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This review tried to describe the historical development of consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine in the world and Iran. It also aimed to present a classification of different models of patient care and service delivery in CL psychiatry. It finally provided some explanation about the status of psychosomatic medicine and CL psychiatry in Germany as a different model in comparison with other parts of the world.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study is Identification of Persian obsessive relative words and comparing attentional bias in patients with obsessive – compulsive disorder (OCD) with matched healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: In this Ex Post Facto study 46 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 46 healthy individual with range of 19 to 40 years old were selected by convenient sampling. Firstly 265 words are selected based on OCD literature and then words are rated by OCD patient with a Likert scale based on level of threatening. Then 40 words with highest grade are selected for emotional Stroop test. Reaction time and true and false response in emotional stroop test were analyzed through Student t-test. Findings: Finding shows significance difference between two groups in reaction time. Correct response is more in healthy groups that patient. Conclusions: Results of this study showed deficit in attentional functions towards OCD related words in patient with OCD. Identification of OCD related Persian words provides possibility of more controlled research and can be underlie the development of efficient and diagnostic neurological tests for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Aim and Blackguard: Evaluation and determination of involved neurocognitive mechanism in smoking can be helpful in treatment of this dependence.  Methods and Materials: Forty smokers with 40 non smokers participated in study with non probability sampling. In this retrospective study, Go/Nogo and Balloon Analogue Risk Taking Task are used for evaluation of inhibitory control and risky decision making respectively. T-Test was used for analysis.  Finding: Findings show that smokers and nonsmoker were similar in go stage of go/nogo task. In nogo stage smokers significantly have lower grad from nonsmokers. Smokers have higher risky decision in BART task. Conclusions: High risk taking and low inhibitory control could be considered as predisposing and influencing factors for smoking. KeyWords: Inhibitory Control, Risky Decision Making, Smoking

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Aim and Back ground: Impulsivity and risky decision making is a core element of plenty of individual and social deficits. On the other hand, history of attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity has been reported in many people with these problem particularly addiction. Decision making requires basic cognition function such as inhibition, working memory and attention. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationship between risky decision making with attention functions, work memory and Inhibitory control. Methods and Materials: In present cross sectional study, 215 students of Shahid Beheshti University were evaluated with neuropsychological tests such as N- back, Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test and Go/NoGo Test. Pearson correlation was used for analysis. Finding: Findings not found any significant correlation between sustain, selective and shifting attention and risky decision making (P> 0.05). Significant correlation found between inhibitory control and risky decision making (P< 0.01). Conclusions: Different anatomic origin of decision making (ventromedial prefrontal) and executive function (dorsolateral prefrontal) could be considered as a resign of their independence. Inhibitory control is a good predictor of risky decision making and interventional study may be propose training of inhibitory control for reducing risky decision making.

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Aim and Background: Deficit of theory of mind is a fundamental impairment of social skill in autistic children. The purpose of present study was evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation on social cognition abilities of children with high function autism. Methods and Materials: In present single subject study, 4 children with high function autism participated in study with no probably sampling. Six assessment session performed each two week as preliminary, before intervention, mid intervention, post intervention and follow up after four week. Intervention group receive 14 session intervention with program for emotion rehabilitation and social interaction in autism (PERSIA). Evaluation performed with reading mind from eyes, reading observer mind and faux pause test of sally-Anne. data analysis were used visual analysis and effect size. Finding s: Finings show improvement in reading mind of observer and sally-Anne test. Performance of reading mind from eyes was not improved. Effect size show that present rehabilitation program improves faux pause and mind reading performance. Conclusions : One approach of cognitive rehabilitation that was focused in present study is cognitive remediation. We propose that therapists replaced strategy learning method as compensation method with this remediation method. Present study found that theory of mind improved with short time cognitive rehabilitation.   Key Words : Autism, Theory of mind, Social cognition, Cognitive rehabilitation

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Absrtact &nbsp; Aim and Background: Autistic traits may present in normal population without interfering with daily functionings. The present investigation is to find factor structure and validation of Broad Autism Phenotype Questionaire (BAPQ) and comparing psychometric structures of it with Autsim Quotient (AQ). Methods and Materials: In this correlational study, 351 students in Shahid Beheshti University completed two questionnaires of Autism Phenotype Questionaire (BAPQ) and Autsim Quotient (AQ) which are designed to assess autistic traits in normal population. Exploratory factor analysis was used for evaluation of validity. Chronbach Alpha, split half and test-retest methods were used for evaluation of reliability. Findings: Exploratory analysis showed 4 factors for BAPQ which totally explained 37 percent of the overall variance of the data . Two subsets of BAPQ questionnaire (pragmatic language and rigid personality) plus its overall score and two subscales of AQ (imagination and communication) plus its overall score are able to differentiate between two sexes which shows high discriminant validity of these scales. Chronbach alpha shows reliability of 82 percent for BAPQ questionnaire. Conclusions: Based on the findings, BAPQ is a better scale regarding validity and reliability and also has better discriminant validity of two sexes. Future research is suggested to use this questionnaire. &nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: Mind reading as an ability of interfering mental state of others has an essential role in social interactions. The purpose of the present study is designing farsi version of reading the mind from the voice and evaluation of psychometric properties of it. Methods and Materials: In the present correlation study, twenty hundred sixteen students of Shahid Beheshti and Tehran universities performed farsi version of reading mind from voice (FVRMFV) and reading mind from eyes (RMFE) tests. Two different versions and one short version of the tests were prepared based on items difficulty. Exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation and independent T- test were used for evaluation of validity and Chronbach test was used for evaluation of reliability. Linear regression was used for evaluation of predictive validity of the tests. Findings: One main factor revealed from exploratory factor analysis. Correlation between all version of FVRMFV and RMFE was significant (P<0.001) Females performed FVRMFV better than males (P< 0.001) and FVRMFV is better predictor of sexuality than RMFE (P< 0.001). Cronbach&#039;s alpha for main, A, B and Short version relatively found 0.816, 0.571, 0.764 and 0.885 Conclusions: FVRMFV is a reliable and valid test for evaluation of mind reading. FVRMFV is a better predictor of sexuality than RMFE.

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Aim and Background: Sustained attention can be evaluated through paper and pencil tasks. The purpose of the present study was to design a sustained attention test and evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods and Materials: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 230 elementary school students with the mean age of 9.09 &plusmn; 1.46 years (7-11 years). The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Persian Attention Registration Test (PART) were conducted on the subjects. The PART was repeated in 151 students after 4 to 6 weeks. The Pearson test was performed for the assesment of test-retest reliability and concurrent validity between the two performances of the test and between CPT and PART results, repectively. Findings: Errors of omission and commission had significant positive correlation in both measures. Errors of omission and commission and the total time of test with Pearson coefficients of0.886, 0.610, and 0.478, repectively, had a significant positive correlation in the two tests (P < 0.001). Conclusions: PART is a valid and reliable test for the evaluation of sustained attention.

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Aim and Background: The differences in personality traits are due to cultural dissimilarities. The purpose of the current study was the evaluation of personality traits in the Iranian culture. Methods and Materials: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 4342 Iranian adolescents. The participants were selected through cluster sampling from 12 provinces of Iran. The NEO Five-Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI) was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate MANOVA. &nbsp; Findings: Significant differences were observed between the two genders in all personality traits. Moreover, there were significant differences between personality traits of different ethnic groups in Iran (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings showed that culture, climate, and ethnicity can affect personality traits of the Iranian population. &nbsp;

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Aim and Background: Due to the central role of working memory in general cognition, in recent years, programs for enhancing working memory capacity are of high interest for researchers from different areas in psychology. The purpose of the present research was to study the effects of enhancing working memory capacity using simple span tasks on near and far transfers in male adolescents with low working memory capacity. Methods and Materials: 30 adolescents from high schools in Damghan City, Iran, who had low working memory capacity were voluntarily chosen and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group received training in simple span working memory tasks in 20 sessions. Tasks used for pre- and post-tests and follow-up assessments included the Wechsler numeral auditory and visual working memory span tasks and the N-back working memory updating task. Findings: Working memory training using simple span tasks led to improvement of auditory working memory (P < 0.001); however, it did not improve visual working memory (P = 0.085) nor updating (P = 0.128). Conclusions: This research provided evidence for near transfer in some tasks when simple span tasks are used for training; however, no significant effect was obtained in far transfer tasks.

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Aim and Background: Accurate and flexible inhibitory control of automatic, cognitive, and emotional responses for adaptive behavior at the time of unpredictable events is a basic requirement of the daily life. The deficit in this executive function is the core of several disorders such as attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of interferential inhibitory control and former reward inhibitory control at the presence of emotional and non-emotional stimuli through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Methods and Materials: 20 volunteer subjects with the mean age of 21.7 years (age range: 19-30 years) were investigated in three status including anodal stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anodal stimulation of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and pseudo-stimulation through Stroop and go/no go tests that were used for assessing interferential inhibitory control and former reward inhibitory control, respectively. Findings:  Stroop test showed a significant difference in accuracy of Stroop task performance (P < 0.001) and an insignificant difference in speed of performance (P > 0.050). The results of go/no go test also showed an insignificant difference both in response accuracy (P > 0.050) and in time of response (P > 0.050). Conclusions: Considering the involvement of two different brain structures in emotional processing and inhibitory control, stimulating one structure for simultaneous improvement of these two functions is not effective, and more evidence is needed for simultaneous improvement of inhibition and emotion.

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Aim and Background: Based on embodiment cognition theory, mental or emotional states can be characterized through posture and gestural features. Bodily expression of emotion is a source of information in both expressive and receptive emotions, and we use it in our daily life. These social cues play an essential role in our social interaction and individuals with more capability of these social cues, are more successful in paralinguistic interactions. In the present study, we aimed to define the expressive postural positions to present six primary emotional states.
Methods and Materials: In the present study, we try to gather data in the second study. In the first study, a database of body posture was prepared. For this purpose, fifty theater players wear a face mask to conceal their facial emotional expression. After that, they try to represent six primary emotional states (sad, happy, fear, anger, disgust, surprise) through bodily position. After induction of emotional state through some respected scenario, a picture was taken from each position. In the second study, in a cross-sectional design, the taken pictures were rated by 321 participants in the case of the dependence of the posture to the emotional states. The rating scores were used for selection of the final postures.
Findings: The results found that bodily posture can convey emotional states. The female participants excel male in recognition of emotional states. The recognition of emotional states based on the postures was not age- and state- sensitive. It also showed that the experimental group compared with the control group, there was a significant difference between the frequency of correct and incorrect answers between the six body positions. In the sense that the number of correct answers in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Also, the number of incorrect answers in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group.
Conclusions: The emotional states can be recognized based on bodily expressions without considering facial emotional expressions. The player should learn and use their bodily expression for conveying the emotional states to viewers.

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Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation of executive functions on students' memory.
Materials and Methods: This research is semi-experimental using a computerized Wechsler working memory intelligence test prepared and compiled from the Farakhnai subscale of the Wechsler intelligence scale, which was used to measure working memory. The statistical sample consisted of 20 high school students who were randomly selected from high school boys in Varamin in the academic year of 1400-1999 in public high schools in mathematics, experimental and human subjects. The subjects were in two control groups (10 subjects) and the experiment (10 subjects) were randomly replaced.
Findings: Neuropsychological rehabilitation of executive functions is effective in improving students' auditory memory/forward repetition, auditory memory/reverse repetition, visual memory/forward repetition, visual memory/reverse repetition, auditory memory, visual memory, and auditory memory span. Visual memory of students is not effective. Also, there was a statistically significant increase in the average score of all dimensions of working memory from the time before the intervention to the follow-up period, and only in the visual dimension / reverse repetition of the average before the intervention (p≤0.001).  There was no significance between the two means (p≥0.001).
Conclusion: In general, the results show the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation of executive functions on students' memory