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Aim and Background: Working Memory (WM) has attracted the attention of experimental psychologists and neurologists. Those who pay attention to how people argue, solve problems, pursue their goals, make decisions and achieve cognitive control. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the subtle memory by means of words. In this regard, this research is an attempt to gather evidence of the speed of response in facilitating tasks and inhibition tasks.

Methods and Materials: The present study is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study was all young and middle-aged people with a minimum age of 20 years without any history of mental and neurological disorders. In this research, 30 people were selected through targeted sampling. The facilitator's homework included the first pair of pseudo-word targets. The term inhibition was also indicated by two words in terms of meaning unrelated to the distance of 150 milliseconds. In fact, the response rate was evaluated in a semantic test based on the characteristics of these two assignments. The mean value in two assignments was compared using t- paired t-test.

Findings: The results indicated that the mean response rate to goals in the facilitated task was 4592.7± 480.9 millisecond more than the inhibition task (p<0.0001).

Conclusions: It seems that target memory representations by the first neutralization of the target memory representations are unrelated to the first one.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that the conditions and characteristics of subcultures can be one of the causes of addiction and drug use, and the study of psychosocial factors in any society can clarify the characteristics of that culture and provide clues about its problems. Society is especially addicted; therefore, this study seeks to understand and identify the psychosocial factors of subcultures related to drug use.
Methods and Materials: The study is qualitative and grounded in theory. The city of Isfahan was selected as a research pilot. Variables and categories were extracted from 32 interviews that were validated by professors and subject matter experts. Out of 18 pivotal categories, 5 main categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences were identified.
Findings: Substance abuse is associated with "practical-emotional dependence", "social exclusion" and "deviant subculture". People in their addictive lifestyle suffer from a kind of separation from society. Continuity of membership in the deviant subculture is considered as the only capital of the addicted person and provides the ground for the formation of more deviant and deviant behaviors. Consequences will include: persistence of addiction, psychosocial decline, formation of new negative values, subculture of discrete support and trust in the face of intergroup distrust.
Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that social and emotional support of addicts and helping them to quit drugs prevents them from being absorbed into aggressive and delinquent subcultures. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in other societies.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that resolving interpersonal conflicts is as important as social relationships, especially between couples; therefore, the present study aimed to predict the pattern of conflict resolution styles based on differentiation, cognitive flexibility with mediating the role of compassion in young men and women with conflict.
Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included men and women with marital conflict in kashan. The sample of this study consisted of 393 couples with marital conflict who were selected by convenience sampling and included in the research questionnaires including the conflict resolution skills (Strauss et al. 1990), self-compassion (Nef, 2003), cognitive flexibility questionnaire (Dennis and Vander Wal, & Jillon, 2010) and differentiation of self-inventory (skowron and Schmitt, 2003). The research data were analyzed by path analysis and structural equations by AMOS statistical software.
Findings: The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit and self-compassion can play a mediating role between flexibility and negotiation conflict resolution style and psychological aggression as well as between self-differentiation and negotiation conflict resolution styles and physical aggression (P ≤ 0.001).
Conclusions: Given the effects of marital conflict on couples, families and society, identifying the variables involved in this important can provide a basis for planning to prevent and treat destructive styles of marital conflict resolution and it seems that self-differentiation and self-compassion is one of the effective variables in improving the conflict resolution techniques used in men and women with marital conflict.

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Aim and Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the emerging social phenomena. Among these, the most vulnerable group is young women who are more prone to alcohol consumption due to psychological crises caused by social problems. The aim of the present study was the Phenomenology of Behavioral and Emotional Experiences of Tendency to consume alcohol in Women in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: The method of qualitative phenomenological research with Colaizzi approach has been used. The statistical population of this study is women consuming alcohol in Isfahan. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews for 30-40 minutes.
Findings: The results showed that women started consuming alcohol at the suggestion of their husbands, friends and family members and pointed to two categories of negative emotions (feeling sad, monotonous and lack of excitement) and positive emotions (feeling of laughter and happiness, attractiveness and availability of alcohol) Which has led to their tendency to consume alcohol.
Conclusions: It seems that women's experiences after alcohol consumption include two categories, emotional (feeling of loss and falling behind in life, feelings of regret and emptiness) and behavioral (cartwheel, imbalance, profanity, loss of consciousness, Violence).

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Aim and Background: Chronic pain is one of the most common and expensive medical problems. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy and cognitive analytic therapy on anxiety sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, experiential avoidance and cognitive emotion regulation in patients with chronic pain and alexithymia.
Methods and Materials: This research was experiential study with pre, post-test and follow-up with control group. Among patients suffering from chronic in Isfahan, using available and voluntary sampling method, 36 patients that had top point in alexithymia questionnaire were selected and then  were assigned in two groups randomly (each group n=12). Members of first experimental group, received online emotion-focused group therapy and members of second experimental group received online cognitive-analytic group therapy. In this period control group didn’t received any intervention. Instruments were Karnfeskesʼs Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), Solivanʼs Pain Catastrophizing Scale (1995), Taylor and Koksʼes Anxiety Sensitinty Inventort (1998), Acceptance and Action Questionaire (2011) that were completed in 3 stages of pre, post-rest and follow up. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis.
Findings: Reults showed that the emotion focused therapy has been more effective than the cognitive analytic therapy in improving pain catastrophizing, experiential avoidance and the negative aspect of cognitive emotion regulation (P<0.05).
Conclusions: With respect to the effectiveness of these two therapeutic methods on the research variables, these two therapeutic methods can be sought so as to improve the conditions of the patients with chronic pain and alexithymia.

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Aim and Background: Given that the family is the most important social institution, many variables may affect marital relationships and its quality. Recognition of these factors can be effective in improving and improving the quality of this institution.
Methods and Materials: The present study is a correlational study of path analysis. The statistical population of the study includes all married women with diploma degree and higher degree Ahvaz in 2022. From this statistical population, 340 people were selected as a sample by available sampling method. In this study, to collect data from Norton Marital Relationship Quality Scale (MRQS), Beck Short Depression Inventory (BDI-13), Hovestedt et al.'s Family Scale (FOS), Alder et al.'s Perception of Parents' Marriage Questionnaire (PPMQ) and Singh and Bahargawa Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) were used. In the present study, the proposed model was evaluated using the path analysis method and the bootstrap method software (AMOS-24) was used to test indirect relationships.
Findings: The findings of this study showed that both indirect pathways of the function of the family of Origen on depression and marital quality were confirmed through emotional maturity at a significance level of less than 0.05. But the two indirect paths of the effect of perception of parents' marriage on depression and marital quality through emotional maturity were significantly greater than 0.05, so they are not confirmed.
Conclusions: The results showed that the direct pathways of the family of origin to emotional maturity, the function of the family of origin and depression, the function of the family of origin to marital quality, emotional maturity and depression, emotional maturity to marital quality and perception of parents' Marriage to marital quality were statistically significant. Therefore, it is necessary for family therapy and couple therapy specialists to pay attention to predictor variables and their effect on improving marital relations and family institution.

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Aim and Background: Epidemiology of psychological problems of children with type 1 diabetes is particularly important due to the ever-increasing prevalence of its sufferers in the world and difficult and stressful conditions of living with this disease and also the long-term negative effects it can have on the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual development of people. Because knowing the current condition of these children is essential for any psychological planning and intervention; the present study was conducted with the aim of epidemiology of psychological problems of children with type 1 diabetes.
Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 100 children aged 8 to 12 years with type 1 diabetes in Isfahan province who were cared for in medical centers of the University of Medical Sciences in 2022 were investigated. Psychological problems including emotional-behavioral problems were measured by Children's Behavior Inventory (CBCL). The data was analyzed through SPSS software version 26 and with descriptive (mean, standard deviation and percentage) and inferential (chi-square, one-sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance) indicators.
Findings: 68.7% of children examined in this research had psychological problems at the clinical level (55.2%) or borderline (13.5%).Some psychological problems were significantly related to gender and economic and educational level of the family (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions: Children with type 1 diabetes have internalized psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, somatization, as well as externalized problems such as rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors at the clinical and borderline levels. It is necessary to design and implement a context by strengthening the relationship between the medical team and the consultants to facilitate the acceptance of life with diabetes and help the children and their families express emotions properly.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the level of risk-taking, sensation - seeking and impulsivity of girl and boy adolescents based on the level of influence of peers.
Method: The method of the present research was of fundamental type according to the research objective and according to the method of data collection it was of descriptive type and causal-comparative research. In line with the purpose of the study, among all adolescents aged 18-14 years in Tabriz, a sample of 327 people was selected by available sampling method. To collect data used from Peer Influence Resistance Questionnaire (1), Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale (2), Arent Sensation–Seeking Scale (3) and Barat Impulsivity Questionnaire 11 th edition (4). Also, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software.
Results: Data analysis using multivariate factor analysis of variance showed that the level of risk-taking of adolescents based on the influence of peers is higher than the peer resistance group. Also, the level of risk-taking of boys is higher than girls based on influence by peers. But there was no difference in the sensation-seeking and impulsivity of girl and boy adolescents based on the level of influence from peers.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that peers have a high impact on risk-taking, excitement and impulsiveness of teenagers. Therefore, it is suggested to hold training classes for teenagers and their families about the importance of friendships during adolescence and the impact of friendship during this period on risky behaviors.

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Aim and Background: One of the common problems in type 2 diabetes patients with depression symptoms is emotional distress, which causes many negative consequences for these people, so present study was conducted to comparison of the effectiveness of Autobiographical Memory Specificity training and acceptance and commitment therapy to the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression.
Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a follow-up period of three months. The statistical population of the study included people with type 2 diabetes and depression who were referred to medical centers in Isfahan city in the first six months of 1400. The final sample of the study included 50 Patients with type 2 diabetes and depression, who were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental groups received training on personalization of historical memory (8 sessions of 90 minutes) and therapy based on acceptance and commitment (7 sessions of 90 minutes) separately during two months. This is even though the control group did not receive the interventions and was waiting to receive these interventions. The tools used included an emotional distress questionnaire. Data analysis was done by software (SPSS-23) and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test.
Findings: The results showed that Autobiographical Memory Specificity training and acceptance and commitment therapy have a significant effect on the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression (p<0.001). Also, the follow-up test results indicated no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments on emotional distress (p≤0.05).
Conclusions: The research findings indicated that therapists could use the Autobiographical Memory Specificity and acceptance and commitment therapy to reducing the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression.

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Aim and Background: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders that includes all groups of society in every age group and its prevalence is different according to age and gender in different societies, so the aim of this research is the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system on cognitive reactivity and The symptoms of depressed patients were reduced.
Methods and Materials: The current research was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all depressed patients referred to psychiatric and psychological treatment centers in Urmia city in the first five months of 2022, and 30 people were selected from this population by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Scale (1961) and the Linden Depression Susceptibility Index (2003) in all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis methods with the help of SPSS24 software.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of cognitive reactivity and depressive symptoms between the experimental and control groups (P<0.01). In other words, cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system was effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistently depressed patients (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of the research show that the psychotherapy system of cognitive behavioral analysis is effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistent depressed patients, and therefore it can be used in clinical interventions for the treatment of persistent depression.

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Aim and Background: This is a descriptive correlational study of the type of structural equation conducted aiming at investigating the structural model of attitude towards body image based on the Achievement Identity Status with the mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance among adolescent girls.
Methods and Materials: The study’s statistical population included all adolescent girls studying in the secondary level in Isfahan city in the academic year 2020-2019, 567 of whom were chosen by cluster random sampling, so that one of the six districts of education in Isfahan (District 5) was randomly selected and among the schools of this district, six schools and from each school, five classes (30 classes in total) were randomly selected and asked to participate in the study. To collect data, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2), sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and unconditional self-acceptance questionnaire (USAQ) were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with AMOS.
Findings: According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between the variables of identity status, sociocultural attitude towards appearance, and self-acceptance and attitude towards body image. Moreover, the findings revealed the effect of the achievement identity status on the attitude towards body image by mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance, and among adolescent girls, the proposed model has a good fit.
Conclusions: The identity status affects the type of people’s attitude towards their body image as their first experienced ego by mediating role of the sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance; hence, to improve the people’s attitude towards their body image, counseling centers, beauty centers, and schools are suggested to consider the aforementioned variables.

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Aim and Background: Persistence is one of the capabilities that weakens under the influence of anxiety; But by modifying the parenting style, this ability can be strengthened; Therefore, the aim of present study was to compare the effectiveness of parent management training and positive psychology parenting on the persistence of adolescent girls with anxiety disorders.
Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental. The research community was formed by adolescent girls aged 13 to 15 years with anxiety symptoms who referred to the psychological centers of Isfahan in 2024 with their mothers. From this society, 60 people were selected purposive sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and one control group and pre-test were conducted. The research tools were Duckworth and Quinn (2009) persistence questionnaire and Spielberger (1970) anxiety questionnaire. Mothers in the first experimental group received parenting management training and second experimental group received positive psychology parenting training in the form of 12 weekly 90-minute sessions. The results analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS 26.
Findings: In persistence variable, time factor (p>0.001, F=27.675), group factor (p>0.001, F=10.324) and time and group interaction (p>0.001, F=8.861) F) are significant. Also, in the post-test and follow-up stage, there is no significant difference between the two training groups in the average of the persistence variable (p≤0.05) but there is a significant difference between the experimental groups with the control group
Conclusions: Parental management training and positive psychology parenting are effective interventions to increase the persistence of adolescents with anxiety.

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Aim and Background: Shame is one of the human emotions related to many mental disorders. However, there is no reliable tool in Persian that measures both internal and external shame simultaneously. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Internal and External Shame Questionnaire in students.
Methods and Materials: The research design was descriptive-correlational, More precisely, it was the validation of the test. The statistical population comprised students of  University of Tabriz in the academic year 2023-2024. Considering the number of variables, 340 individuals were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data collection was conducted using Ferreira et al.'s (2020) Internal and External Shame Questionnaire (EISS). Data analysis included assessments of internal consistency, confirmatory factor validity, construct validity, convergent validity, and the correlation of each item's score with other items. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and Amos version 22 software.
Findings: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the scale has a two-factor structure and possesses good confirmatory validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.71 for internal shame, 0.78 for external shame, and 0.85 for the total scale. Additionally, the average variance extracted (AVE) for scale factors and the composite reliability index (CR) demonstrated that the questionnaire has acceptable construct validity and convergent validity.
Conclusions: In general, the 8-item questionnaire for internal and external shame shows an acceptable fit with the data, and the goodness-of-fit indicators confirm its validity. Therefore, it can be used as a valid tool to assess internal and external shame in students.

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Aim and Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common endocrine disease in children that can have significant physical and psychological consequences for the individual and their family. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Mentalization-Based Treatment for Children (MBT-C) on reflective function and emotional awareness in children with T1D.
Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with two experimental and control groups, and a two-month follow-up period, children with T1D who referred to the pediatric endocrinology clinic were included. The study participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group received MBT-C in ten 60-minute sessions, as well as 30-minute weekly sessions with their mothers. The control group received no intervention during this period and was on the waiting list. In the pretest stage, both groups completed the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire and the Emotional Awareness Questionnaire. After the treatment sessions, both groups completed the questionnaires in the posttest and follow-up stages, and the results were compared.
Findings: In this study, 30 children with T1D were evaluated in the experimental and control groups. The results of repeated-measures ANOVA showed that mentalization treatment for children had a significant effect on improving reflective functioning and emotional awareness in 8-12-year-old children with T1D, and the treatment effects were maintained in the follow-up stage p<0.001.
Conclusions: The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of MBT-C in improving reflective functioning and emotional awareness in children with T1D. These positive effects were also stabilized after the completion of the treatment. MBT-C helps children develop self-awareness and self-regulation, enabling them to better identify and manage their emotions. This highlights the importance and application of MBT-C in the effective management of chronic childhood diseases such as T1D.