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Aim and Background: The aim of this developmental study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Aging Perception Questionnaire (APQ) in the elderly in Tehran, Iran. Methods and Materials: To estimate the psychometric properties of the APQ, 502 individuals (373 subjects aged 60-80 years and 129 subjects aged 50-59 years, and 49.4% men and 50.6% women) in Tehran were selected using convenience sampling. The multidimensional APQ, which consists of two parts, was distributed among the subjects. The first part evaluates the viewpoint about increasing age (aging), and the second part evaluates the experiences related to changes in their health. Findings: Data analysis showed that the internal consistency of the APQ for the first part consisting of 32 items was 0.82 and for the second part consisting of 17 items was 0.88. In addition, the internal consistency of each subscale ranged between 0.63 and 0.81. The stability coefficient for the two parts of the questionnaire was assessed using test-retest over the period of 2 months and was found to be significant for all subscales (P < 0.01). To assess the construct validity, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal components (PC) analysis was used. The sampling adequacy in the two parts was, respectively, 0.871 and 0.728, and the significance of Bartlett test indicated appropriate conditions for factor analysis. Based on these findings, the first part of the APQ was saturated with 7 factors and in total explained 50.24% of the total variance. The second part in the single-factor structure in terms of determination of the experiences of health-related changes was valid that explains about 36.21% of the total variance under these conditions. The significant correlation between scores of APQ components and subscales of the Quality of Life Questionnaire (P < 0.01) represented the criterion-referenced validity of the questionnaire. Conclusions: The findings showed that the APQ had appropriate reliability and validity for assessing perceptions of aging in Iranian elderly.

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Aim and Background: Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus type 2) is a long-term metabolic and physiologic disorder which has a relationship with the pattern of behavior and lifestyle. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy on the reduction of glycated hemoglobin among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: This study was a quasi-experimental research with an experimental and control groups in a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design. The statistical population of the research included all patients with type 2 diabetes, aged from 25-45, who were under treatment in the Diabetes Clinic of Dr. Ganjavian Hospital, Dezful, Iran, and had been diagnosed for at least one year. The sample size consisted of 40 men selected by convenience sampling method. Allocating the individuals in the experimental and control groups was done randomly. Ten group-sessions were held weekly for 2 hours for the experimental group, while the control group was on the waiting list.  In order to examine the changes made by the cognitive therapy program, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was recruited. Findings: Cognitive therapy led to a reduction in glycated hemoglobin of the experimental group in the posttest and follow-up phases. However, the control group did not show a significant change in the posttest as compared to the pre-test. Conclusions: Teaching cognitive therapy can be effective in controlling blood sugar (HbA 1 c) among patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Aim and Background: Art therapy has been known as an innovative way of growth and development of human’s physical, mental, and emotional health. Through the intricate process of painting and drawing, a child would be able to engage discrete elements of his/her experiences to create the totality of a meaningful work. Within this productive mechanism, a child, in format of artwork, is representing something beyond a simple work which is his/her attempts to display a part of his/her ego as well as how he/she thinks feels, and sees. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of painting therapy on of self-esteem and self-efficacy among unaccompanied children of 5-12 years old in Karaj City, Iran. Methods and Materials: This was a semi-experimental study with pretest/posttest method and control group. The sample was 15 boys and 15 girls at the age of 5-12 years who were randomly selected from unsupervised children at Karaj Welfare. Children and adolescents’ self-efficacy questionnaire (SEQ-C), Coopersmith children and adolescents’ self-esteem questionnaire, and the projection painting were utilized as evaluation tools. In order to analyze the data and test the hypothesis, one-way univariate analysis of covariance, and the average evaluation of two independent groups for differential grading were used. Findings: The intervention in research affected the enhancement of unaccompanied children’s general self-esteem, social self-esteem, and self-esteem total score as well as emotional, social, and general self-efficacy. Conclusions: Painting therapy as a psychological intervention could be used as effective strategy to increase self-esteem and self-efficacy in child advocacy centers.

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Aim and Background: Vaginal delivery is one of the most stressful experiences of a mother's life. Therefore, a significant number of pregnant mothers select cesarean delivery as a method of termination of pregnancy to get rid of these conditions. Since one of the important factors in choosing cesarean in pregnant women is fear of labor pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing the fear of labor pain in the way of the reality therapy on the choice of vaginal delivery in pregnant women. Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design, with control group. The statistical sample of study included 39 pregnant women with gestational age ≥4 weeks in Nowshahr city, in Iran. These women had chosen cesarean section method for the termination of pregnancy and were visited for Midwifery Care in the Urban and Rural Health Centers from December of 2017 to March 2018. The sample was selected targeted non-random method and randomly divided into two experimental (20) and control groups (19). The reality therapy was performed in 8 sessions of 90 minute, twice a week for the experimental group. The. Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire (CAQ) was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: After the intervention, the fear of labor pain in the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group (p<.05). The scores of fear of labor pain in women who decided to undergo vaginal delivery after the reality therapy showed no significant difference with those who continued to perform cesarean section delivery for termination of pregnancy. Conclusions: The result showed that reality therapy can be used to reduce the fear of childbirth.

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Aim and Background: Breast cancer, one of the most important cancers, creates many challenges for women who are suffering from it. The aim of present study the study of the efficacy of Comparison of The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy and acceptance and commitment group therapy on Self-efficacy in breast cancer patients. Methods and Materials: In a semi experimental study, pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group, 60 subjects who were admitted to the study were selected by available sampling method. The subjects were matched on demographic factors and divided in 3 groups of 20 persons. For the group based on acceptance and commitment, 8 training sessions were held and 10 training sessions were held for the group based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, while no intervention was provided for the control group. At the end of the training sessions, The self-efficacy scale (post-test) was performed in each of the 3 groups. Also, 2 months after treatment, 3 groups completed again The self-efficacy scale in the follow up phase. Data analysis was performed using the Repeated Measurement Test and Multivariate Covariance Analysis. Findings: The results demonstrated that both group therapies Improve self-efficacy among patients (P>0.001). Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between two methods in Improve self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer. (P>0.05) Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive - behavioral therapy are effective in Improve self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer.

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Aim and Background: AIDS is a medical and social problem that is unfortunately associated with a high prevalence in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of spirituality therapy on increasing CD⁴ cell and quality of life in AIDS patients.

Methods and Materials: The statistical population included all AIDS patients referred to Shahriar Health Centers in 2018. Thirty patients were selected by Convenience sampling method and were replaced in two groups of 15 each. Participants were assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and blood tests for CD⁴. Subsequently, participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions (90 minutes) of spiritual therapy and the control group received no training. Data were analyzed by using analysis of analysis and SPSS version 23 software.

Findings: The results showed that spirituality therapy had a significant effect on the increase of CD⁴ in AIDS patients, but it did not have a significant effect on the quality of life of them.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the effect of spirituality therapy on CD⁴ is effective. But spirituality has not been effective in improving the quality of life.

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Aim and Background:In recent years in Iran, several studies have examined the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior therapy and Schema therapy  in the field of conflict resolving  and enriching the couple's .relationship.The purpose of this study is to integrate the results of previous research and compare the effectiveness of these interventions on marital quality components.
Materials and Methods:For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a statistical technique to determine, collect, combine and summarize research findings related to the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior therapy and Schema therapy on the components of marital quality of couples.The statistical population of the study includes researches conducted in Iran in the field of mentioned psychotherapies . The statistical sample includes research conducted in this field inside Iran. For this purpose, 19 studies were selected.After reviewing 17 researches that were methodologically acceptable, they were analyzed.The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist and CMA software was used to analyze the data.
Results:The results showed the magnitude of the combined effect of the treatments(P <0.01) was equal to r = 0.629, which is equivalent to z_r = 0.739 and g = 1.557, and according to Cohen's interpretation table means the size of the effect is large or high. Also, the results did not show a significant difference between the effect size of Dialectical Behavior therapy and Schema therapy.                                                                   
Conclusion:Based on the results of this meta-analysis, dialectical behavior therapy and schema therapy are effective in improving the marital quality components of couples.