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Aim and Background: How to allocate resources during development and its underlying motives provide developmental psychologists with understanding about fairness development. By age 4, children's social understanding of self and others is increased. This allows children to decide how to allocating resources towards others. As child develops considering fairness or self-interest concerns matters during allocating resources. This study aimed to examine resource allocation development in 4-6-year-old children in advantageous inequality and disadvantageous inequality conditions.

Methods and Materials: This was a correlational study with the population of all 4-6-year-olds from kindergartens in 4 region of Tehran in years 1395-1396. One hundred and two participants aged 4 (n=34, 17 girls), 5 (n=36, 18 girls) and 6 (n=32, 16 girls) were selected through a clustered sampling. Participants were asked to distribute resources in with cost-advantageous/disadvantageous and without cost-advantageous conditions.

Findings: Results showed that children more allocated resources in with cost disadvantageous condition as compared to other conditions (p<0.05). Across age groups, 4-year-old children significantly shared more resources in disadvantageous condition (p<0.05). 6-year-old girls allocated more resources when compared to boys.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that self-interest seems to be the main motives in allocating resource of 4-6-year-old children in advantageous and disadvantageous conditions. In addition, during 4-6-years of old children do not use fairness consideration in their decisions about resources.

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Aim and Background: In recent years, university students' mental health issues have attracted much attention in scientific societies, and many studies have been carried out to improve the mental health of the student population. Depression and suicidal behaviors are among the common problems of mental health in university students. Evidence shows that these problems, in combination with each other, carry a large amount of physical, psychological, social, political and economic costs to the society. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the issues of prevalence, pathology, diagnosis, consequences, prevention and treatment of depressive disorder and suicidal behaviors in this society.

Findings: Review of past research has shown that depression (10-85%) and suicide (suicidal thoughts ranging from 2.6 to 42.7% and suicide rates of 1.8 to 3.5%) are among the most common mental health problems of university students. In addition, the findings show that, despite the high prevalence of these problems, the identification, prevention and intervention of depression and suicide among students have not been successful. The most important reasons are the diverse and varied clinical presentation of students' depression, student's special stresses, certain areas of student performance that are affected by depression, and rejecting professional assistance. Also, mental health management programs at universities do not have the integrity and precision necessary to control these problems.

Conclusions: Considering these cases, it is necessary to pay special attention to depression and suicide in the mental health management programs and to provide comprehensive and coherent evaluations in the areas of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of these problems.

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Aim and Background: Insomnia is a prevalent health problem characterized by difficulties in sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, or early morning awakenings. In comparison to other sleep disorders, research on etiology of insomnia is in its early stages. The aim of the current study is a brief review of the most important cognitive and behavioral models of insomnia and their therapeutic implications.

Findings: Several behavioral and cognitive models of insomnia tend to focus on different aspects as the start point of the process. Although each model provides a unique perspective of the insomnia, they best viewed as complementary rather than mutually exclusive. These models can be used to guide planning effective treatments for chronic insomnia.

Conclusions: Although different models of insomnia present a better understanding of the complex and multidimensional nature of the disorder, each one of the models has its specific strengths and weaknesses. A comprehensive model incorporates core components of existing models into one model is warranted.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that the conditions and characteristics of subcultures can be one of the causes of addiction and drug use, and the study of psychosocial factors in any society can clarify the characteristics of that culture and provide clues about its problems. Society is especially addicted; therefore, this study seeks to understand and identify the psychosocial factors of subcultures related to drug use.
Methods and Materials: The study is qualitative and grounded in theory. The city of Isfahan was selected as a research pilot. Variables and categories were extracted from 32 interviews that were validated by professors and subject matter experts. Out of 18 pivotal categories, 5 main categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences were identified.
Findings: Substance abuse is associated with "practical-emotional dependence", "social exclusion" and "deviant subculture". People in their addictive lifestyle suffer from a kind of separation from society. Continuity of membership in the deviant subculture is considered as the only capital of the addicted person and provides the ground for the formation of more deviant and deviant behaviors. Consequences will include: persistence of addiction, psychosocial decline, formation of new negative values, subculture of discrete support and trust in the face of intergroup distrust.
Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that social and emotional support of addicts and helping them to quit drugs prevents them from being absorbed into aggressive and delinquent subcultures. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in other societies.