnaire based on Biopsychosocial-spiritual model . Methods and Materials: The sample consisted of 311 individuals (including depressed people, people with heart disease, and Healthy people) which they collected with accessible sampling method from Shiraz in 1391. For collecting data we used four-dimensional measure of health questionnaire with 125 items that content validity of that was approved by professors. To achieve construct validity we used exploratory factor analysis. Findings: According to good validity and reliability of the 4-dimensional measure of health, we proposed using this questionnaire to measure health in any health survey. Conclusions: Suicide attempters have more abnormal clinical pattern personalities than normal group &nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: Due to the high incidence of breast cancer and the importance of spiritual well-being (SWB) of patients with this type of cancer, this study was performed to predict the role of psychological, medical and demographic factors, on SWB in patients with breast cancer Methods and Materials: This Cross sectional study was a descriptive-analytic one conducted in 341 breast cancer patients with simple sampling methodology. Data collection instrument included a questionnaire contains 3 parts (demographic and medical information, SWB questionnaire and DASS-42 questionnaire). The data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (One way Analysis of Variance, Student t-Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Multiple linear regressions), with applying SPSSv20 software. Findings: Based on study findings, there was a statistically significant relationship between SWB and stress, anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients. The results of regression analysis indicated that the stress, anxiety and depression explained totally 39.5% of the variance of patients&#039; SWB (R 2 = 39.5). Depression in the first was the best predictions of the breast cancer patients&#039; SWB with R 2 = 26.2. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, SWB of patients with breast cancer is predicable according to the stress, anxiety and depression. Breast cancer patients with higher grades of SWB, had lower stress, anxiety and depression so SWB is a protective factor against stress, anxiety and depression. &nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: Considering the importance of correct diagnosis depression disorder, this study investigated the predisposing factors and appropriate solutions with a focus on solution-oriented therapy. Methods and Materials: The method of this study reviewed theoretical literature and research literature. Findings: Findings related to factors Causes of depression and various theories were presented such as cognitive &ndash; behavioral treatment, metacognition, solution &ndash; focused therapy Conclusions: Factors such as sex, marital status, social relations and ... affect depression. According to different theories, several factors can cause depression and different treatments are recommended. The solution &ndash; focused brief therapy was effective in different areas such as individuals with behavioral problems, teenagers in danger and also increases the academic performance of students. It is effective in the treatment of depression. &nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: Infidelity is a damaging Problem in couples Relationships That routed in different factors, But don’t exist no modeling for Its Explanation.  This study investigated the infidelity structural equation model based on attachment styles, personality dimensions, and marital satisfaction was conducted. Methods and Materials: His study implements correlational design. For this purpose, 270 students were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Then, they completed the infidelity scale, attachment styles, personality dimensions and marital satisfaction questionnaires. The data was analyzed by using structural equation modeling with SPSS 18 and AMOS 18. Findings: The final model that also showed a good fit to the data indicated that secure attachment through the satisfaction had a significant negative effect on infidelity (effect indirect = 0.09, P < 0.01). Avoidant attachment style is also mediated by the satisfaction have effect on infidelity (indirect effect = 0.10, P < 0.01). Indirect effect of neuroticism (indirect effect = 0.14, P < 0.01) and extraversion (indirect effect = 0.08, P < 0.01) by mediatory role of satisfaction was positive. Agreeableness (indirect effect = 0.07, P < 0.05) and accountability (indirect effect = 0.08, P < 0.01) through satisfaction could also have a significant negative effect on the infidelity. Also Neuroticism (direct effect = 0.22, P < 0.01), extroversion (direct effect = 0.23, P < 0.01), the desire to experience (direct effect = 0.16, P < 0.01) is directly and positively, and responsibility as directly and negatively (direct effect = -0.16, P < 0.01) were effective against infidelity. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that attachment styles, personality dimensions and marital satisfaction are important in the marital infidelity. Therefore these Results can be used in prevention, Etiology and Therapy of Infidelity.  

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Abstract Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder comprised of deficits in communication and social skills and the occurring of rituals and stereotypies. The purpose of this study was to assess effectiveness of Directed interaction between Students with high-functioning autism with peers and teachers in ordinary schools on reduction of the impairment in social skills, communication skills and stereotypical behavior of these students. Method:  During a single subject design By Mark A-B Along with the 3-months follow-up, Three Participants (one child and two adolescences) selected through convenient sampling among 16 student of Esfahan Autism Center. These students  went to school with Coach. GARS test was used for measurement of effectiveness of Intervention. Wineland Social Maturity Scale, Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic test, and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbid test was used for description of Participants. Intervention was performed 14 weeks in one elementary school, one secondary school and one vocational school. Results: Data analysis using 3 effective sizes Consists of percentage of non-overlapping data as the main effects, Percent recovery, and percentage scores decreased as Minor effect size. Visual analysis that using Excel and paint software charts, Showed that percentage  of non-overlapping data For social communication 3 participants was 0/75, 0/75, 0/50 and 0/100, 0/100. 0/75 for Social Skills defect and 0/25,0/50 and 0/0 for stereotypical behavior. Conclusion: It seems that Directed interaction between Autism's student with peers and teachers in ordinary schools is effective on reducing the impairment of social skills and communication skills. It is recommended that further research to be conducted using the observation method to assess the effectiveness of directed interaction for autistic students.  

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Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of transactional analysis based on motivational interviewing on patients with eating disorders. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was performed using a multiple baseline single case design. The study subjects consisted of 2 female clients of the psychological counseling unit of Imen Teb Zagros Center in Shiraz, Iran, in 2013. The participants were selected by purposive sampling method and underwent transactional analysis based on motivational interviewing. The subjects completed the Ahwaz Eating Disorder, Food Habits, Body Attitudes, Personality States, Interpersonal Relationships, and Self-esteem Questionnaires during pre-treatment (baseline) and at the third, eighth, fourteenth, nineteenth, and twenty-third sessions, and one-month follow-up. Moreover, their body mass index (BMI) was measured during the course of the treatment. Recovery percentage and the effect size were used for data analysis. For data analysis, percentage improvement and effect size index were used. Findings: The results showed that motivational interview-based transactional analysis was effective in curing patients with eating disorders and was been able to cause lasting and significant changes in all targets. At the end of the treatment and follow-up period, both participants demonstrated overall improvement in eating disorder (73%), eating habits (74%), body image (60%), interpersonal relationships (62%), self-esteem (54%), and personality states (76%). Conclusions: Transactional analysis based on motivational interviewing can be an effective treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

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Aim and Background: Despite prominent medical health improvement programs for women of reproductive ages in recent years, the mental health of this group has been neglected. An increasing trend had been observed in the rate of depression among women of reproductive ages. Depression has negative effects on the health status and quality of life (QOL) of women and their family members. Moreover, sociocultural factors in different societies have high impact on depression in women. Due to the abovementioned factors, this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of postpartum depression and its correlation with some socio-demographic risk factors in women referred to local health centers in Najafabad, Iran. Using the results of this study, recommendations for health plans can be provided based on local risk factors. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in the summer of 2004. The study subjects included all mothers of rural areas of Najafabad who had given birth 2-12 months prior to the study (640 women). The data collection tools consisted of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a researcher-made socio-demographic questionnaire. Findings: The total prevalence of depression was 37.2%. Being a housewife, unplanned pregnancy, lack of breastfeeding, prominent congenital malformation of the infant, primiparity, and multiparity (more than 3 births) were the main factors related to postpartum depression in this study. Postpartum depression had no significant relations with mother&rsquo;s age and level of education, delivery mode, dissatisfaction with infant&rsquo;s gender, and family economic status. Conclusions: The numerous previous studies have not provided reliable supporting evidence for the existence of common socio-demographic risk factors for postpartum depression in different societies. Thus, all public health interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression must to be based on regional risk factors.

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Aim and Background: The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a multi dimensional tool used in studies related to emotion regulation. The purpose of the present study was to compare the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) in terms of evaluation of factor structure of the DERS. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-correlational study based on data obtained from 250 students of the University of Tabriz, Iran. The participants were selected through cluster sampling. To achieve the research objectives, the Persian version of the DERS was used. In this study, the CFA and ESEM approaches were applied using the Mplus software. Moreover, the comparison of CFA and ESEM methods was conducted through &Delta;CFI index. Findings: The results showed that contrary to the CFA method, the ESEM technique is a suitable method to assess the factor structure of DERS and offers a clearer view of its latent structure. The 25-itemstructure of the scale with 4 factors and no reverse-scored items showed the best fit. For this model, EMSEA, CFI, and TLI of equal to 0.064, 0.964, and 0.951, respectively, were obtained. Conclusions: The appropriate factor structure of the 25-item scale illustrates that reverse-scored items seem to be problematic in DERS application. Due to the removal of reverse-scored items in the present study, it is suggested that these items be replaced with direct-scored items and the fit of factor structure be evaluated in future researches.

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Aim and Background: Depression is a major postpartum mental disorder. This disorder will have adverse consequences for both generations (mother and child) and may be correlated with breastfeeding. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between postpartum depression and postpartum lactation during the 2 first years of life. Methods and Materials: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 366 mothers of 18-45 years of age. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling from among women who had medical records in health care centers. The data collection tools included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Demographic-Reproductive Characteristics Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods in SPSS software. Findings: Among the mothers, 30.4% of non-lactating mothers had depression. However, 19.6% of exclusively breastfeeding mothers and 18.3% of mothers who used breastfeeding in combination with other methods had depression. A significant correlation was observed between the depression scores and the two variables of type and duration of lactation (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Existence of depression among the subjects in this study, and the correlation of maternal depression with lactation status clarify the importance of screening for depression during the breastfeeding period. Thus, in order to benefit from the advantages of breastfeeding and improve infants&rsquo; growth and health, the consideration of this issue by health care providers is recommended.

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Aim and Background: Sensory integration improves children&#039;s ability to process and organize sensory information. The outcome of the brain&rsquo;s ability to organize sensory information is improved performance and life skills, emotional growth, and general development. The aim of the current research was to investigate the efficacy of sensory integration on neuropsychological skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted through pretest and posttest and with a control group on 20 elementary school students in Isfahan, Iran, with ADHD. The participants were selected using random cluster sampling method, and then assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The data collection tools consisted of Conner&rsquo;s Parent and Teacher Rating Scales and Conner&rsquo;s Neuropsychology Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS using covariance analysis. Findings: A significant difference was observed in the posttest stage between the control and experimental groups in terms of neuropsychological skills (P < 0.001). Conclusions: It can be concluded that sensory integration training affects children&#039;s neuropsychological skills, and thus, can be used in rehabilitation and education of children with ADHD. The use of this training method in preschools is recommended in order to prevent the incidence of ADHD.