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Introduction: The aim of this survey was to assess psychometric properties of GHQ-28 in Iranian psychiatric population and appropriating it as a screening instrument for assessing general health in this population. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on 80 psychiatric patients and 80 matched normal participants. The assessments consisted of a psychiatrist’s interview based on DSM.IV criteria, and administration of GHQ-28 and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed using factor, discrimination and regression analysis methods, as well as Pearson’s correlation co-efficient, Spearman- Brown’s and Guttmann’s split tests.  Findings: Four factors were extracted from the GHQ-28, of which the first three explained the most percenttage of variance. Clinical cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity and classification error were found to be 24, 0.80, 0.99, 0.10 respectively. Criterion validity Chronbach's alpha and split reliability co-efficient were found to be 0.78, 0.97 and 0.90 respectively.  Discussion: Factor analysis revealed that the four factors which are the basics in this questionnaire have a high internal consistency. The calculated optimal clinical cut-off point for screening general health in Iranian population was 24 which ensure optimal psychometric indices. Coefficients of criterion validity, structural validity and reliability showed that GHQ-28 is one of the most valid instruments for screening general health. 

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Introduction: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Meta Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) on reducing self-punishment behaviors in patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  Methods: In this clinical trial study, One hospital (Shahid Rajaie) was selected from the two psychiatric hospitals for war veterans in Isfahan through multi stage cluster sampling. Thirty subjects were then randomly selected from the war veterans with PTSD referred to this hospital and were randomly assigned to one experimental and one control group. Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) was then administerd to both groups as pretest. Afterward the experimental group received Meta-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) in 8 weekly sessions as well as drug therapy while the control group received only drug therapy. Post-tests were then administered to both groups once immediately afterward and then 2 months later.  Findings: Results showed that MCBT was followed by a significant decrease in self-punishment (P Discussion: This intervention is believed to reduce self- punishment by facilitating transmission from the object mode to the metacognitive mode and enhancing the efficient and flexible coping skills. 

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background and aim: ADHD is considered as the most prevalent disorder during childhood and adolescence. For the purposes of diagnosis and treatment various methods including play therapy one applied. This research has been conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of  play therapy on severity of  symptoms of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school male students aged 9-11. Materials and Methods: By considering a experimental design two psychological and counseling clinics in Isfahan were selected. From the population of all clients in the two clinics who were diagnosed as ADHD-C by the psychiatrists, 30 were selected randomly and assigned into the experimental and control groups (15 subjects each). At the pre- and post - test stages, before and after 8 sessions which took 30-45 minutes every two days play therapy with emphasis on increasing attention and decreasing hyperactivity, CSI-4 and MFFT questionnaires were applied to both groups. Furthermore, in order to diagnose any change after the therapy, a follow-up study was conducted after a month. The data were analyzed by SPSS14 software, using ANCOVA. Findings: The play therapy decreased the amount of ADHD, hyperactivity, attention deficit, and response errors symptoms significantly, but increased response time significantly (all at p Conclusion: Considering the significant differences between the experimental and control groups as well as the fallow - up, play therapy may  be applied as an effective method of treatment for children and adolescence with ADHD preferably, a combination of this and other relevant methods may be used for the treatment of those with ADHD. As the ADHD symptoms were decreased significantly after the intervention, the effect of play therapy was confirmed.

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Background & Aims: Psychological interventions may improve the quality of life in asthmatic patients through affecting the bio-psycho-social dimensions. This study is aimed to assess the efficacy of cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) group education on improvement of quality of life in asthmatic patients. Method& Materials: This was an experimental study using randomized pre-, post- and follow-up tests. Twenty-four patients already diagnosed with asthma were randomly selected and assigned to two groups. They were all administered the Quality Of Life questionnaire for Asthmatic patients (Asthma-QOL) before and after the intervention and again after the follow-up period. CBSM group education was directed for the experimental group in eight sessions. Meanwhile both groups were kept under their routine medical treatments and the control group was registered in the waiting list for the CBSM education group. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: After the intervention, the mean QOL-Asthma score in the experimental group showed a significantly higher increase when compared with that of the control group(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The results demonstrated the effectiveness of CBSM group education on the improvement of quality of life in female asthmatic patients. 

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: Divorce and conflict processes are overlapped. Then, couples do attempt to divorce based on experiencing the conflict levels. Hope and forgiveness interventions are aimed at reinforcing marriage and reducing divorce rates. This study aimed at examining the impact of hope-focused, forgiveness-oriented marital counseling and the mixed one on decreasing interpersonal cognitive distortions of applicant couples to divorce in Isfahan, Iran. Method and Materials: It was a semi-experimental and double-bind design with pre- and post-tests and control group. Statistical population was 440 couples referred to Divorce Crisis Intervention Center (DCIC). The sample size was 60 divorcing couples. They were replaced randomly in four groups: hope-focused group, forgiveness-oriented group, mixed group, and control group. Couples as a unit were studied and analyzed. The research tool was Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale (ICDS) which reliability with 3-items deleted was estimated 0.87, using Cronbach&#039;s alpha. The data was analyzed with non-parametric Kruskal-wallis and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney&#039;s U tests. Findings: In general, hope and mixed interventions reported meaningful effects on total decrease of couples&#039; interpersonal unrealistic expectations and interpersonal cognitive distortions in comparison of control group. All three interventions showed meaningful decrease in all three subscales of ICDS in comparison of their scores in pre-test scores as well. Conclusions: It is suggested to apply hope and combination of hope and forgiveness interventions to decrease couples&#039; interpersonal cognitive distortions. In order to determining appropriate interventions, it&#039;s so important to rate levels of marital conflicts in which couples are.

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Aim and Background: The aim of present study was to compare attachment styles between young adults with visual or auditory defects and normal groups in Isfahan city. Methods and Materials: The present study assessed by ex-post facto method. The statistical society of the study is including of all young adults with visual, auditory defects and normal people.80 young adults with visual defects (40 girls and 40 boys), 90 with auditory defects (45 girls and 45 boys) and 80 normal ones (40 girls and 40 boys) were selected randomly. The research tools were questioners including; the Hazan and Shaver attachment styles questionnaires and research&ndash;made sociological questioner. Data analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance ( MANOVA ), Post&ndash;hoc LSD and chi&ndash;square tests. Findings: The results of this study show that there was a significant difference among attachment styles of young adults with visual, auditory defects comparing with normal population (P < 0.001). Also the results show that there was a significant difference among the scores of anxiety / avoidance insecure attachment, ambivalent/ anxiety insecure and secure in these 3 groups. In this study there was no significant differences between mean scores of young male and female&rsquo;s avoidance/ anxiety, ambivalent/anxiety insecure and secure attachment styles (P = 0.165). Conclusions: Young adults with visual, auditory defects more commonly were at risk for insecure attachment in compare with normal group. It is also important to mention that the avoidance/ ambivalent insecure attachment style was more common in the groups with visual, auditory defects and the secure attachment style in normal group. The avoidance and ambivalent insecure attachment styles was more common in the group with auditory defects than those with visual defects.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Evaluation of cognition is fundamental for every comprehensive epilepsy program. We sought to conduct this study to assess memory state of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy before decision for epilepsy surgery. Method and Materials: In a case-control study, 20 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 20 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy were selected using convenience sampling in Kashani hospital, Iran and 20 normal person as a control group were randomly selected; the Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to them. The results were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Findings: In mental control, logical memory, digit span and visual memory subscales, significant differences were obtained between right-left temporal lobe epilepsy and control group (P < 0.001). However there was not a statistically difference between right lobe temporal epilepsy and left temporal lobe epilepsy in 7 subscales. Conclusions: Our findings indicated the ability of Wechsler Memory Scale to differentiate temporal lobe epilepsy.

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Aim and Background: Child social phobia is a common anxiety disorder that there is different intervention psychology treatment for it. The main purpose of this research was to determine the effect of Cognitive-behavior group play therapy on social phobia in 5-11 years old children. Methods and Materials: In this research of quasi experimental, from among of the children who were referred to child psychiatric clinics and who diagnosed by psychiatrist as having social phobia, 30 children were selected as an accessible sample and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received the group play therapy in 6 weekly sessions and the control group which did not receive any intervention. The parent form of sub-scales of social phobia of the Child Abnormal Symptoms Inventory (CSI-4) was administered to all subjects as the pre, post and follow up tests. Findings: The results showed that the difference between mean post test scores of social phobia in the experimental group means post test scores was significant, lower than the control group (P = 0.01). The results of fallow up test was also significant (P < 0. 01), the mean scores of the experimental group was less than that of control group. Conclusions: This research show that social phobia in experimental group was than control group, this finding is similar to research in Iran and another country. Cognitive- behavior group play therapy is effective to reducing children social phobia.

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Aim and Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease usually associated with high levels of pain and impairment in different systems, producing high levels of stress in patients who suffer from it. The purpose of this study was to consider the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) therapy on stress of female patients with SLE. Methods and Materials: This was an experimental study using randomized pre-, post- and follow-up tests. Twenty-four female patients over 18 years of age, already diagnosed with SLE, were randomly selected and assigned to two groups. All subjects completed the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale before and after the intervention as well as during the follow-up period. Eight sessions of CBSM group therapy were directed for the intervention group. Meanwhile both groups were kept under their routine medical treatments. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA. Findings: Data analysis showed that the mean score of stress in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group in post-test (P < 0.001) and the follow-up period (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of CBSM group therapy on the stress of female patients with SLE.

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Aim and Background: Complex nature of children`s affectionate problems requires assessment and usage of modern treatments. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of attachment-based therapy on depression symptoms in girl students of primary school who had attachment problems. Methods and Materials: This study was an empirical plan with pretest-posttest, follow up and control group. The target samples were 34 individuals of 388 second and fourth grade students of Isfahan primary school that had highest scores on attachment problems and depression symptoms. Evaluation implemented using Randolph attachment disorder questionnaire (RADQ) and Ontario mental health test. Mothers were presented in 10 group sessions of attachment-based intervention and its effects investigated in posttest and 3 months follow up on&nbsp; their girl`s depression symptoms. The results have been analyzed by SPSS-16 software and through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Since obtaining a higher score in depression disorder represents severity of the symptoms, it can be seen that the mean post-test and follow up scores of depression in the experimental group is significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0/05). Reduction rate of reported depression symptoms was 0/38 in posttest and 0/50 in three months follow up. Conclusions: The attachment-based therapy was effective to reduction depression symptoms in their girls with attachment problems and the mother`s continues attention to interventional methods showed more improvement in follow up evaluation.

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Aim and Background: Pain is a complex experience involving psychological factors which results in functional disorder. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between cognitive and emotional factors with chronic low back pain among women in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional research, the target population included all women with chronic low back pain that referred to clinics and hospitals of Isfahan during summer 2011. A total number of 50 women with chronic low back pain were selected by simple random sampling. Instruments used in this research included a demographic questionnaire, the multidimensional pain inventory, the fear-avoidance beliefs inventory, the pain catastrophizing scale, and the hospital anxiety scale. The obtained data was analyzed by stepwise and hierarchical regression analysis and Pearson&#039;s correlation coefficient. Findings: Pain was positively related with fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and anxiety. The results of stepwise regression showed that fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing explained 45.6% of the variance of the pain. In addition, moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that job had a moderating effect on the relationship between anxiety and pain. Conclusions: Chronic low back pain can be predicted by fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing. Moreover, decreasing professional stress would reduce the overall anxiety and thus low back pain among women.

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Aim and Background: Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) in which psychological factors play an important role in development and exacerbation of symptoms. The aim of the current study was to compare mental health of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, patients with organic gastrointestinal disorders, and normal individuals. Methods and Materials: In a casual-comparative study, 3 groups of 95 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 95 patients with organic gastrointestinal disorders, and 95 normal individuals were selected using available sampling method. Participants completed the Symptom Cheklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire. Data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: The results showed significant differences between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and patients with organic gastrointestinal disorders and normal individuals in all subscales of SCL-90-R. However, patients with organic gastrointestinal disorders and normal individuals were only significantly different in somatization subscale. Conclusions: The results showed that patients with irritable bowel syndrome have lower mental health than other gastrointestinal patients and normal people. Therefore, the role of psychological factors needs to be considered in etiology and treatment of this syndrome.

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Aim and Background: Schizophrenia, as one of the major psychiatric disorders, usually results in decreased quality of life and level of functioning. This study aimed to follow-up the course, severity, and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Methods and Materials: This study was 6 months follow-up on 20 patients with schizophrenia who were admitted to Noor Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Each patient was evaluated on admission day, discharge, three and six months after discharge. The severity of symptoms and life quality were measured by Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale and quality of life questionnaire. Findings: Mean scores of severity on the admission day was significantly more than discharge and three and six months after discharge (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between discharge and three and six months after discharge regarding severity of symptoms. Mean scores of quality of life were significantly greater at the time of discharge than three and six months after that (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences observed between discharge time and six month after it, and also between the third and sixth months after discharge. Conclusions: It can be acknowledged that hospitalization of patients can be effective in decreasing the symptom severity and increasing quality of life.

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Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigatethe psychometric properties of the Trait Hope Scale and its relation with psychological well-being of Iranian university students. Methods and Materials: In this descriptivesurvey, 191 students of Hamadan Islamic Azad University (mean age: 24.17 &plusmn; 4.30 years; range: 18-45 years) were selected through stratified randomsampling.The participants completed Snyder&#039;s Trait Hope Scaleand State Hope Scale, Riff&#039;s Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Inventory. Data was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach&#039;s alpha and split-half methods via SPSS 16 and LISREL 8.5 . Findings: Cronbach&#039;s alpha (0.83), split-half coefficient (0.80), divergent validity (with Beck Hopelessness Scale,-0.20), and criterion validity (with Snyder State Hope Scale, 0.55) were significant (P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the 12-item Hope Scale for adults had one latent factor thatexplained 47% of the scale variance. Firstorder confirmatory factor analysis indicated that 8items of the scalehad high factor loadings on one latent factor.Univariate model appropriately fitted with the data (adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, normed fit index = 0.98). In addition, there was a significant relation between trait hope and psychological well-being (r = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The Trait Hope Scale has high reliability and validity and thus can be usedinfuture research.

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Aim and Background: The present study aimed to investigate the symptom severity and quality of life in patients suffering from bipolar disorder. Methods and Materials: This longitudinal and prospective study was done on 20 patients with bipolar type I disorder who were hospitalized in Noor Hospital of Isfahan, Iran. Patients were evaluated before hospitalization, at the time of discharge, 3 and 6 months after discharge. Patient&rsquo;s mood symptoms severity and quality of life were evaluated by Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and World Health Organization&rsquo;s Quality of Life Questionnaire. Findings: Repeated measure analysis of variance showed that the mean of mood symptoms severity at the time of hospitalization was significantly higher than its mean at the time of discharge, as well as 3 and 6 months after it. However, there was no significant difference between the scores of quality of life at discharge, and 3 and 6 months after discharge. Conclusions: It can be acknowledged that patient&rsquo;s hospitalization was effective in decreasing the symptom severity and increasing quality of life at the time of discharge and it remained the same through the next stages.

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aim and Background: Existing researches in the field of addiction generally focus on strategies for withdrawal not on the addicted victims quality of life. Therefore, in this study, the addicted people is educated to enhance or improve the quality of life, Reform and develop the teaching of cognitive– behavioral therapy, The impact of these developments on important factors such as self-efficacy has been studied. Methods and Materials: The research is of the type semi-experimental with experimental and control groups, with follow-up (45 days). To determine the number of the sample, at first, two clinics for addiction withdrawal (Fardaye Roshan Clinic and Rahabakhsh Clinic) in the year 1390 were selected. 36 people applying for participation in the study were randomly assigned to two groups (Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy and Quality of Life Therapy) and control assigned. Finally, at the end of sessions, posttest and 45-day follow-up were administrated on the group. For the reason of controlling intervention variable, multivariate analysis of covariance has been use in addiction to descriptive statistics. Findings: The results of the research indicate that CBT and the treatment based on the improvement of life quality could significantly increase the addicts, scores of Self efficacy in post test compared to the control group (P<0.5). The point to be mentioned is the better functioning of the treatment based on the improvement of quality of life therapy compared to CBT in the addicts, follow-up stage of self efficacy.