---

Aim and Background: Recognizing factors and reasons affecting addiction can be useful in reducing the prevalence of addiction and as a result prevent various mental‚ economical‚ cultural, and social complications. The present study aimed to determine the factors leading to addiction based on the opinions of drug addicts hospitalized in addiction centers in Kerman. Methods and Materials: This survey included 200 male drug addicts hospitalized in addiction centers in Kerman. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire which consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic features and the second part included reasons of tendency to use narcotics. The reasons were divided into three categories of personal‚ familial, and social levels. Data was analyzed using dispersion and central indices, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Withney U tests. Findings: The minimum age for starting addiction was 9. Among various personal‚ familial and social factors‚ imitating addicted adults (46.5%)‚ addiction of parents (53.5%) and relationships with addicted friends (78%) had the most important roles in the tendency to use narcotics. Conclusions: According to our results‚ family and peers can make individuals more vulnerabale using narcotics and thus addiction.

---

Aim and Background: This research aimed to compare marital satisfaction between patients with coronary disease and the general population. Methods and Materials: This case-control study included 50 patients with coronary disease from Motahari Hospital (Fuladshahr, Iran) and 50 healthy persons from Fuladshahr (Iran). The two groups were matched regarding marital status and gender. Convenience sampling was used to select subjects. Data was collected by the index of marital satisfaction (IMS). SPSS16 was used for data analysis. Findings: Statistical analyses showed marital satisfaction rates to be lower than the normal population among coronary artery disease patients (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Based on our results, marital satisfaction should be considered as an important issue in cardiac patients.

---

Aim and Background: The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS) are considered as factors to verify the effects of personality significance on cortical activity. The present study explored the effects of the BIS and BAS on frontal asymmetry in response to affect stimuli. Methods and Materials: This study included 36 individuals (18 with high BAS sensitivity and 18 with high BIS sensitivity, 17 women). All subjects were introduced to neutral, happy, and sad conditions by the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS) and brain waves were recorded simultaneously. Finally, absolute power of alpha band (8-12 Hz) of the right and left frontal areas were calculated for each participant. Findings: A mixed repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the absolute alpha power. Results revealed an increased response to neutral stimuli in BAS group within the left frontal area. However, no significant effects were found in the BIS group in this condition. In addition, an increased left frontal activity (alpha decreasing) in response to happy pictures was seen in the BAS group. On the other hand, an increased right frontal activity (alpha decreasing) in response to sad pictures was found in the BIS group. Conclusions: The results were consistent with the approach/withdrawal model and cerebral asymmetry. The role of the frontal region in positive and negative moods was also approved.

---

Aim and Background: People differ in how they process information. Assessment of such differencess is helpfull for understanding and predicting behavior in a variety of contexts. One of tht most important measure of individual differences in Information Processing is the Intuitive-Rational- Inventory, and the purpose of the present research is to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of this Inventory in university students&rsquo; population. Methods and Materials: First, the Inventory was translated into Farsi. Then, it was retranslated into English and compared with the original version to find and correct the gaps between&nbsp; the translated version and the original version. Finally, after the pilot study and resolving the mistakes, the final questionnaire was carried out for sample group consisting of 335 students studying in Humanities Sciences in Tabriz Payame Noor University. The data were analysed by using SPSS-18 softwar. Findings: In this study, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on the 40 items of the inventory, using a Principal Component Analysis, with Varimax Rotation. Cattell&rsquo;s scree plot and Horn&rsquo;s parallel analysis indicated the two factor solutions. Examination of communalities table revealed 18 items (nine each from the rational and experiential scales) with low internal consistency. These items were deleted and a second Principal Component factor analysis was conducted on the remaining 22 items. The resulte showed the two factors clearly. The first factor accounted for 18% and the second factor about 16% of the variance in the item set. As in the original scale, these factors were called Intuitive and rational Information Processing styles. To determine its validity item- total correlations and item discrimination power calculated. The reliability of the Intuitive-Rational Inventory was obtained by internal consistency (cronbach alpha) and test- retest methods. Cronbach&#039;s Alpha coefficient for Intuitive and rational Information Processing styles was 0.80 and 0.77; and correlation coefficient after four weeks retest was 0.90 and 0.94, respectively. Cronbach&#039;s Alpha and test- retest coefficient showed that reliability of factors is acceptable. Conclusions: Results at this study showed that Intuitive-Rational- Inventory has psychometric properties for utilizing in psychological research, clinical diagnostics and counseling.

---

Aim and Background: The present study tried to assess increasing marital satisfaction and family health as two of the primary mental health measures. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental case-control research used a pretest-posttest design with follow-up. The statistical population consisted of 60 couples in Isfahan, Iran. The subjects were wishing to solve their marital problems and volunteered to participate in the program. Couples were included if they had been married for 3-7 years. Data was collected by the 47-item Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale. Finally, 30 couples with the lowest pretest scores were randomly allocated to two groups of experimental and control (15 couples in each group. The study group attended a 6-week communication skills program including weekly 90-minute sessions. A final application of the marital satisfaction scale was administered to both groups at the end of the program. A follow-up test was given 1 month later to all the subjects participating in the couples communication program. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for analyzing data. Findings: The Islamic communication styles and religious attitudes were found to be effective on couples&#039; marital satisfaction in the posttest and follow-up (P < 0.05). In addition, the posttest and follow-up scores were significantly higher than pretest scores in the experimental group. Conclusions: According to our findings, application of marriage counseling based on Islamic communication styles and religious attitudes are suggested in order to enhance marital satisfaction.

---

Background and Aims: The current study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence rate of exposure to traumatic events and some of their related factors in male high school students in Urmia, Iran. Methods and Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 946 male freshmen, junior and senior high school students in Urmia during 2010-2011 school year. The subjects were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. The participants responded to a demographic questionnaire and the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children in their schools and in group. Collected data was analyzed in SPSS 18 by descriptive statistic, t-test, chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.&nbsp; Results: The results showed that 72.2% of participants had been exposed to at least one traumatic event. Watching violence on television, death of a close person, and severe illness of a close individual were the most prevalent events. The results of t-test showed that the prevalence of some events was increased with aging. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed that some events were more prevalent in the low socioeconomic status. The chi-square test showed that there were correlations between educational field and the prevalence of some events. Conclusion: According to the susceptibility of adolescents, the high prevalence of traumatic events can be accounted as one of major health problems among this group of people.&nbsp;

---

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to determine the statistical correlation between personality characteristics and spiritual intelligence in a group of students of Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 2010-2011. A total number of 284 (130 males and 154 females) undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students of Isfahan University were selected by cluster random sampling method. The participants were evaluated using NEO Personality Inventory and a spiritual intelligence scale. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and regression analysis. Findings: Among the five personality factors, neuroticism had a negative correlation with spiritual intelligence (P < 0.001). In contrast, spiritual intelligence was positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (P < 0.001). Multiple correlations were also found between the three mentioned factors and spiritual intelligence (F = 16.63). . Conclusions: This study indicated the role of personality characteristics in spiritual intelligence. Among the five personality factors, extraversion, agreeableness and above all conscientiousness were predictors of spiritual intelligence. Therefore, personality characteristics need to be evaluated as predictors of spiritual intelligence.

---

Aim and Background: Based on W.H.O documentation deaths in roads encompass 25% of all accidental deaths. There is a general assumption that human factors involves in 70-90% of road accidents, in 60% of cases as main and in 95% as one of the influential factors.   Methods and Materials: In this review article we searched Medline and Cochrane library in the range of 1990-2009 with road accident, road injuries, driving behavior, human factors related to road accidents and psychology of accidents keywords. Findings: In this article the role of human factors on road accidents are divided in two groups of: factors reduce driving ability and factors causing driving high risk behavior. In the following we presented the distribution of human errors in driving based on various demographic variables.  Conclusions: Human factors related to road accident can be divided in two groups of: 1) factors related to human developmental stage and are out of voluntary control of drivers. 2) Factors related to personality style that interact in a complex form and usually co-occurs in a single person. Control of human factors in traffic management needs a comprehensive and multistage approach including general and specific group oriented educations and legal restriction for specific drivers.       

---

Aim and Background: Anxiety is the most prevalent psychiatric symptom in patients with coronary heart disease. Untreated anxiety will result in adverse outcomes for these patients. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of group behavioral activation with and without familial support on anxiety reduction in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods and Materials: In a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and follow-up, 59 married men with coronary heart disease were selected with convenient sampling. They were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Family Support Questionnaire (FSQ), and a demographic questionnaire in pretest phase, posttest phase, and follow-up phase. Treatments groups received therapeutic intervention in 7 sessions (once weekly) while the control group did not receive any intervention. All groups were followed for 6 months. Findings: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between the therapeutic effectiveness of group behavioral activation therapy, group behavioral activation therapy with familial support, and the control group in anxiety reduction (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The effectiveness of group behavioral activation and social support on anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease would be valuable for clinicians and health professionals.

---

Background and Aims: This research evaluated the effects of humanoid robots on improvement of eye contact in autistic children. Methods and Materials: This research used a multiple baseline, single-subject design with control to test 5 autistic children (2 girls and 3 boys) in Tehran during 2010. The children aged 7 to 9 years and were tested by Gilliam Autism Rating Scales (GARS) to ensure the presence of substantial autistic symptoms. A semi-automatic humanoid robotic doll with remote control was used in this study. A short scenario was designed for the primary experimental sessions before the main test. The scenario was established by 3 pilot sessions on an autistic child. We observed children for 15 sessions. The experimental sessions were held twice a week for 7 weeks. Each session lasted for 30 minutes, i.e. 15 minutes for eye contact between robot-human and 15 minutes to observe human-human eye contact development. All sessions were recorded by two cameras and finally rated by independent observers based on the number of seconds of human-human eye contact in each session. Findings: The results showed that the duration of eye contact increased during the course of 15 sessions. This change could have been resulted from the effect of the independent variable . Conclusion: Robots have been shown to be a catalyst to improve some skills in autistic children. However, they need to be further studied in order to be effectively employed as a therapeutic intervention. In addition, many children may require extensive therapy for years to improve their behavior and facilitate integration in society.

---

Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of training according to quality of life therapy on marital satisfaction in men and women. Methods and Materials: This was a semi experimental research with pretest-posttest and control group. Statistical population of this research included men and women who referred to Alefbay Zendegy counseling center, Isfahan, in spring and summer 2009. Research sample included 32 married men and women who were selected randomly among the participants and were assigned to control and experimental groups. Married men and women in the experimental group were trained according to quality of life therapy style during 8 sessions. The measurement instrument was Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Findings: There was a significant difference in marital satisfaction scores between control group and experimental group. This means that quality of life therapy was effective in marital satisfaction of married men and women (P < 0.01). In addition, quality of life therapy was effective in idealistic distortion, marital satisfaction, communication, conflict resolution, leisure activities, and religious orientation (P < 0.01). But there was no significant difference between average scores of control group and experimental group in financial management, sexual relationship, children and parenting, family and friends, and equalitarian roles. Conclusions: This study indicated the efficacy of quality of life therapy on marital satisfaction.

---

Aim and Background: Smoking and drugs are considered are among the most common causes of early mortality in developing and developed countries. Health professionals believe that university period has special characteristics and is of high importance in prevention of smoking among young adults. In this study, we examined with the relations between smoking and psychological and demographic variables. Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 537 students were randomly selected from 7 schools of Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan Branch, Iran). A researcher-made questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were completed by the participants. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS 12 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Smokers constituted 18.7% of the study population. Smoking was significantly more frequent among men. There was no significant relation between marital status and palce of residence. Smoking was significantly correlated with having a smoking family (27.3% of smokers had smoking families). The most common way to start smoking cigarettes was through friends (75%). Among psychiatric symptoms, hostility (aggression) and physical complaints were significantly higher in smokers than nonsmokers. General Severity index was higher among smokers but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking among students of Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan was relatively higher than many other universities. The high prevalence in this age can lead to many physical and mental problems. In addition, smoking individuals are usually more aggressive. Hence, educational and preventive policies are required to reduce smoking in young people. Attitudes of teenagers and young adults toward smoking should also be corrected through similar programs.

---

Aim and Background: In this study, the psychometric properties and hierarchal structural validity of short form health survey scale (SF-36) among students using structural equating modeling was investigated. Methods and Materials: A sample with 310 students (158 male and 152 female) from Tehran University were chosen by multistage sampling method. For verifying discernment validity, two clinical sample groups were used. First group had 52 patients with physical disease and second clinical group had 58 students with psychological disorder diagnostics, which were selected from university health centers. To calculate the convergence and divergence validity, the SF-36 was administered and at the same time, the university student depression inventory (USDI), student-life stress inventory (SISI), Oxford happiness scale (OHS), mental health inventory (MHI), and social support (SS), in nonclinical sample was investigated. The first, second, and third hierarchical factorial structure of SF-36 scale was estimated by weighted least squares method, and sufficiency of model fitness was evaluated according to the Root Mean Square Residual, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Comparative Fit Index, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, Goodness of Fit Index, &chi; 2 /df, and &Delta;&chi; 2 indices. Findings: The chornbach&rsquo;s alpha coefficients in all subscales were satisfactory and higher than 0.70. The factor structure of SF-36 scale was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis in eight dimensions of first order including physical performance, physical role performance, body pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role performance and mental health. Based on correlation matrix, the SF-36 scale had negative correlation with depression and stress and positive correlation with happiness, mental health, and social support, which imply satisfactory convergent and divergent validity of SF-36 scale. Conclusions: The eight first-order and three second-order factor structure showed better fit with the observed data compared with two second-order and one third-order factor structure of SF-36 scale. The confirmatory factor structure, reliability, and validity of SF-36 scale were acceptable for research and clinical diagnostics application.

---

Aim and Background: In recent decades, changes in marital patterns and lifestyles have lead to conflicts between couples, which affects their sense of psychological security and attachment to one another. In such environments, anxiety and depressive disorders are common and may lead to loss of satisfaction of marital life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between couple&#039;s general health and marital satisfaction. Method and Materials: This was a descriptive, correlational study. One hundred 25-45 year old male employees of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, with high school to Bachelor degrees, were selected with c onvenience sampling in 2009. The GHQ-28 and Marital satisfaction Questionnaires were given to them. Data were analyzed by hierarchical regression and correlation between subscales of the questionnaires. Findings: We used hieratical regression in order to predict marital satisfaction by mental health status. Results showed that increase in depression subscale causes a decrease in attraction subscale of marital satisfaction. Moreover, increase in depression was associated with decrease in rapport subscale of marital satisfaction. Increase in anxiety and depression was associated with attitude subscale of marital satisfaction. Increase in bodily factors was associated with increase in investment, but increase in anxiety and depression was associated with decrease in investment. Analyzed results indicate that about 28% of employees were suspected of having brief mental disorders; no relation between age, years of service, birth order and general health were found. In addition there were significant differences between educational level and marital satisfaction. Correlation between age, intimacy, investment attitudes and satisfaction was significant. On the other hand, simultaneous with increase in age and appearance of burnout, marital satisfaction was significantly reduced. Conclusions: Result showed that subscales of marital satisfaction including attraction, rapport, attitude, and investment were associated with bodily factors, depression and anxiety subscales of mental health, and that we can predict marital satisfaction through mental health factors.

---

Aim and Background: Biological, psychological and social phenomenon of substance abuse in adolescents is one of the most critical issues facing modern societies. One of the major concerns of the health and social policy makers is the increasing prevalence of addictive behaviors, particularly tobacco smoking in this age group. Prevalence and trends toward high-risk behaviors among adolescents in Iran is rising. Addiction treatment is expensive and difficult which requires comprehensive medical systems with different approaches toward drug treatments, therapies, and rehabilitation. However, over the years, it has been proven that even the most effective therapeutic procedures are associated with high rates of recurrence. Any progress in this treatment may fail due to environmental risk factors in which the substances are readily accessible as well as the social network of friends who supporte and maintain drugs abuse. Therefore, substance abuse prevention is easier than the treatment. Meanwhile, the best and the most logical solution is prevention. Addiction prevention is an important and complex issue that cannot be accomplished without strategic planning. Understanding the latest scientific achievements and execution of logical programs can be beneficial in this regard. One of the defects in the field of substance abuse prevention is lack of comparative studies, and accordingly shortage of Persian resources of modern scientific progression in the field of addiction prevention. This situation has led some investigators toward specific approaches or programs, while lacking comprehensive knowledge about all the available programs. In order to eliminate or reduce these shortcomings, previous research literature on three levels i.e. individual, family and social factors (school and friends) were discussed in this article.

---

Aim and Background: Meta-cognition is one of the high cognitive processes of brain which has positive relationship with other cognitive capacities and can be considered as a predisposing factor in most of psychopathologies. the aim of present study was to examine the relationship between meta-cognition with anxiety and depression in mothers of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with mothers of normal children. Materials and Method: this is a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. The populations of this study were the mothers of 7-12 years old children who lived in Isfahan in 2011. 50 mothers of children with ADHD and 50 mothers of normal children were chosen through purposive sampling and were assessed by means of Wells and Cartwright meta-cognitive beliefs Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory- II. &nbsp; Findings: data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety and depression between two groups of mothers with ADHD children and mothers of normal children when the age is controlled and the first group had more depression symptoms. The mean of meta- cognition scores in these two groups was not significantly different. Anxiety was correlated with depression and meta- cognition in both groups(p= 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological health of mothers of children with ADHD is less than mothers of normal children, and taking a systemic approach in solving problems of such families can be useful.

---

Aim and Background: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factorial structure and reliability of Persian version of the Multiple Intelligences Inventory.&nbsp; Methods and Materials: First, this Inventory translated to Farsi. Then, it was retranslated to English and compared with the original version to find and correct the gaps between the translated version and the original version. Finally, after the pilot study and resolving the mistakes, the final Inventory was carried out for sample group consisting of 413 students studying in Humanities Sciences in Tabriz Payame Noor University (283 female, 130 male). In this study, Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted on the items of scales, using a Principal Component Analysis, with Varimax Rotation. Results: &nbsp;Resulte of factor analysis showed diffrent dimention for each subscales. For these factors assigned a name according to the content of the items. In this research item- total correlations and item discrimination power calculated. The reliability of the Inventory was obtained by internal consistency (cronbach alpha) and test- retest methods. Cronbach&#039;s Alpha coefficient for subscales was in the range between 0.74 untile 0.96; and correlation coefficient after four weeks retest was in the range between 0.68 untill 0.89, respectively. Cronbach&#039;s Alpha and test- retest coefficient showed that reliability of subscales is acceptable. Conclusions: According to the Results of this study can be councluded that Multiple Intelligences Inventory has appropriate psychometric properties for detemine individual intelligence profiles. &nbsp; &nbsp;

---

Aim and Background: Internet access is a growing phenomenon. With increasing and widespread access to Internet, dependency to Internet is observed among the youth. This research aimed to compare personality characteristics and identity styles in Internet addicted and non-addicted students. Methods and Materials: This was a causal-comparative research carried out in the educational years 2011-2012. The statistical community of the research contained all the dormitory male students resided in Tehran University dormitory (about 6000 students). 380 students were selected via random sampling based on Morgan table. According to the population of each dormitory, related questionnaires were distributed and fulfilled, so that by referring to each one of the student rooms, questionnaires were delivered and collected after about 20 minutes. The study tools included Young`s Internet Addiction Test (IAD), Personality Inventory (NEO), and Berzonsky Identity Styles Inventory (ISI-6). In order to analyze data in two descriptive and analytic levels, statistic t-test was utilized. Findings: Results indicated that in terms of personality characteristics, there is a difference between Internet addicted and non-addicted students, so that neuroticism was in a higher level for Internet addicted students than for non-addicted ones. As well, the three variables of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were in a higher level for Internet non-addicted students than for addicted ones. There was, however, no difference between the two groups in terms of personality characteristics of openness to experience. There was also a meaningful difference between the two groups in terms of identity variables. Informational style was in a higher level for Internet non-addicted students than for addicted ones. As well, normative style and diffuse-avoidant style was in a higher level for Internet addicted students than for non-addicted ones. Conclusions: There is, in terms of personality characteristics and identity style, a difference between Internet addicted and non-addicted students.

---

Aim and Background: High prevalence of borderline personality disorder and its harmful social, health and economic consequences highlights the importance of studying this disorder and its underlying factors. The present study aimed to investigating behavioral-brain systems of individuals with borderline disorder and its discriminative aspects of these systems in patients and healthy controls. Methods and Materials: Thus 30 patients who admitted to Razi Hospital (Tabriz, Iran), completed the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS) questionnaire by Carver and White (BIS/BAS scales). Control group consisted of 30 subjects without any mental disorder history. Findings: Results from multi-variant regression analysis showed that the two groups had statistically significant differences in BAS, BIS and sensation seeking scale (P < 0.01). Among these factors, sensation seeking scale with Wilks&rsquo; lambda = 0.42 and BAS with Wilks&rsquo; lambda = 0.53 had statistically significant role in discrimination between the two groups. Conclusions: Hyperactivity of BIS caused a permanent anxiety and negative emotions experienced by borderline patients and hyperactivity of BAS could be the underlying reason of impulsivity, which is the core component of borderline personality disorder. According to other studies in the field of bio-neural factors effects in development of borderline personality disorder, this study can help to improve our understanding of disorder and therefore help to improve developing accurate methods to predict the possibility of disorder. In addition, it will help us to develop methods for primary prevention and developing more effective therapy methods.

---

Aim and Background: The purpose of this research was a quantitative study of family factors that interfere with suicide attempters. Methods and Materials: The research is descriptive. We used phenomenological and qualitative way. 20 suicide attempter&#039;s participants were selected by purpose-based way, and sampling continued to saturating. For data gathering, we used interview that accomplished by suicidal participants, their family and friends. For reaching to a valid and reliable data, we used supervisors and participants review criteria. Findings: Results of interview by codified data shown that 10 family factors effects on suicide. This factors in turn included in: 1.Parent&rsquo;s real or emotional divorce, 2. Parental abuse, 3. Rejective and autocratic parenting style, 4. Lack of parent&rsquo;s reinforcement and encouragement and hopefully, 5. Parent&rsquo;s addiction, 6. Parent&rsquo;s psychopathologic history, 7. Parent&rsquo;s suicide attempts history, 8. Parent&rsquo;s Attention and love &nbsp;9. Religious disorientation, 10. Lack of organization and planning and aim for live. Conclusions: One of factors can be effective on suicide are family factors. Practitioners must attended to it in the prevention and cure. &nbsp;