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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: A chronic illness, such as diabetes mellitus, creates changes in the life style and requires constant adjustment. The onset of a chronic illness can be a stressful event in any life stage including adolescence.. The interaction between the illness related problems and the psychosocial changes associated with normal adolescence makes it difficult for the patient to cope with the chronic illness in a constructive way.. Poor adherence to medical treatment and poor drug compliance are common concerns of the families and physicians dealing with diabetic adolescents. It is of an urgent importance to study effective, culturally appropriated interventions which focus on the high-risk diabetic adolescents with severe adherence difficulties and/or chronically poor metabolic control . Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (Experimental design). The sample consisted of sixty randomly selected male and female diabetic adolescents living in Esfahan, with an age range between 12 to 18 years old. They were randomly assigned to four groups with different subjects of training including: personal self-efficacy, communication skills, both subjects and no training (control group). The scale of self-efficacy in diabetes and Family Assessment Device (FAD) were then administered to all participants. Treatment adherene was also evaluated using laboratory tests for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) index. Data were analysed using the one-way Analysis of the Variance (one-way ANOVA). Findings: Significant difference was found between the groups regardind the scores of self-efficacy (F=3.725, P=0.017), FAD (F=4.151, P=0.01) and communication (F=8.302, P=0.000), as well as HbA1c results (F=3.088, P=0.035). Discussion: For preventing the short and the long term side effects of the diabetes mellitus, patients’ treatment adherence should be improved. Psychological interventions for enhancing self-efficacy and improving communication skills can be effective in this respect.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction : Youth and adolescence are important periods of human life. The time duration of using internet and virtual spaces is being increased among this age group. This study examined the identity status and mental health in three groups of Tehran University students using internet and virtual spaces. Methods and Materials : In a cross sectional study, 200 19-30 years old students selected via quota sampling from various faculties of Tehran University. Demographic questionnaire, Ego Identity scale, National Identity Scale, Religious Identity Scale and GHQ (General Health Questionnaire) were administered; then the participants were distributed in three group; namely: over users (spend 20-40 hours per week using internet and virtual spaces), moderate users (5-10 hours per week), and rare users (seldom use these media). Then they were compared regarding their mean scores of the administered scales. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10 using ANOVA and follow up Sheffe test. Results : No significant difference was considered in ego identity scores of the three groups (F = 3.2, p Conclusion: In this study, national and religious identity scores as well as mental health status scores were obviously lower in the over users group. Prolonged time usage of internet and virtual spaces may be associated with poorer mental health status as well as, defects in some identity aspects. Key word : Identity, Mental health, Students, Internet.

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Background &Aime: Consider to importance of happiness in life, the research was accomplished to qualify role of gender, native, religiosity and family function in prediction of students&#039; happiness of Tabriz Medical Science University. Material and Methods: This research was correlation-descriptive study. The statistical population included all students of Tabriz Medical Science University who were studying in the spring semester of 2009; 372 students were chosen by the multi-stage cluster random sampling method and they accomplished Family Assessment Device (FAD), Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) and Religiosity Through Reliance On Islam Assessment Scale (RRIAS). Their age, gender and native were asked. Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression statistical methods were used for analyzing data. Results: There are significant correlation between family function and also, religiosity through reliance on Islam with happiness (P<0.01); factors of gender, roles, native, religiosity and relationship predict 32 % variance of happiness (P<0.01). Predictor variables Beta coefficients show that gender is most important predictor for happiness. Conclusion: students who live with their family are happier than who don&rsquo;t live and similarly males are happier than females. Students who have adaptive family function, tendency and commitment to Islam are happier. So, apply of family instruction workshop and effective religious programs are suggested increasing happiness of students. Key Words: Religiosity through Reliance on Islam- Family Function- Happiness &ndash;Demographic Factors - student

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Aim and Background: Meta-cognitive therapy is based on the principle that meta-cognitive is very important for understanding the way of cognition function and the way of producing our conscious experience about ourselves and the world around us. In This research it has been tried to study the effectiveness of this kind of treatment in improving depression patients. Methods and Materials: This clinical-experimental study was carried out on 3 patients referring to Tabriz University Consulting Centers in the framework of single case by using multiple-baselines in 8 sessions with follow-up at 1 and 3 months. Instruments were included BDI, MCQ, PBRS and NBRS. Findings: Treatment created considerable changes in depression symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs of depressed patients and improved the symptoms of all three patients and the results of Treatment continued up to follow-up period. Conclusions: Result of this research showed, meta-cognitive therapy that focuses on controlling of cognitive process instead of cognitive content of cognitive processes can be effective in treatment of patient with major depression (Reduction in Rumination and Worry).

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Aim and Background: This aim of this study was to determine the relationship between psychological health and emotional intelligence with job burnout of nurses of state hospitals in Tabriz. Methods and Materials: In this correlative descriptive study, 300 nurses of Tabriz state hospitals who had more than 5 years work experience were chosen by cluster random sampling method. They accomplished General Health Questionnaire, Bradbury-Graves Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Maslach Job Burnout Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Pearson correlation and multiple regression statistical tests. Findings: Mental health and emotional intelligence had significant role in predicting job burnout changes of nurses, these variables predicted 12 % variance of job burnout. There was significant correlation between mental health and emotional intelligence (r = -0.196, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Considering the results of our research, increased attention to nurses&#039; burnout through emotional intelligence education and focus on their mental health is recommended.

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Aim and Background: High prevalence of borderline personality disorder and its harmful social, health and economic consequences highlights the importance of studying this disorder and its underlying factors. The present study aimed to investigating behavioral-brain systems of individuals with borderline disorder and its discriminative aspects of these systems in patients and healthy controls. Methods and Materials: Thus 30 patients who admitted to Razi Hospital (Tabriz, Iran), completed the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS) questionnaire by Carver and White (BIS/BAS scales). Control group consisted of 30 subjects without any mental disorder history. Findings: Results from multi-variant regression analysis showed that the two groups had statistically significant differences in BAS, BIS and sensation seeking scale (P < 0.01). Among these factors, sensation seeking scale with Wilks&rsquo; lambda = 0.42 and BAS with Wilks&rsquo; lambda = 0.53 had statistically significant role in discrimination between the two groups. Conclusions: Hyperactivity of BIS caused a permanent anxiety and negative emotions experienced by borderline patients and hyperactivity of BAS could be the underlying reason of impulsivity, which is the core component of borderline personality disorder. According to other studies in the field of bio-neural factors effects in development of borderline personality disorder, this study can help to improve our understanding of disorder and therefore help to improve developing accurate methods to predict the possibility of disorder. In addition, it will help us to develop methods for primary prevention and developing more effective therapy methods.

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Aim and Background: Executive functions are the most important factors that influence students&rsquo; mathematics disorders. With the technological advances in the field of education it is possible to use a computer training program to evaluate and treat this disorder. Method and Materials: In this quasi-experimental research we selected 10 female elementary students of learning disorder centers in Tehran with mathematics disorder, and 10 normal students. The two groups were matched in age and intelligence. We tested all of the students with Key Math and executive functions tests. Students with mathematics disorders received the working memory training for 20 sessions in 7 weeks. Samples of these researches were retested using executive functions test. In order to compare the executive functions in students with and without mathematic disorders Student&rsquo;s t-test was used to analyse data. Findings: &nbsp; There were differences between executive functions in students with and without mathematics disorder. Moreover, working memory training had a significant effect on the executive function of students with mathematics disorder. There were more significant difference in average in the math disorder group in comparison to the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference in effect of executive functions pre- and post-intervention, and in follow-up. Conclusions: The results of the current study showed that the working memory computer assisted program caused improvements in executive functions of students with mathematics disorders.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The aims of this study were to investigate risk factors for suicide attempte and compered it’s with non attempters. Methods and Materials: In a case-control study, 120 individuals suiside attempeter who had presented to Shahid Madani in the city of Azarshahr were compered with 140 control who were selected using conveniennce sampling, and were matched by a number of demographic factors with each other. Data were gathered using Family Assessment Device (FAD) , Coping Style Questionnaire and researcher-made stressor life events checklist, and were analyzed via Logistic Regression and T-test. Findings: Suicide attempeter had a poor performance in family features such as relation (p=0.02), problme solving (p=0.001), roles (p=0.001), sentiment sensitivity (p=0.01), sentiment involvement (p=0.001) and family general function (p=0.001) ,use emotion oriented coping style in general (p=0.001) and experinced stressor life events more than non attempters (p=0.001). 66 percent of the variance related to the suicide attempt is due to problme solving, family general function, problem oriented coping style and stressor life events, among which stressor life events (58 precent) and family general function had the lowest (1 percent) share. Conclusions: Unfavorablefamily features , ineffective coping style and stressor life events can lead to increased psychological issues such as suicide attempt.

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Abstract Aim and Background: The current research was evaluated the effectiveness of basic facial emotional expression’s training on recognition of basic emotions in high function autistic children. Methods and Materials: The method was quasi-experimental and used pre-test and post-test design. The target samples were five 5-8 high functioning autistic children who were selected from a clinic of autistic children according to DSM-IV-TR criterions. The training included 3 times a week, twelve 20 minutes sessions that trained six basic emotional expressions. Findings: The results show improvement in performance of participants in recognizing basic emotions. Conclusions: The training improved participant’s recognition of emotions especially emotions of happiness, sadness and anger but not about hate and fear. Thus it is recommended to use emotion’s training as a part of autistic children’s program.

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Aim and Background: The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a multi dimensional tool used in studies related to emotion regulation. The purpose of the present study was to compare the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) in terms of evaluation of factor structure of the DERS. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-correlational study based on data obtained from 250 students of the University of Tabriz, Iran. The participants were selected through cluster sampling. To achieve the research objectives, the Persian version of the DERS was used. In this study, the CFA and ESEM approaches were applied using the Mplus software. Moreover, the comparison of CFA and ESEM methods was conducted through &Delta;CFI index. Findings: The results showed that contrary to the CFA method, the ESEM technique is a suitable method to assess the factor structure of DERS and offers a clearer view of its latent structure. The 25-itemstructure of the scale with 4 factors and no reverse-scored items showed the best fit. For this model, EMSEA, CFI, and TLI of equal to 0.064, 0.964, and 0.951, respectively, were obtained. Conclusions: The appropriate factor structure of the 25-item scale illustrates that reverse-scored items seem to be problematic in DERS application. Due to the removal of reverse-scored items in the present study, it is suggested that these items be replaced with direct-scored items and the fit of factor structure be evaluated in future researches.

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Aim and Background: Cognitive emotion regulation is a kind of coping strategy that helps individuals in coping with trauma. The aim of this study was the investigation of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and posttraumatic growth in men and women with hepatitis B. Methods and Materials: The statistical population of this study consisted of all men and women with hepatitis B in Hepatitis Research Center of Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. The study subjects were 250 patients with hepatitis B (125 men and 125 women). The participants were randomly selected and completed the Garnefski&rsquo;s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Tedeschi&rsquo;s and Calhon&rsquo;s Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software using the Pearson correlation and MANOVA. Findings: Posttraumatic growth had positive significant relationships with acceptance, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and coping with perspective (r = 0.47 and P < 0.001, r = 0.21 and P = 0.001, r = 0.25 and P < 0001, and r = 0.38 and P < 0001, respectively). In addition, it had negative significant relationships with self-blame, blaming others, catastrophizing, and rumination (r = -0.38 and P < 0.001, r = -0.42 and P < 0.001, r = -0.60 and P < 0.001, and r = -0.14 and P = 0.021, respectively). Moreover, men used the strategies of positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, and positive reappraisal more than women. Women used the strategies of rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others more than men (P < 0001). Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that using adjusted cognitive emotion regulation increases posttraumatic growth in individuals with hepatitis B. Moreover, women with hepatitis B use maladjusted cognitive emotional regulation more than men. Therefore, the results of this research can be useful in the evaluation and improvement of the level of use of adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies. In future studies, emotional regulation strategies can be compared between patients with other chronic illnesses.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of stress management cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological and physiological indexes of patients that volunteer to Cesarean surgery. Methods and Materials: The design of research was quasi-experimental with pre- and post-test design and control group. 26 subjects were selected of the list of elective surgery in March 2009 and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups (n = 13 for each one). Stress management intervention was conducted in experimental group and no intervention in was done in control group. Spilberger Inventory of Anxiety and Beck Depression Inventory were completed and patients&rsquo; blood pressure and pain were measured. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA test. Findings: Mean scores of anxiety, depression, pain, blood pressure and pulse rate had significant reduction among the experimental group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Stress management cognitive-behavior intervention can be a selective psychotherapy in patients volunteer to Cesarean surgery; but in this therapy, in addition to automatic thoughts, we should also consider to core beliefs and underlying assumptions to enhance the efficacy of intervention.

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Aim and Background: Social anxiety disorder is the most common type of anxiety disorders that affects the performance and social communication. Among the factors influencing the development and maintenance of the disorder, is early maladaptive schemas and deficits in emotion regulation. The present study aimed to present the structural model of direct and indirect role of early maladaptive schemas on social anxiety with mediation of emotion regulation. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-correlation research, the study population consisted of all students of University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, that among them, 300 students were selected using multistage cluster sampling technique. Young maladaptive schemas, Kanverd social anxiety and Gross and John emotion regulation questionnaires were used to the collect data. The data were analyzed using path analysis method. Findings: Disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limitation, other-directedness and over vigilance/inhibition schemas, due to emotional regulation, had positive and significant effects on social anxiety symptoms (P < 0.01). On the other hand, among the early maladaptive schemas, role of over vigilance, impaired autonomy and performance, and disconnection/rejection schemas in social anxiety were more prominent than the other-directedness and impaired limitations. Conclusions: The findings indicated that not only social anxiety was affected by bad-functioning in maladaptive schemas but also the symptoms of this disorder was aggravated by emotion disregulation; so that the negative effects of defective cognition on social anxiety were increased through defective performance of emotional regulation and aggravated the symptoms of social anxiety.

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Aim and Background: Cognitive malfunctions are of the basic characteristics of children with learning disabilities (LD ). The present study examined the effectiveness of a cognitive enabling program on the executive functions (working memory, comprehension, and attention) of 3 rd to 5 th grade primary school students with learning disabilities. Methods and Materials: Research design was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and a control group. Research population comprised all the 3 rd to 5 th grade students with learning disabilities in the public schools in Tehran city, Iran, in the academic year of 2015-2016. 20 students were selected using purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental group had 10 cognitive enabling sessions, while control group continued with their academic routines. Continuous Performance Test (CPT), N-Back test, and Wechsler comprehension subscale were used as the pre- and posttests to assess attention, working memory, and comprehension for both the groups. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential (multivariate ANCOVA) statistics. Findings: Cognitive enabling program improved working memory and comprehension (P < 0.05), and attention level (P < 0.01) in experimental group; although it was more influential on students’ attention. Conclusions: It is concluded that design and use of such cognitive enabling interventions is beneficial for learning and academic enhancement of students with learning disabilities.

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Aim and Background: The women with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder face some damages in different relationships during their life knowing them can help the consultants to cure them. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and identify the interspousal damages in women&#039;s marital relationships. Methods and Materials: This was a study based on the qualitative methodology approach. Data collection was done through 14 semi-structured interviews with family specialists, clinical psychologists and psychiatrists. The data analysis was conducted via thematic analysis. The sampling was stated purposefully and it was continued up to the data saturation; data analysis was done simultaneous with the data collection. Findings: The data analysis led to extracting five themes which showed the background of women&#039;s interspousal damages. The themes (subjects) included developmental, intrapersonal, interspousal, familial and social damages which were effective on the interspousal relationship among these women. Conclusions: The achieved results revealed that familial and environmental damages caused the growth of obsessive-compulsive personality features in these women; these damages affected their relationships in life such as parent-child as well as social relationships, which could affect interspousal relationships. Therefore, in order to decrease the effect of these damages, consultation and psychology interventions are needed in women with obsessive-compulsive personality symptoms.

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Aim and Background: Hypersexual disorder is defined as many unsuccessful attempts by individuals to control or reduce the time spent engaging in sexual fantasies, tendencies, and behaviors that are responsive to frustrating mood situations or stressful events. The purpose of this study was to predict hypersexual disorder in university students based on the big five personality traits. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive research, 320 students in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran, were randomly selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method based on the faculty and class in the academic year of 2016-2017. The participants completed the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) and the NEO Personality Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Pearson correlation tests, and multiple linear regressions. Findings: Hypersexual disorder had a negative and significant relationship with the dimensions of agreeableness (P ˂ 0.01, r = -0.29) and conscientiousness (P < 0.05, r = -0.12), and had a positive and significant relationship with neuroticism (P < 0.01, r = 0.46). Moreover, the big five personality traits (R 2 = 23.9%) could favorably predict the hypersexual disorder in the university students; and personality dimensions of agreeableness and neuroticism were able to predict the variance of hypersexual disorder in university students. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate the necessity of considering personality dimensions of agreeableness and neuroticism in hypersexual disorder among university students.

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Aim and Background: Somatic symptom is one of the prevalent complaints in patients with psychiatric disorders and in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -5 th Edition (DSM-5) is mentioned as somatic symptom disorder (SSD). In order to assess somatic complaints, validated scales are required. The aim of the present study was preparation of Persian version and determination of factor structure (as one of the psychometric properties) of Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7) scale in Iranian samples. Methods and Materials: This psychometric study was conducted in Psychosomatic Research Center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, and included 100 patients with anxiety/mood disorders. All participants were asked to complete SOMS-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Validity was confirmed by correlational method, and factor analysis and external and internal reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and re-test method. Factor analysis was performed by exploratory and confirmatory method. Data were analysed via SPSS software. Findings: Internal consistency of SOMS-7 was obtained 0.92 using Cronbach's alpha and reliability was obtained 0.70 via re-test method in two weeks interval. Factor analysis showed an appropriate two-factor structure in patients. The correlation of these two factors with somatic scale of PHQ was obtained 0.51 and 0.59, respectively, and revealed the construction validity as well as convergent validity. Conclusions: Findings indicate that Persian version of SOMS-7 has suitable reliability and validity for assessment of SSD and also evaluation of treatment effects in these patients.

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Aim and Background: Working Memory (WM) has attracted the attention of experimental psychologists and neurologists. Those who pay attention to how people argue, solve problems, pursue their goals, make decisions and achieve cognitive control. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the subtle memory by means of words. In this regard, this research is an attempt to gather evidence of the speed of response in facilitating tasks and inhibition tasks.

Methods and Materials: The present study is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study was all young and middle-aged people with a minimum age of 20 years without any history of mental and neurological disorders. In this research, 30 people were selected through targeted sampling. The facilitator's homework included the first pair of pseudo-word targets. The term inhibition was also indicated by two words in terms of meaning unrelated to the distance of 150 milliseconds. In fact, the response rate was evaluated in a semantic test based on the characteristics of these two assignments. The mean value in two assignments was compared using t- paired t-test.

Findings: The results indicated that the mean response rate to goals in the facilitated task was 4592.7± 480.9 millisecond more than the inhibition task (p<0.0001).

Conclusions: It seems that target memory representations by the first neutralization of the target memory representations are unrelated to the first one.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that the conditions and characteristics of subcultures can be one of the causes of addiction and drug use, and the study of psychosocial factors in any society can clarify the characteristics of that culture and provide clues about its problems. Society is especially addicted; therefore, this study seeks to understand and identify the psychosocial factors of subcultures related to drug use.
Methods and Materials: The study is qualitative and grounded in theory. The city of Isfahan was selected as a research pilot. Variables and categories were extracted from 32 interviews that were validated by professors and subject matter experts. Out of 18 pivotal categories, 5 main categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences were identified.
Findings: Substance abuse is associated with "practical-emotional dependence", "social exclusion" and "deviant subculture". People in their addictive lifestyle suffer from a kind of separation from society. Continuity of membership in the deviant subculture is considered as the only capital of the addicted person and provides the ground for the formation of more deviant and deviant behaviors. Consequences will include: persistence of addiction, psychosocial decline, formation of new negative values, subculture of discrete support and trust in the face of intergroup distrust.
Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that social and emotional support of addicts and helping them to quit drugs prevents them from being absorbed into aggressive and delinquent subcultures. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in other societies.

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Aim and Background: Research has shown that resolving interpersonal conflicts is as important as social relationships, especially between couples; therefore, the present study aimed to predict the pattern of conflict resolution styles based on differentiation, cognitive flexibility with mediating the role of compassion in young men and women with conflict.
Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included men and women with marital conflict in kashan. The sample of this study consisted of 393 couples with marital conflict who were selected by convenience sampling and included in the research questionnaires including the conflict resolution skills (Strauss et al. 1990), self-compassion (Nef, 2003), cognitive flexibility questionnaire (Dennis and Vander Wal, & Jillon, 2010) and differentiation of self-inventory (skowron and Schmitt, 2003). The research data were analyzed by path analysis and structural equations by AMOS statistical software.
Findings: The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit and self-compassion can play a mediating role between flexibility and negotiation conflict resolution style and psychological aggression as well as between self-differentiation and negotiation conflict resolution styles and physical aggression (P ≤ 0.001).
Conclusions: Given the effects of marital conflict on couples, families and society, identifying the variables involved in this important can provide a basis for planning to prevent and treat destructive styles of marital conflict resolution and it seems that self-differentiation and self-compassion is one of the effective variables in improving the conflict resolution techniques used in men and women with marital conflict.