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Background and Aim: Some personality characteristics have been associated with success orientedness and may play a role in eliciting, organizing and perpetuating behaviors which pave the way toward success. Also personality characteristics have been found to influence in tendency to and capacity of group directorship and management. Little is known about those relationships in our socio-cultural background. This study aimed to examine the relationship between personality characteristics and occupational success in the managers of a governmental organization. Method & Materials: Eighty managers were selected among senior managers of a governmental organization through simple randomization. Occupational Success Scale were administered and based on their scores on this scale, participants were then assigned to two 30-person groups of namely successful and unsuccessful managers. Cattle Personality Scale as well as Occupational Success Scale was administered to all participants. Findings: The mean age of participants was 40. Most of them had a bachelor's degree of education. No correlation was found between demographic characteristics and occupational success. Successful managers had a significantly higher mean score of self-control and nonsignificantly higher mean scores of warmth, emotional stability, superego strength, social assertiveness, delicacy & self-efficiency. They also had a significantly lower mean score of dependence. Both groups of managers had high mean scores of extroversion and this was nonsignificantly higher in successful managers. Both groups had also low mean scores of anxiety. Conclusion: Some personality characteristics like self-control and lower levels of dependency are associated with occupational success in managers. These factors can be considered in the process of managers' employment and also in their continuous education programs.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Evaluation of cognition is fundamental for every comprehensive epilepsy program. We sought to conduct this study to assess memory state of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy before decision for epilepsy surgery. Method and Materials: In a case-control study, 20 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 20 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy were selected using convenience sampling in Kashani hospital, Iran and 20 normal person as a control group were randomly selected; the Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to them. The results were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Findings: In mental control, logical memory, digit span and visual memory subscales, significant differences were obtained between right-left temporal lobe epilepsy and control group (P < 0.001). However there was not a statistically difference between right lobe temporal epilepsy and left temporal lobe epilepsy in 7 subscales. Conclusions: Our findings indicated the ability of Wechsler Memory Scale to differentiate temporal lobe epilepsy.

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Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigatethe psychometric properties of the Trait Hope Scale and its relation with psychological well-being of Iranian university students. Methods and Materials: In this descriptivesurvey, 191 students of Hamadan Islamic Azad University (mean age: 24.17 &plusmn; 4.30 years; range: 18-45 years) were selected through stratified randomsampling.The participants completed Snyder&#039;s Trait Hope Scaleand State Hope Scale, Riff&#039;s Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Inventory. Data was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach&#039;s alpha and split-half methods via SPSS 16 and LISREL 8.5 . Findings: Cronbach&#039;s alpha (0.83), split-half coefficient (0.80), divergent validity (with Beck Hopelessness Scale,-0.20), and criterion validity (with Snyder State Hope Scale, 0.55) were significant (P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the 12-item Hope Scale for adults had one latent factor thatexplained 47% of the scale variance. Firstorder confirmatory factor analysis indicated that 8items of the scalehad high factor loadings on one latent factor.Univariate model appropriately fitted with the data (adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, normed fit index = 0.98). In addition, there was a significant relation between trait hope and psychological well-being (r = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The Trait Hope Scale has high reliability and validity and thus can be usedinfuture research.

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Aim and Background: Today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases. Previous researches indicate the effect of lifestyle on the increased incidence of the disease. The purpose of the study was to assess the efficiency of lifestyle modification training on psychological symptoms and glycemic control among patients with type II diabetes. Methods and Materials: This was an experimental clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design, control group, and follow-up period. The statistical population included all patients with type II diabetes referred to the Glands and Metabolism Research Center in the Medical Science University of Isfahan, Iran, in 2013. Accordingly, a sample of 42 diabetics was selected using convenience sampling and they were randomly allocated to experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 21) groups. The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and blood test for HbA1c were utilized in pre-test, post-test, and 3 months after the intervention (follow-up). The study was implemented during 6 months. The interventions were performed in the experimental group within 8 weekly sessions lasting 90 minutes for 2 months. The data were analyzed using MANCOVA in SPSS software. Findings: Lifestyle modification training had significant effects on psychological symptoms (on physical complaints, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal obsessive disorder (IOD), depression, anxiety, aggression, paranoid, and melancholia, except phobia), blood sugar levels of patients with type II diabetes at post-test and follow-up stages (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, it can be concluded that lifestyle modification training is effective on the reduction of mean psychological symptoms scores and blood sugar levels in patients with type II diabetes. In addition, planning and holding educational courses according to the educational package of the present study is effective on the improvement of these patients. Thus, it is suggested that the efficacy of this intervention be evaluated in other chronic illnesses. Moreover, the results of this study can be exploited by doctors, nutritionists, counselors, and psychologists.

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Aim and Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most common type of anxiety disorder and has high rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Sever anxiety is the main diagnostic criteria for GAD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in female second grade high school students with GAD. Methods and Materials: The present experimental study was conducted with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female second grade students of high schools in Izeh, Iran, in the academic year of 2015-2016. Screening was conducted and 302 participants completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaires (PSWQ), then, 40 individuals with GAD were identified and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instrument used in this study was the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The experimental group received 10 sessions of self-compassion training lasting 90 minutes, 1 session per week, for 2 months. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential tests such as ANCOVA. Findings: The results showed that self-compassion training significantly decreased self-blame, rumination, and catastrophising, from among maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, in the experimental group. From among adaptive emotion regulation strategies, it only effected positive reappraisal in the experimental group. Conclusions: Based on the results, it can be concluded that cognitive self-compassion training is an important factor in reducing some maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in students with GAD.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the reduction of adjustment disorder in elderly individuals. Methods and Materials: This was a semi-experimental and empirical study. The statistical population consisted of elderly individuals referring to daily rehabilitation centers and the Institute of Jahan Didegan in Tehran, Iran, for treatment and promotion of their psychological status. Subjects were selected via simple random and convenience sampling method. First, the Critical Life Event Inventory (CIEI) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were completed through clinical interviews. Then, by performing the Bell Adjustment Inventory (BDI), those with adjustment disorder were identified based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-V) criteria. Among the individuals with adjustment disorder, 30 elderly individuals were selected randomly and divided into 2 groups (N = 15 in each) of cognitive-behavior therapy (experimental) and control (waiting list). Finally, the posttest and 1-month fallow-up were conducted for both groups. Findings: ANOVA and Tukey test results revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean posttest and follow-up scores of the cognitive-behavioral therapy group on the reduction of adjustment disorder in elderly individuals (P = 0.001). Conclusions: CBT was effective on reducing adjustment disorder in elderly individuals.

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Aim and Background: The concept of wisdom and its other equivalents have an important place in Islamic sciences, psychology, and psychiatry because of their determining roles in human health. Therefore, The present study explained and compared this concept in these three resources. Methods and Materials: In this was a review study, after looking up the word "wisdom" in the Arabic, Persian, and English dictionaries, and Quranic Arabic Corpus, the concept was extracted from the perspective of Islamic philosophers, Imams, the Quran, and academic textbooks of psychiatry and psychology. Finally, the common features and points and differences of the concept in the mentioned resources were described. Findings: Wisdom can be described in three perspectives. The Islamic literature has divided wisdom into theoretical and practical and described it as judgment power, preventer of deviation and corruption, the basis of human personality, and a human appraisal criterion in the hereafter. Psychiatry has defined wisdom as having true insight into the self, one’s disorders, and correct judgment in various conditions. In psychological literature, the concept of wisdom is the ability to think and practice based on knowledge, experience, and correct insight. Conclusions: All three resources believe in the gradual evolution of wisdom and consider various factors affecting this evolution. However, in the Islamic view, the concept of the hereafter, as an important and essential concept, has different approaches and perspectives.

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Aim and Background: Depression and anxiety have a significant impact on performance, quality of life, hospitalization duration and treatment result in patients with cancer. The current study aimed to investigate the role of emotional schemas in predicting anxiety and depression in patients with cancer. Methods and Materials: Using convenience sampling, 250 cancer patients admitted to the oncology ward of Rasool Akram Hospital of Tehran, Iran, were selected in the form of a descriptive-analytical design. Data were obtained by emotional schemas scale (ESS), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and Stepwise regression analysis. Findings: There was a significant association between all subscales of emotional schemas with depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Among all emotional schemas, being out of control, strong values, guilt, self-awareness and reasonable effort schemas had the ability to predict depression among patients with cancer. Overall, 38% of the variance and variability of depression were explained by variables of emotional schemas. Also, emotional schemas such as being out of control, scolding, reasonable effort and guilt had a role in predicting anxiety in patients with cancer. In total, 24% of the variance and variability of anxiety was explained by variables of emotional schemas. Conclusions: The emotional schemas play an important role in the prediction of depression and anxiety level in patients with cancer. Therefore, psychological interventions in this field can lead to a reduction in depression and anxiety in these patients through identifying and modifying negative emotional schemas.

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Aim and Background: One of the psychological factors that have complicated relationship with chronic diseases and physical problems is distress and frustration intolerance. The more a person tolerates stressful events, the less he has physical problems. Meanwhile, the mediating role of latent anger in the relationship between frustration intolerance and physical problems as a mechanism of this relationship has been neglected. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of latent anger in the relationship between frustration intolerance and physical problems.
Methods and Materials: The method of present study was non-experimental causal type. The statistical population included all men and women over 18 years of age in 1400. The sample size was 302 people who were selected from the statistical population by convenience sampling. Due to the outburst of Covid-19 disease, sampling was performed in cyberspace. The links to the online questionnaire containing the Failure Tolerance Questionnaire (Harrington, 2005), STAXI-2 State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Spielberger, 1999) and the Physical Symptoms Scale (Hagiwara, 1992) were made available on Instagram, WhatsApp and Telegram virtual networks and the sample group was asked to answer the questions. Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis method were used to investigate the research question. Data were analyzed using version 26 of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-26) and Partial Least Squares-version 4 (Smart PLS 4).
Findings: The results showed that the indirect effects of frustration intolerance on muscular (β=-0.058, P<0.01), general (β=-0.076, P<0.01) and cardiovascular responses (β=-0.075, P<0.01) through latent anger were statistically significant.
Conclusions: The experience of failure beyond tolerance of individuals causes unpleasant emotions such as uncontrolled anger, which in turn causes physiological effects such as increased blood pressure and heart rate, which ultimately damage the cardiovascular system, muscles and general body responses.
Keywords: frustration intolerance, latent anger, physical problems.