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Aim and Background: This study seeks the effect of teaching problem solving on self-efficacy and perceived self-efficacy in adolescents.   Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study using three group with pre-test and post-test, on hundred sixty students were randomly selected via multi-stage sampling, and were divided into 64 students of experimental group and 62 students of placebo group and 34 students in the control group. Problem solving was taught to the experimental group in 15 sessions and the placebo group was trained irrelatively in 15 sessions and control group was kept in waiting list. Data were collected through Jeruselem and Schwarzer’s General Self-efficacy Inventory (1995), Self-efficacy in Relationship Inventory of Wheeler and Ladd, (1982) and Perceived Self-efficacy Inventory of Ollendick, (1986). Data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics indices (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Covariance analysis). Results: the mean score of self-efficacy and perceived self-efficacy in the experimental group, demonstrated the increase in post-test compared to that of pre-test.   Conclusion: Teaching problem solving was effective on general self-efficacy and perceived self-efficacy and self-efficacy in relation with peers.

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Aim and Background: Unconsummated marriage (UCM) is a problematic worldwide sexual disorder. It becomes complicated in the societies with conservative sexual norms. Yet there is clear consensus in scientific societies that UCM should be defined as a phenomenon beyond a specific individual, organic and psychological problem. Drawing upon Sexual scripts theory by Gagnon and Simon (1973) this review article aimed to answer a question: "Which socio-sexual scripts out of them the UCM in couples emerged and is maintained?' Methods and Materials: A review was conducted focusing on UCM and the social scripts about wedding night, marriage, intercourse and virginity. Findings: Most of the new published studies were conducted in conservative communities and reported varied etiological factors for UCM, based on the specialty of researchers and referred clinics. Conclusions: It seems that during UCM, mutual transaction between the individual and social norms  in her/his community about vaginal intercourse, is impaired and caused to guilt feeling so may lead to nondisclosure of the problem and make it prolonged. Sexual education for new couples by health care givers may decrease UCM prevalence and its challenges.

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Aim and Background: Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus type 2) is a long-term metabolic and physiologic disorder which has a relationship with the pattern of behavior and lifestyle. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy on the reduction of glycated hemoglobin among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: This study was a quasi-experimental research with an experimental and control groups in a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design. The statistical population of the research included all patients with type 2 diabetes, aged from 25-45, who were under treatment in the Diabetes Clinic of Dr. Ganjavian Hospital, Dezful, Iran, and had been diagnosed for at least one year. The sample size consisted of 40 men selected by convenience sampling method. Allocating the individuals in the experimental and control groups was done randomly. Ten group-sessions were held weekly for 2 hours for the experimental group, while the control group was on the waiting list.  In order to examine the changes made by the cognitive therapy program, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was recruited. Findings: Cognitive therapy led to a reduction in glycated hemoglobin of the experimental group in the posttest and follow-up phases. However, the control group did not show a significant change in the posttest as compared to the pre-test. Conclusions: Teaching cognitive therapy can be effective in controlling blood sugar (HbA 1 c) among patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare positive and negative psychological states between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome, and to investigate the relationship between these psychological factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods and Materials: In this comparative study, the study population consisted of all patients with middle-aged coronary artery disease (35-60 years old) who were enrolled at the Rehabilitation Center of the Cardiology Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from 2012 to 2016. Totally, 61 patients were selected through purposive sampling in September, 2016. They participated in the research by completing some questionnaires including Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Adult Hope Scale (AHS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and performing physiological assessments related to metabolic syndrome. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney, and Pearson correlation tests. Findings: There were significant differences between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome in terms of depression, optimism, hope, and happiness. Moreover, depression, optimism, hope, and happiness had significant relationship with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: The research findings support the link between psychological variables and metabolic syndrome.

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Aim and Background: Today, one-child adolescents form a part of the society and this question comes to mind: Are there any differences in predicting depression between two groups of one-child and multi-child based on predictor variables of stress, resiliency, attachment styles, and family relations? Methods and Materials: This was a correlational study. The statistical population included all high school students from both one-child and multi-child families. The statistical sample included 150 boy and girl students from both groups in Isfahan, Iran. In order to collect data, Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS), Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Collins and Read’s Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and Barnes and Olson’s Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. Findings:  In both groups anxious and avoidance attachment style and stress had a positive significant relationship with depression (P < 0.05). There was a negative significant relationship berween resiliency and depressiom in one-child group (P < 0.05), but this relationship was not significant in multi-child group. No significant correlation was found between secure attachment style and depression in both groups and finally, predicting depression based on predictor variables was very different between two groups; so that, family relations and resiliency predicted lack of depression in one-child group, but in multi-child group, avoidance attachment style predicted depression. Conclusions: Regarding the predictor variables of the present study, being one-child or multi-child makes a difference in predicting depression.

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Aim and Backgrounds : This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive Self-Compassion Training on Reduction of Marital Conflicts among couples who were seeking divorce. Material and Methods : Research method was semi-experimental using pretest, posttest and quarterly follow up with control group .Statistical population consisted of all the couples seeking divorce who were referred to the counseling centers of “ Welfare Organization” “Family Court” and private centers in Shahreza city since  April to October 2017 (N=300 couples). Of these, 30 couples were selected using available sampling. Selection was based on couple’s voluntary agreement to participate in the study, considering the entry indicators and exit criteria. Participants were then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=15). Then Cognitive Self-Compassion Training Program was performed for 10 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week on experimental group. Research instrument was Sanai Martial Conflict Questionnaire Revise (2009). Data were analyzed by mixed analysis variance. Findings : Results indicated that Cognitive Self-Compassion Training significantly decreased marital conflicts of couples in experimental group in comparison of the control group (F=110.108, P=0.001) and this effectiveness has remained stable over the course of the quarterly follow-up (F= 39.40, P= 0.001). Conclusion : Therefore, it can be suggested that applying this intervention can be verified as an effective strategy to reduce the marital conflicts of couples seeking divorce in other counseling centers.

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Aim and Background: Based on different theoretical explanations of the theory of social exchange increasing positive exchanges and decreasing negative exchanges is inherent in all approaches to intervention with couples. This study aimed to study the effect of cognitive self-compassion training on Social exchange styles among couples who were seeking divorce.

Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follows up, as well as the control group. The study population consisted of all the couples seeking divorce who were referred to the counseling centers of Welfare Organization, Family Court and private centers in Shahreza city since April to October 2017 (N=300 couples). The sample included 30 voluntary couples that were randomly divided into two groups control and experimental. In the experimental group 10 training sessions were conducted with an average of 90- minutes.The participants answered to Social Exchange Styles Scale (Leybman et all, 2011) in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow up. Data were analyzed by Mixed Model ANOVA.

Findings: Cognitive self-compassion training had a significant effect on fairness (p<0.035), tracking (p<0.043), benefit-seeking (p<0.001) in the post-test and this effect remains constant after 3- months follow–up. Also the resalts showed in both post-test and follow- up in exprimental group, the mean score of fairness, tracking and benefit-seeking’s women is lower than men that showed cognitive self-compassion training significantly decreased fairness and tracking on women and improved benefit-seeking on men(p<0.001).

Conclusion: Since such training can be used as an effective intervention method to reduce favor equity, accurate monitoring costs and benefit, individualism and to improve overinvestment in exchange relationships between couples.

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Aim and Background: Marital infidelity refers to any emotionally or sexual or virtual relationship beyond the framework of a committed relationship between two spouses, which is one of the most important factors threatening the performance, stability and continuity of married life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to Comparison of the effectiveness of Commitment-Building Counseling Package and Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy on marital boredom and forgiveness of women with virtual infidelity.
Methods and Materials: Research method in terms of applied purpose and in terms of implementation method, quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design of two experimental groups and one group
The witness was accompanied by a follow-up test. From the community of married women with the experience of virtual infidelity in Isfahan, 45 people were selected by the available method and were randomly divided into three groups using the method. Marital boredom questionnaire (Pins, 1996) and interpersonal forgiveness questionnaire (Ehteshamzadeh, 2009) were used. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test.
Findings: The results of the analysis both commitment-making and emotionally-oriented couple therapy methods were effective in reducing marital boredom and forgiveness of women with virtual infidelity, and commitment-building Counseling package had a more significant effect (p<0.05).
Conclusions: According to the obtained results, it seems that the use of both commitment-making and emotion-oriented couple therapy methods to improve marital boredom and forgiveness of women with virtual infidelity experience has been effective and it is suggested to be used as therapeutic and educational approaches.

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Aim and Background: Today, marriage is not simply as past, and young people on the verge of marriage suffer from a fear or concern about marriage and its issues that related to cognitive distortions, maladaptive schemas and coping styles that individuals use against schemas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of schema-based premarital education on fear of marriage and coping styles in single girls in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included student and single girls in Esfahan; The study sample consisted of 30 people who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). Subjects in two stages of pre-test and post-test were Samiei, Yousefi and Neshat Doost (2014) and Young's Schemas Minds (2008). The experimental group received schema-based premarital education as a group during 15 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 23.
Findings: The results of comparison of the experimental group with the control group showed that the function of fear of marriage and coping styles was significantly different from the control group. In other hand, Schematic-based premarital education had a significant effect on fear of marriage and coping styles of single girls (p <0.05).
Conclusions: In general, the results showed the effect of schema-based premarital education on fear of marriage and coping styles of single girls; and it can be used as an important and key intervention in the field of premarital. Also, the results of this research can be used by family and marriage counselors.

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Aim and Background: Today, substance use disorders and their serious consequences are associated with many serious medical and psychiatric problems. In this regard, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy and reality therapy on cognitive disorder and relapse anxiety in addicted patients.
Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The study population included all addicts undergoing treatment referred to specialized clinics for substance abuse treatment in Kerman in 2020. Among them, 45 (24 males and 21 females) were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups: 15 in the first experiment, 15 in the second experiment, and 15 in the control group. The first experimental group received a positivist psychotherapy intervention and the second experimental group received William Glasser reality therapy - each treatment - in 8 sessions of 90 minutes (2 sessions per week) as a group; The control group was placed on a waiting list for two months to receive the most effective intervention. In order to collect data, Mason et al.'s (1994) Cognitive Disorder and Anxiety Return Questionnaire was used to collect data. Fisher's analysis of covariance and post hoc tests were used to analyze the data.
Findings: Findings showed that both positivist psychotherapy and reality therapy are effective in reducing cognitive disturbance and relapse anxiety in addicts; However, there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatments on reducing cognitive disturbance and relapse anxiety (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that positivist psychotherapy is more effective than reality therapy on cognitive disturbance and return anxiety to the addicts under treatment. Tarab returned to the addicts under treatment.

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Aim and Background: Today, the tendency of people, especially women, to perform various cosmetic surgeries has increased, and it is important to identify the causes of this problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional factors in the Botox injection in women referring to skin and hair clinics.
Methods and Materials: Among women referring to skin and hair clinics in Isfahan city in 2020, 60 women applying for Botox injections were selected and 60 normal women were matched with the first group in terms of demographic variables. The participants in the research responded to the beliefs about appearance scale (BAAS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and body image concern inventory (BICI). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminate analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of the dimensions of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, except for the dimension of progress, rumination from the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and dysmorphic concern, are significantly higher in women undergoing Botox injections than normal women. Also, the results of the discriminate analysis showed that rumination from the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and feelings from the dimensions of beliefs about appearance could predict Botox injection in women.
Conclusions: In general, these results showed that rumination and negative feelings towards oneself due to skin folds and wrinkles in women are the most important predictors of Botox injection in women; therefore, these findings can lead to solutions to prevent the tendency of people to apply unnecessary beauty treatments.

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Aim and Background: Psycho-physical disorder is one of the most common medical complaints and a type of debilitating disease that affects different aspects of the patients' personality; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of short-term and intensive emotional-oriented therapy on personality organization in women with somatic psychosis.
Methods and Materials: This study was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up plan with a control group. The target population was all patients with somatic psychosis who referred to the specialized neuropsychiatric clinic in Tehran in 1401. The sample size was determined by referring to Cohen's table. In this way, at the confidence level of 95%, the effect size was 0.30 and the statistical power was 0.83 for each group of 12 people. However, since there was a possibility of some samples dropping out and in order to generalize the results more, the sample size was determined to be 15 people in each group. In the first step, 30 people were selected by available sampling method, and in the second step, these 30 people were replaced in two experimental groups (15 people) and a control group (15 people) in a simple random way (by lottery). The data were obtained using Kernberg Stipo questionnaire (2003) and Nef self-compassion questionnaire (2003) and 15 treatment sessions were performed according to Dovanlo's treatment protocol.
Findings: The results of the study indicated the impact of intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy on the dimensions of self-compassion and personality organization in patients with somatic psychosis (P<0.001).
Conclusions: According to the results, specialists active in the psychophysical field, especially the psycho-physical field, can consider the use of emotion-oriented methods and intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of these people, along with other treatments.

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Aim and Background: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and Pathological Dimensions of Personality with The body dysmorphic symptoms was carried out through the mediation of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance.
Methods and Materials: The current research was descriptive and  based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population; all the students of the second secondary level of the five districts of Tabriz in the academic year of 1402-1403 were selected by available sampling method in the number of 396 people and answered  questionnaires of body dysmorphic symptoms (Oosthuizen et al.), schemas Yang's early maladaptive (short form), Pathological Dimensions of Personality (PID-5), Social-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance (SATAQ-3) and Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity (Park). SPSS software was used to calculate descriptive and correlation indices, and AMOS software was used to model structural equations.
Findings: Based on the results in the modified model of the research, all the hypothesized direct paths, except for the path of Pathological Dimensions of Personality to body dysmorphic symptoms (effect size: 0.11 and P: 0.09), have a significant positive and direct effect (P<0.05). In addition, the mediating role of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and Pathological Dimensions of Personality with body dysmorphic symptoms is at a significant level (P< 0.01).
Conclusions: The results show that early maladaptive schemas and pathological dimensions of personality can predict the formation of body dysmorphic symptoms based on the mediating mechanisms of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance among teenagers.