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Aim and Background: Insecure attachment style is one of the factors effective in many mental disorders. This study aimed to compare the attachment styles of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) and healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: This research was a causal-comparative study. A sample of 90 participants (30 individuals with STPD who took drugs, 30 individuals with STDP who did not take drugs, and 30 healthy controls) were selected from among individuals referring to governmental and private psychiatric clinics through criterion-based sampling. The Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: The difference in attachment styles between patients with STPD (with or without medication) and healthy subjects was significant (F = 0.526, P < 0.001). Individuals with STPD (with or without drugs) had lower scores on secure attachment style compared to the control group. In addition, the results showed significant differences between individuals with STPD (with or without drugs) and healthy individuals in terms of ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles. Conclusions: The results implicated the importance of attachment styles in STPD. Individuals with insecure attachment are more vulnerable to schizotypal traits experience and STPD.

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Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to compare alexithymia, character and temperament, and aggression between addicts and healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative research was conducted on 80 addicts and 80 healthy individuals. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method and were matched. The research tools included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) (Cloninger et al.), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). Data were analyzed using MANOVA and ANOVA. Findings: There was a significant difference between addicts and healthy individuals in terms of alexithymia components (difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally-oriented thinking) and aggression components (physical aggression, verbal aggression, and anger and hostility). The scores of alexithymia and aggression components were higher in addicts compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, the scores of damage and novelty seeking components in the character and temperament variable were higher in addcits. The scores of the components of self-leadership, partnership, and persistence were lower in addicts in comparison with healthy individuals. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the components of remuneration, dependency, and self-transcendence. Conclusions: This study, in line with researches focused on investigating the underlying personality aspects involved in addiction, can be helpful in understanding the factors involved in this phenomenon and proposing suitable solutions for the prevention and treatment of addiction.

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Aim and Background: Rumination can cause various kinds of damage to which women are more vulnerable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting rumination among women having marital conflicts. Methods and Materials: This was a qualitative study in which a thematic analysis was carried out. The nonrandom purposive sampling method was used, and the research sample saturated upon selecting 15 women having marital conflicts. The semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the data. Findings: After the content analysis, the resultant data included three themes and 14 subthemes. The themes were stressors (sexual problems, financial and occupational issues, unfulfilled expectations, frustration, personality differences, value differences, and familial differences), personal characteristics (neuroticism, lack of communication skills, and low self-confidence), and spousal characteristics (dominance, unaccountability, harsh characteristics, and imperviousness). Conclusions: According to the findings, stressors trigger rumination. However, when they interfere with spousal characteristics and personal rumination characteristics, marital conflicts will lose solvability and result in rumination. On the one hand, it increases stress. Besides, it increases marital conflicts, and forms this self-sustaining cycle.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare positive and negative psychological states between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome, and to investigate the relationship between these psychological factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods and Materials: In this comparative study, the study population consisted of all patients with middle-aged coronary artery disease (35-60 years old) who were enrolled at the Rehabilitation Center of the Cardiology Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from 2012 to 2016. Totally, 61 patients were selected through purposive sampling in September, 2016. They participated in the research by completing some questionnaires including Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Adult Hope Scale (AHS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and performing physiological assessments related to metabolic syndrome. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney, and Pearson correlation tests. Findings: There were significant differences between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome in terms of depression, optimism, hope, and happiness. Moreover, depression, optimism, hope, and happiness had significant relationship with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: The research findings support the link between psychological variables and metabolic syndrome.

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Aim and Background: Positive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a new approach in psychotherapy that combines cognitive behavioral therapy with positive psychology and solution-focused therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive cognitive behavioral therapy on resilience and self-esteem among the adolescents with depression signs. Methods and Materials: This was a semi-experimental study with pretest/posttests design, and with control group. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered among the students in first grade of 5 randomly-selected high schools. Among the students who had scores upper than cut-off point of depression, and with consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 34 students were selected, and randomly divided into two equal groups of control and experimental. Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) were administered among the selected sample as pretest. Positive cognitive behavioral therapy was performed in experimental group, and again, the questionnaires were administered among the participants as posttest. Findings: Positive cognitive behavioral therapy significantly increased students’ scores of resilience and self-esteem in experimental group compared to control group. Conclusions: It seems that positive cognitive behavioral therapy can be applied as an effective approach for enhancing positive function components in adolescents with depression signs; further researches on this topic are recommended.

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Background and aim: The problem of emotional regulation is one of the problems faced by students with dyslexia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama on emotion regulation of students with dyslexia. Method: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group design. The statistical population included all students with dyslexia who were studying in public schools of the five educational regions of Isfahan city during 2015-2016. Multistage random sampling was used for the selection of the sample. The Reading & Dyslexia Test (RDT) were administered to identify learning disabilities in the students and 30 students with dyslexia were selected and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The intervention for the experimental group included 12 sessions each lasted 25 minutes. In this study, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Reading & Dyslexic Test (RDT) were used. The data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: The findings indicated that the psychodrama training program significantly influenced emotion regulation of students with dyslexia (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The results showed that psychodrama training program is effective in emotion regulation of students with dyslexia. So, students after receiving this approach, in addition to reducing negative emotions and improving the regulation of positive emotions also improved in other areas such as interpersonal and social behaviors. Therefore, focusing on emotional regulation skills as an important factor in the continuity of learning disorders can be useful in designing preventive interventions and reducing the incidence of psychological disorders.

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Aim and Background: The suicide phenomenon is a social abnormality that is common in Iran and specifically among students. This phenomenon has multiple dimensions that occur as a result of psychological, social, economic and cultural factors. Efficient use of student potential and efforts to maintain the dynamics of the academic environment requires the attention to the students’ problems and investigate their tensions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of suicide ideation among students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study sample of 400 students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences were selected through available sampling method. Data were collected by using Beck Suicidal Thoughts Assessment (BSSI). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Findings: The results showed that the prevalence of high-risk suicidal thoughts in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences students was 6%. The prevalence of suicidal thoughts in men (10.2%) was significantly higher than in women (3.6%) (p=.002). The prevalence of suicidal thoughts in non-dormitory students (19%) was significantly higher than dormitory students (4.9%) (p=.017). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of suicidal ideation based on educational levels (p=.566). Conclusions: This study showed that suicidal ideation among students was a significant outbreak. Considering that suicidal ideation can be the basis for suicide attempts, mental health services and regular screening can be effective in preventing this problem among students.

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Aim and Background: Physical well-being is one of the main criteria of quality of life, and emotions is one of the important factors in physical well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between achievement emotions and students' physical well-being, and to identify the communication processes between these two variables. Methods and Materials: This research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all students in the high school of Tehran city, in Iran. The sample size (n= 1146) was determined using the formula of Tabakhnic and Fidell and the participants were selected by random cluster sampling method. Questionnaires of Achievement Emotions (AEQ), physical well-being, self-evaluation and bodily sensation were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and structural equation method) in SPSS and LISREL software. Findings: The hypothetical model of academic engagement provided a good fit to the research population (χ 2 /df=2.78, RMSEA=.073). The path of achievement emotions and physical well-being was positive and significant. The effect of self-evaluation on physical well-being and the effect of bodily sensations on physical well-being were significant. Moreover, positive self-evaluation and bodily sensations have a mediator role in the relationship between achievement emotions and physical well-being. Conclusions: Achievement emotions play a fundamental role in determining the students' physical well-being. Cognitive (positive self-assessment) and emotional paths (physical feelings) support this relationship. Recognizing and paying attention to these variables is a key factor in student's physical well-being.

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Aim and Background: Psychiatric disorders are gaining top rank in the burden of disease. Undoubtedly, knowing their prevalence in children and adolescents can help prevent and control these problems and save money. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: According to the nature of the research, the research method is a fundamental type that was performed on 1010 children and adolescents in Isfahan province in 2017 that were randomly selected using multistage cluster sampling. Clinical psychologists are trained to conduct research refer to the selected children's homes and using the Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview for Mental Disorders and Schizophrenia for children and adolescents, Current Detection and Lifespan (K-SADS-PL). In addition, demographic data (gender, age, education, parental education, and economic status) were also collected. After collecting the data, the data were analyzed by SPSS software using frequency indices and frequency. Findings: According to the findings, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Isfahan province is 14.8% and the prevalence of these disorders in boys is higher than in girls. Also, according to the results, the prevalence of these disorders in the age range of 10-14 years was more than other ages. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in the city were more than children and adolescents in the village. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Isfahan province is in the middle range compared to other studies carried out in other researches carried out inside and outside the country. However, the need for mental health policies in childhood and adolescence is suggested to reduce the burden of damage in the future and provide solutions to the proble m.

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Aim and Background: Emotional divorce is one of the phenomena that women experience more because of the cultural context in our country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on the conflict and interpersonal processing of married women with emotional divorce in Tehran. Methods and Materials: The research is a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest design with control group, and follow-up (two months). The statistical population consisted of all women referred to two counseling centers in Tehran in 2018. For this purpose, 40 women with emotional divorce were selected using convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a program of dialectic behavioral therapy. To collect the data Marital Conflict – Revised questionnaire, Interpersonal Processing Scale & Emotional Divorce Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and repeated measure analysis of variance. Findings: Results of repeated measure analysis showed that the experimental group compared with the control group in the post-test and follow-up, reduced the conflict (F= 49.67, P<.01) and increased interpersonal processing (F=16.71, p <.01). Conclusions: According to the results it can be deduced that, the therapeutic dialectical behavior approach reduces the negative emotions that lead to conflict by increasing awareness, and emotional regulation, which increases the effective relationships.

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Aim and Background: Lack of adequate training of primary caregivers of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is the major factor in causing of their depression. Therefore, the researcher tried to identify the The Effectiveness of Group Psychological Training on the Depression of family caregivers MS patients.
Methods and Materials: In this study, the Group Psychological Training program was developed and implemented as a clinical trial with a one-month follow-up. In the design phase, the program draft was first prepared using nursing texts on the required care measures and the role of families in their implementation, then using the RAM technique in terms of concept, usefulness, relevance and applicability of the content. In the implementation phase, the subjects were easily selected (100 people) and randomly placed in the test group (50 people) and the control group (50 people). The program was conducted in 7 sessions, 90 minutes during 7 weeks (1 session per week) for the experimental group and at the end a CD with the theme of relaxation techniques, anger and stress control and educational booklet of the contents of the sessions were given them. The control group also participated in two group sessions to express their memories and were given a training booklet and a CD. A two-part questionnaire was used for data collection. The first included information about demographic, familial and therapeutic characteristics of the patient and caregiver and the second part was the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical tests of chi-square, independent t-test and variance analysis test with repeated measurements.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the mean score of depression in the experimental group as compared to the control group immediately and one month after the intervention. The results of ANOVA with repeated observations also showed a significant decrease in the mean depression score in the experimental group (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Given the effectiveness of psychotherapy training in preventing depression and recovery in families with multiple sclerosis, this program is introduced to the treatment team.

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Aim and Background: In the child welfare system, children and youth under care are always considered as a fragile and at-risk population ,Therefore preventive interventions are very important in reducing harms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of play-based resilience training package on social adjustment of children under the guardianship  of  the Welfare Organization.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the guardianship of Tehran Province Welfare in 2019. First, 5 centers were purposefully selected and then 30 children with research criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The instruments used in this study include the Rutter Children's Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (1967), the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (Ungar & Liebenberg ,2009) and the Play-based resilience training package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the experimental group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, each session lasting one hour. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance.
Findings: Results showed that resilience training significantly affected social adjustment and its components(hyperactivity-aggression, attention deficit disorder, social maladaptation)(p <0.01) However, it was not significantly effective on the anxiety-depression and antisocial behavior. (p <0.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it seems that play-based resilience training package can be used to increase social adjustment of children under the guardianship of welfare Organization.

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Aim and Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental neurological disorder characterized by several symptoms including impulsive behavior and inability to attention. To reduce such symptoms, it is necessary to use appropriate psychological therapies. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness on behavioral inhibition, self-control, and high-risk behaviors in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Methods and Materials: The study method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design including a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included adolescent boys aged 13 to 18, with ADHD who had been admitted to the social emergency of the city of Shiraz city in the year 2019. Thirty adolescents with ADHD were selected through psychiatric evaluation and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) through convenience sampling after which they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (with 15 individuals in each). The experimental group received mindfulness-based intervention during two and a half months which included ten 90-minute sessions while the control group did not experience training and remained on the waiting list. The questionnaires used in this study included the Go/No-Go test, the Tangney self-control questionnaire, and the Iranian adolescents’ risk-taking questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS-26 software in two sections, namely descriptive (mean and standard deviation), and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures).
Findings: The results showed that mindfulness-based intervention had a significant effect on behavioral inhibition and increased self-control, and it reduces high-risk behavior in adolescents with ADHD (P<0/01).
Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it is safe to say that mindfulness-based therapy improved behavioral inhibition, increased self-control, and reduced high-risk behavior in adolescents with ADHD. Accordingly, this treatment is suggested to be used along with other approaches to reduce the symptoms of people with ADHD.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that the conditions and characteristics of subcultures can be one of the causes of addiction and drug use, and the study of psychosocial factors in any society can clarify the characteristics of that culture and provide clues about its problems. Society is especially addicted; therefore, this study seeks to understand and identify the psychosocial factors of subcultures related to drug use.
Methods and Materials: The study is qualitative and grounded in theory. The city of Isfahan was selected as a research pilot. Variables and categories were extracted from 32 interviews that were validated by professors and subject matter experts. Out of 18 pivotal categories, 5 main categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences were identified.
Findings: Substance abuse is associated with "practical-emotional dependence", "social exclusion" and "deviant subculture". People in their addictive lifestyle suffer from a kind of separation from society. Continuity of membership in the deviant subculture is considered as the only capital of the addicted person and provides the ground for the formation of more deviant and deviant behaviors. Consequences will include: persistence of addiction, psychosocial decline, formation of new negative values, subculture of discrete support and trust in the face of intergroup distrust.
Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that social and emotional support of addicts and helping them to quit drugs prevents them from being absorbed into aggressive and delinquent subcultures. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in other societies.

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Aim and Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the emerging social phenomena. Among these, the most vulnerable group is young women who are more prone to alcohol consumption due to psychological crises caused by social problems. The aim of the present study was the Phenomenology of Behavioral and Emotional Experiences of Tendency to consume alcohol in Women in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: The method of qualitative phenomenological research with Colaizzi approach has been used. The statistical population of this study is women consuming alcohol in Isfahan. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews for 30-40 minutes.
Findings: The results showed that women started consuming alcohol at the suggestion of their husbands, friends and family members and pointed to two categories of negative emotions (feeling sad, monotonous and lack of excitement) and positive emotions (feeling of laughter and happiness, attractiveness and availability of alcohol) Which has led to their tendency to consume alcohol.
Conclusions: It seems that women's experiences after alcohol consumption include two categories, emotional (feeling of loss and falling behind in life, feelings of regret and emptiness) and behavioral (cartwheel, imbalance, profanity, loss of consciousness, Violence).

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Aim and Background: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is one of the mood disorders of the fifth edition of the mental disorder’s diagnosis. This disorder begins in the childhood and causes many problems for parents, teachers, friends, and children themselves. This disorder, which is associated with social problems, is also very debilitating. The present study was conducted with the aim of constructing and initial reliability of the disruptive mood dysregulation disorder scale.
Methods and Materials: The method of this research is descriptive and instrument making; while its statistical population is all parents of children aged 6-12 year in Isfahan in the year 1397. Statistical samples included 300 people which were selected by available sampling. To collect the data for evaluation of this disorder, the researcher-made Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Scale (DMDDS) was used. To examine the scale items, quantitative and qualitative content reliability, quantitative and qualitative nominal reliability, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used.
Findings: Based on the parameters of impact coefficient index above 1.5, content reliability index above 0.62, reliability ratio above 0.70, and the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis’s, 24 scale items were kept in the instrument. Considering an eigenvalue above 1, four factors of impulsivity, performance, mood, and frustration were extracted. According to the obtained results, the four factors of this scale were able to predict 50.80% of the changes in the total scale. Also, a total scale reliability coefficient of 0.894 was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method.
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the content reliability index as well as the nominal and structural scale which are designed for the parents, are acceptable and can be used to evaluate the disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in children aged 6-12 year.

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Introduction: One of the factors influencing the preparation for addiction is personality traits and temperament. Considering that so far little study has been done on the relationship between different temperaments (mizaj) of Persian medicine and preparation for addiction, the present study aimed to investigate the role of these mizaj in studentschr('39') preparation for addiction.
Methods: The design of the present study was descriptive cross-sectional. A total of 241 students studying in the universities of Mobarakeh were selected by quota sampling method and answered the Iranian preparation for addiction scale and Mizaj determination questionnaire. After determining the Mizajes of the sample, the average preparation for addiction was compared with 9 types of mizaj using analysis of variance.
Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the average preparation for addiction in at least one mizaj is significantly different from other mizajes. Examination of the results of LSD post hoc test showed that the mean of preparation for addiction in warm-temperate mizaj was significantly lower than the mean of preparation for addiction in cold-temperate, cold-wet, and cold-dry and hot-dry mizajes.
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study show that people with all types of cold and hot-dry mizajes have the highest vulnerability and people with warm-temperate have the least vulnerability to addiction. These results were explained in the theoretical and research context and traditional medicine strategies in maintaining health and tempering mizajes, to protect the tendency to addiction in people with vulnerable mizajes and prevent the movement of non-vulnerable mizajes to the vulnerable were presented.

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Aim and Background: Poor designing of these hospitals, ignoring physical and emotional needs of children, could deteriorate the conditions and lead to added harm for these children. The main purpose of this research is to diagnose practical, important factors which can promote the environmental quality of hospitalization for children by incorporating their ideas and emotions.
Methods and Materials: The research plan is qualitative and the implemented qualitative research plan is Thematic Analysis by Braun & Clarke Approach. The statistical population of the study is children between 7 to12, hospitalized in Imam Hossein Hospital in Esfahan. Sample size was carefully selected according to the purpose of the study to achieve Theoretical saturation. In order to grasp their idea of a qualified hospital room, the 40 paintings made by targeted children were then analyzed by Thematic Analysis and ATLAS-ti 7.
Findings: According to the findings focusing on children’s perceptions and ideas, it was realized that the quality of hospital room is influenced by five factors including; items and features located in room, visual effects, practical attractions, personalized environment and rearranging the accepted order of the environment.
Conclusions: According to the outcomes of the research, it was concluded that by improving the details and items located in rooms and creating visual and practical attractions as well as reducing limitations for children with the purpose of allowing them personalize their environment, the quality of hospitalization environment could be enhanced to a great extent. Their ideas supported the interactive approach required in determining influential factors on the quality of architecture.

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Aim and Background: This study examines the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in the treatment of women with orgasmic disorder and compares it with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Although this approach is widely used in psychotherapy, it has recently been introduced in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.
Methods: Through a randomized clinical trial, 50 married women who received the diagnosis of orgasm disorder were included in the study. After introducing the study and informed consent, 25 women were randomly assigned to the intervention group (mindfulness-based interventions) and 25 women to the control group (cognitive-behavioral therapy). It was explained to the clients that the evaluation of their interventions is done through the research protocol, and finally they were blinded about their intervention. Also, all the data were provided to the researcher and statistical consultant based on blind codes.
Findings: With 95% certainty, it can be concluded that compared to the results recorded before the intervention, interventions based on mindfulness improved the symptoms of women suffering from orgasmic disorder during the study period which confirmed a significant interaction between treatment and time. Multivariate analysis of variance between the participant's results of orgasm assessment questionnaire scores confirmed the significant changes over time for each of the two groups. It is also concluded that the effect of the interventions over time was significantly greater in the intervention group.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that therapists should consider helping clients develop mindfulness skills during sexual experiences. Sexual mindfulness provides a skill that people can develop without the involvement of their partner and may help people make more efforts to promote sexual health and improve the quality of sex.

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Aim and Background: Today, the tendency of people, especially women, to perform various cosmetic surgeries has increased, and it is important to identify the causes of this problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional factors in the Botox injection in women referring to skin and hair clinics.
Methods and Materials: Among women referring to skin and hair clinics in Isfahan city in 2020, 60 women applying for Botox injections were selected and 60 normal women were matched with the first group in terms of demographic variables. The participants in the research responded to the beliefs about appearance scale (BAAS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and body image concern inventory (BICI). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminate analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of the dimensions of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, except for the dimension of progress, rumination from the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and dysmorphic concern, are significantly higher in women undergoing Botox injections than normal women. Also, the results of the discriminate analysis showed that rumination from the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and feelings from the dimensions of beliefs about appearance could predict Botox injection in women.
Conclusions: In general, these results showed that rumination and negative feelings towards oneself due to skin folds and wrinkles in women are the most important predictors of Botox injection in women; therefore, these findings can lead to solutions to prevent the tendency of people to apply unnecessary beauty treatments.