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Introduction: The aim of this survey was to assess psychometric properties of GHQ-28 in Iranian psychiatric population and appropriating it as a screening instrument for assessing general health in this population. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on 80 psychiatric patients and 80 matched normal participants. The assessments consisted of a psychiatrist’s interview based on DSM.IV criteria, and administration of GHQ-28 and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed using factor, discrimination and regression analysis methods, as well as Pearson’s correlation co-efficient, Spearman- Brown’s and Guttmann’s split tests.  Findings: Four factors were extracted from the GHQ-28, of which the first three explained the most percenttage of variance. Clinical cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity and classification error were found to be 24, 0.80, 0.99, 0.10 respectively. Criterion validity Chronbach's alpha and split reliability co-efficient were found to be 0.78, 0.97 and 0.90 respectively.  Discussion: Factor analysis revealed that the four factors which are the basics in this questionnaire have a high internal consistency. The calculated optimal clinical cut-off point for screening general health in Iranian population was 24 which ensure optimal psychometric indices. Coefficients of criterion validity, structural validity and reliability showed that GHQ-28 is one of the most valid instruments for screening general health. 

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Aim and Background: This research aimed to compare the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and Islamic-based spiritual-religious psychotherapy on reducing overt anxiety level of male students residing in dormitory. Methods and Materials: This clinical trial study used Cattell's anxiety questionnaire to identify anxious students. Afterwards, 45 students from Allame Tabatabaie University selected and randomly assigned into 3 groups of cognitive behavioral therapy, spiritual-religious psychotherapy, and control. They received therapeutic methods in the form of groups for two hours per week (12 sessions). Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that no significant difference between the two therapeutic methods in reducing anxiety levels. In fact, both methods were significantly effective in reducing overt anxiety of students. Conclusions: Islamic-based spiritual-religious psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce overt anxiety.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The Zuckerman &ndash; Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire is an instrument measuring personality traits. It is designed according to Zuckerman&rsquo;s Alternative Five Factor Personality Model (FFM). The present research aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of a version of the Zuckerman &ndash; Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire which contains 50 items. Method and Materials: The research design was descriptive correlational. The sample, including 508 individuals (308 females and 200 males), were selected and tested via stratified random sampling from among the students of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University. To analyze the factor structure of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis method was used and its principal components were examined. Discriminant and Concurrent validity and Test-Retest reliability, Alpha Cronbach, Split-Half and ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) were&nbsp; also used. &nbsp; Findings: Questionnaire&rsquo;s Test-Retest reliability coefficient&nbsp; proved to be 0.79. Alpha Cronbach, Split-Half coefficient, and ICC proved to be 0.64, 0.68 and 60/0 (p<0.000) respectively. The five following factors were extracted via exploratory factor analysis with Varimax Rotation: Neuroticism &ndash; Anxiety, Sensation Seeking, Activity, Sociability and Aggression &ndash; Hostility. Concurrent Validity of the Questionnaire has been studied through correlational analysis with EPQ. The Results demonstrated a correlation between ZKPQ-50-CC and EPQ. The result of discriminant validity demonstrated that ZKPQ and its factors (except the Activity factor) could thoroughly distinguish those who obtained high mark from those who obtained low mark in N,E,P factors of Eysenck&#039;s questionnaire. Conclusions: The Results indicate that the Zuckerman &ndash; Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) enjoys desirable psychometric properties in Iranian society and can be used in psychological researches.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD symptoms and its association with sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) among freshmen of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Methods and Materials: The statistical population of this descriptive cross-sectional study, was all freshmen (3272 students) of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad by Census method completed the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (BAARS). The data were analysed using Z scores, chi-square, and Pearson correlation test. Findings: The results showed that the prevalence of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity were 192 (5.9 percent), 281 (8.6 percent), and 189 (5.8 percent), respectively. In other words, according to total scores of BAARS, 217 (6.6 percent) of all university freshmen (100 females and 117 males) suffering from ADHD. In addition, comparing to hyperactivity and impulsivity the results of correlation analysis showed that there was a higher correlation between attention deficit and sluggish cognitive tempo (r=0.73). Conclusions: The high prevalence of ADHD symptoms among students, showed that the necessity of prevention and treatment programs for this disorder.

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Aim and Background: The literature review shows that the rate of relapse is high in patients with substance use disorders, even after participating in related pharmacological treatments. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) on relapse rate in opioid dependents. Methods and Materials: This randomized controlled clinical trial was per&shy;formed in 2015 in Kashan, Iran. The population was opioid dependent patients referred to maintenance treatment centers in Kashan. Seventy patients were selected by convenient sampling and were randomly assigned in two groups (MBRP and control). The case group was trained MBRP in 8 sessions and control group received no intervention. Morphine was tested in both groups in pre-test and post-test and follow-up (one month after the post-test) to measure relapse rate. Data were analyzed using SPSS and t-tests for comparing the mean age between the two groups and chi-square test to compare the other demographic variables such as employment status, education level, history of abuse and marital status as well as relapse rate of the two groups. Findings: Significant differences were observed between intervention and control groups for relapse rate (P < 0.050). Conclusions: Mindfulness-based relapse prevention program can be an effective intervention on substance abuse and relapse prevention.

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- Aim and Background: Given the dangerous consequences that addiction to the internet has for adolescent individuals, the issue of internet addiction and its implications for the individual, family and social life of a teenager is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of internet addiction in social health of adolescents. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive and survey-based study. For this purpose, among all secondary school students in Ahar city (3767), based on the Morgan table, a sample of 348 students in two boys (177) and girl (171) were randomly selected using random sampling method The relative class was chosen. Participants completed Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Social Health Questionnaire (SHQ). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and standard regression. Findings: The mean (SD) of age participants was 16.3 (0.47), and the rate of social network use among the participants with a mean (SD) 3.38 (3.76). The mean (SD) of social flourishing 18.74(1.03) (r = -0.545), social correlation 13.74(0.78), (r = -0.129), social solidarity13.30 (1.52) (r = -0.417), social acceptance 22.47(1.95) (r = -0.378) and social participation 22.41(1.76) (r = -0.396) were internet addiction 41.16(7.92) was (p<0.05) and social health components could significantly predict addiction to the internet. Conclusion: The study showed that higher levels of internet addiction could be effective in reducing social health. Therefore, in order to reduce the problems and prevent the emergence of new birth defects, such as internet addiction, health promotion and other prevention methods should be prioritized.

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Aim and Background: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and Pathological Dimensions of Personality with The body dysmorphic symptoms was carried out through the mediation of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance.
Methods and Materials: The current research was descriptive and  based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population; all the students of the second secondary level of the five districts of Tabriz in the academic year of 1402-1403 were selected by available sampling method in the number of 396 people and answered  questionnaires of body dysmorphic symptoms (Oosthuizen et al.), schemas Yang's early maladaptive (short form), Pathological Dimensions of Personality (PID-5), Social-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance (SATAQ-3) and Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity (Park). SPSS software was used to calculate descriptive and correlation indices, and AMOS software was used to model structural equations.
Findings: Based on the results in the modified model of the research, all the hypothesized direct paths, except for the path of Pathological Dimensions of Personality to body dysmorphic symptoms (effect size: 0.11 and P: 0.09), have a significant positive and direct effect (P<0.05). In addition, the mediating role of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and Pathological Dimensions of Personality with body dysmorphic symptoms is at a significant level (P< 0.01).
Conclusions: The results show that early maladaptive schemas and pathological dimensions of personality can predict the formation of body dysmorphic symptoms based on the mediating mechanisms of Rejection Sensitivity and Social-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance among teenagers.

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Aim and Background: Many attempts have been made to determine the nature of crime based on psychological, sociological, and cultural variables. This study seeks to answer whether dark personality traits and dimensions of temperament and character affect criminal behaviors through self-control.
Methods and Materials: The research method is descriptive-correlational modeling of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study was all adolescents aged 13 to 17 years in Khorramabad city in 2023. The sample consisted of 350 adolescents who were selected by cluster sampling method and responded to the Dark Personality Questionnaire (Paulus & Jones, 2011), the Temperament and Character Inventory of Adan et al. (2009), the Self-Control Questionnaire of Tangney et al. (2004), and Adapted Self-Report Delinquency Scale Pechorro and et al (2019). Using AMOS 24 and SPSS 26 software, structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed model.
Findings: The correlation coefficient results showed a positive and significant relationship between the dark personality triad and the behaviors of juvenile offenders (P<0.001). The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between novelty and harm avoidance with criminal behaviors (P<0.001) and there is a negative and significant relationship between the rewards of dependence, perseverance, self-direction, cooperation, and self-transcendence with criminal behaviors (P<0.001). The results of structural equation modeling showed that dark personality traits and temperament and character dimensions explain 30% of the variance of self-control. Finally, 43% of the variance in criminal behaviors is explained by dark personality traits, temperament and character dimensions, and self-control.
Conclusions: According to the results, it can be concluded that dark personality traits and dimensions of temperament and character have an indirect effect on the behaviors of juvenile offenders through weak self-control skills.  Therefore, it is suggested that social harm prevention programs focus on self-control and self-control skills

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Aim and Background: The personal evaluation of mothers with children who have learning disabilities is crucial for their psychological well-being in stressful situations. This study aimed to predict how these mothers assess crises based on their cognitive flexibility and explore the mediating role of their spiritual beliefs.
Methods and Materials: The research employed a descriptive-correlational path analysis method. 202 mothers of children with learning disabilities participated in the study, which took place in 2021 and 2022. These mothers were referred to learning disorder centers in the Baran and Sahel areas of Hamedan province. Data collection utilized several tools, including the personal assessment questionnaire for family crisis (Elson et al., 1981), the cognitive flexibility questionnaire (Dennis and Vanderwaal, 2010), and the religiosity/spirituality assessment from the National Institutes of Health of the United States (1999). All analyses were performed using Amos and SPSS version 24 software.
Findings: The results indicated that cognitive flexibility significantly positively affects spiritual beliefs (P< 0.01, β= 0.65). Additionally, spiritual beliefs positively and significantly influence personal evaluation (P< 0.01, β = 0.63). However, the direct impact of cognitive flexibility on personal evaluation was found to be insignificant (P > 0.05). Nonetheless, the indirect effect of cognitive flexibility on personal evaluation was significant (P< 0.01, β= 0.40).
Conclusions: The findings of this study provide valuable insights for counselors working with exceptional children, helping them enhance the effectiveness of their supportive interventions for mothers of children with learning disabilities. These improvements are facilitated through strategies focused on increasing cognitive flexibility, strengthening spiritual beliefs, and fostering positive self-evaluation.