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Background& Aim: Substance abuse is associated with high prevalence of psychiatric disorders including mood disorders (especially depression), personality disorders and psychosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of methadone and its result on substance induced depression-symptoms among IV drug abusers of Kashan prison in 1384. Method & Materials: This is a semi-experimental study. A two part questionnaire including demographic data and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to participants by the prison clinical psychologist. After insuring privacy, performing the questionnaire, and interviewing with each participant done by three psychologists, oral methadone was prescribed to non-excluded participants. After three months of taking methadone, they were re-evaluated by BDI and re- interviewed by psychologists for making diagnoses based on DSM-IV. Data were analyzed by paired T-test.   Findings: Based on clinical interview, from the 35 participants, 26(74.2%) were diagnosed as having Major Depressive Disorder , 2 of whom were excluded from the study and referred for further follow up because of suicidal thinking .The rest 9 participants (25.7%) were not depressed. After the intervention, of all 24, 19 ones(79.16%) showed relative improvement and 5(20.83%) remained unchanged. A significant reduction was found in the mean BDI score after the intervention(p Conclusion: This study showed that methadone can reduce depression severity in IV drug abusers.

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Introduction: The aim of this survey was to assess psychometric properties of GHQ-28 in Iranian psychiatric population and appropriating it as a screening instrument for assessing general health in this population. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on 80 psychiatric patients and 80 matched normal participants. The assessments consisted of a psychiatrist’s interview based on DSM.IV criteria, and administration of GHQ-28 and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed using factor, discrimination and regression analysis methods, as well as Pearson’s correlation co-efficient, Spearman- Brown’s and Guttmann’s split tests.  Findings: Four factors were extracted from the GHQ-28, of which the first three explained the most percenttage of variance. Clinical cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity and classification error were found to be 24, 0.80, 0.99, 0.10 respectively. Criterion validity Chronbach's alpha and split reliability co-efficient were found to be 0.78, 0.97 and 0.90 respectively.  Discussion: Factor analysis revealed that the four factors which are the basics in this questionnaire have a high internal consistency. The calculated optimal clinical cut-off point for screening general health in Iranian population was 24 which ensure optimal psychometric indices. Coefficients of criterion validity, structural validity and reliability showed that GHQ-28 is one of the most valid instruments for screening general health. 

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Cognitive Schemas have been well established to play a role in the development and the treatment of this disorder. Monotheistic view is a popular and well-received cognitive schema which is followed by specific emotions and deserves to be paid attention . Methods: This is a review study on the verses of the holy Koran using the relevant resources and soft wares. Data has been classified to primary and secondary preventive categories and discussed accordingly . Findings: We distracted three major axes of the monotheistic view as relevant in prevention and treatment of depression. They are: to encourage a positive way of thinking and a productive and creative state of mind, to remove negative attitudes and to reduce depressive symptoms and signs. Some of the important issues which are discussed in this regard according the holy Koran are as follows: this view gives a total perspective about the life which may answer some of the human basic questions about the philosophy of life and existence, it gives faith and wisdom, an attitude based on the trust in God and consent toward his will, it introduces ways for facing with problems such as poverty, financial worries, family problems and life negative events among many others . Discussion: Applying the mentioned axes, monotheistic view has a basic role in providing humankind with stable and satisfying emotions. As an effective cognitive schema in the treatment and prevention of depression, it can be applied in individual and social primary and secondary care programs. Cognitive schemas deducted from the monotheistic view can make a foundation for a new psychotherapeutic method for depression. In the full text of this material, we have discussed the similarities and differences of this view with other kinds of cognitive schemata.  

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is an acute and dangerous syndrome which usually arise as a side-effect of Neuroleptic drugs. Its high mortality rate, acute course and the current controversies about the best treatment method indicates the necessity of further investigation on its clinical features, predisposing factors and effective therapeutic methods . Method and Materials: Retrospectively in a 4-year period, we studied patients hospitalized with NMS applying a 7-section questionnaire assessing: drug historys, the underlying psychiatric disorder, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment methods and their outcomes, and duration of hospital stay. Findings: Rigidity and impaired consciousness were the most common clinical findings. Haloperidol, perphenazine and risperidone were the most common antisychotics used before the NMS onset. Mood disorders, schizophrenia, and mental retardation were the most frequent underlying disorders. The most common prescriptions for treatment of NMS were bromocriptine, fluid and electrolytes therapy, and amantadine . Discussion: In diagnosing the NMS, impaired consciousness, especially when being accompanied by rigidity and fever, may be a more sensitive criteria than it is currently believed. Bromocriptin and fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy among many other treatment methods, and also interventions for prevention of NMS complications may play important roles in reducing its mortality rate .  

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Good performance in academic tests plays a major role in the student's further academic and occupational achievements. In students who experience excessive amounts of anxiety while sitting for a quiz or test, lower academic grades may be achieved as a result of and impaired information processing. This study examined the relationship between anxiety test (AT) and some socio-demographic factors in high school students in Shiraz. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 512 high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were students from both sexes and from all kinds of high schools (named: Governmental, private, and specialized high schools for the exceptionally talented students). The instruments used for data collection were Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11 software, using ANOVA, paired t, and Pearson's correlation tests. Results: The STAI mean scores showed significant correlations with the districts of education organization to which the school belonged, the populated status of the classroom and the attitude of parents and school authorities toward academic failure (P Conclusion: The Findings demonstrated the adverse effects of AT on the student's academic performance. Identifying the bio-socio-demographic correlates of AT may help to plan more specific interventions for reducing AT in students.

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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: The higher prevalence of suicidal attempts among women has been reported in a vast amount of scientific literatures; but contradictory findings have been reported about the different rates of such attempts in different menstural phases. Some studies have shown that suicidal attempts in women are more frequent in specific menstrual phases compared to other phases and to general population. Some other studies, however, have failed to duplicate such results. Regarding these controversies, this study was aimed to evaluate the existence of is any relationship between the suicidal attempts and different phases of menstrual cycle. Material and methods: This was a descriptive study carried out on 298 suicide-attempted females referred to Isfahan Noor and Ali Asghar poisoning emergency center in 2005. They were selected through convenient sampling and were administered questionnaires to assess the menstrual phase at the time of suicidal attempt. Data was analyzed by SPSS 10 software using χ 2 test. Results: Most of the suicide-attempted women were in the luteal phase. There was a significant difference between the frequency of this phase and the other phases at the time of attempt (p Conclusion: Suicidal attempts in females may be more frequent during luteal phase. For preventing suicide, more supportive and evaluative methods should be considered during this high-risk phase.

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Aim and Background: The role of behavioral inhibition and activation systems as predisposing factors in readiness for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents has been increasingly studied in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these two systems in predicting the development of psychopathology in adolescents. Methods and Materials: The study population included all male and female junior high school students of Tehran. Multistage cluster sampling (with classification) was used to select 303 students (160 girls and 143 boys) from schools in 1st, 2nd and 13th districts of Tehran. The type of research design was descriptive-correlational. Participants completed youth self report questionnaire (YSR) and behavioral inhibition and activation scale (BIS/BAS). Descriptive (mean and standard variation) and inferential (correlation coefficient and regression analysis) statistical methods were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed behavioral inhibition systems to be positively related to anxiety and somatic problems and negatively related to symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the other hand, behavioral activation systems had a positive relationship with symptoms of conduct disorder and a negative relationship with affective problems. All relationships were statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results, in agreement with previous studies, revealed that biological factors underlying behavioral inhibition and activation systems can be considered as predictive factors for emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents.

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Aim and Background: The present study tried to evaluate the relations between emotional intelligence, motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies among the students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Isfahan, Iran). Methods and Materials: In a descriptive, correlational study during the academic year of 2010-11, 1300 undergraduate students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified random sampling. The measurement tools were Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory and Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Data was analyzed by fitness indexes of structural equation modeling, correlation analysis, and chi-square test. Findings: Path coefficients of empathy and interpersonal relationship were not significant. Similarly, path coefficients of realism, responsibility, and exhilaration with motivational beliefs were not significant. All paths in the effects of motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies on academic performance were significant. The components of emotional intelligence, motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies were all significantly effective on academic performance. Conclusions: The findings of the present study can be beneficial to educational researchers and policy makers in designing interventions to promote emotional intelligence, academic performance, and motivational strategies.

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Aim and Background: Schizophrenia, as one of the major psychiatric disorders, usually results in decreased quality of life and level of functioning. This study aimed to follow-up the course, severity, and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Methods and Materials: This study was 6 months follow-up on 20 patients with schizophrenia who were admitted to Noor Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Each patient was evaluated on admission day, discharge, three and six months after discharge. The severity of symptoms and life quality were measured by Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale and quality of life questionnaire. Findings: Mean scores of severity on the admission day was significantly more than discharge and three and six months after discharge (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between discharge and three and six months after discharge regarding severity of symptoms. Mean scores of quality of life were significantly greater at the time of discharge than three and six months after that (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences observed between discharge time and six month after it, and also between the third and sixth months after discharge. Conclusions: It can be acknowledged that hospitalization of patients can be effective in decreasing the symptom severity and increasing quality of life.

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Aim and Background: The present study aimed to investigate the symptom severity and quality of life in patients suffering from bipolar disorder. Methods and Materials: This longitudinal and prospective study was done on 20 patients with bipolar type I disorder who were hospitalized in Noor Hospital of Isfahan, Iran. Patients were evaluated before hospitalization, at the time of discharge, 3 and 6 months after discharge. Patient’s mood symptoms severity and quality of life were evaluated by Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Questionnaire. Findings: Repeated measure analysis of variance showed that the mean of mood symptoms severity at the time of hospitalization was significantly higher than its mean at the time of discharge, as well as 3 and 6 months after it. However, there was no significant difference between the scores of quality of life at discharge, and 3 and 6 months after discharge. Conclusions: It can be acknowledged that patient’s hospitalization was effective in decreasing the symptom severity and increasing quality of life at the time of discharge and it remained the same through the next stages.

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Head trauma and brain injury are common causes of emergency cases, and predispose multiple psychiatric complications. The head trauma, itself, often occurs after some psychiatric disorders, like mood or substance related disorders. So, the complex interaction of these factors often causes difficulties in diagnosis and management of the patients. The side effects of surgical and medical treatments may also entangles these processes. Here we presents the history of a young adult patient with this collection of factors, i.e.: head trauma, delirium, and substance use. Then we discuss about the differential diagnosis and management.

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Introduction: Man confronts crisis and problems during his life and sometimes because of several pressures commits suicide to escape and save himself. Suicide occurs in all classes of the society. Some of the demographic and social variables affecting suicide attempt are: age, sex, marital status, job, economic problems, communication and emotional problems, mental disorders and physical illness. Matrial and methods: This was a descriptive- analytic study carried out on 466 suicidal cases during a year in which the samplings referred to the emergency unit of Emam Khomeini hospital. Method of data collection was a questionnaire which was completed through the interviews. Raw data were analyzed by the SpSS software. Results: There was a significant difference between the following facetors: age(P=0/26), education (p=0), sex (p<0/05), marital status ( p=0/037), economic stress (p=0/001), job stress (p=0), marital and sexual stress (p=0) and suicide attempt. Conclusion: Communication and emotional problems especially in women and economic&nbsp; and job stress in men had the greatest role in suicide attempt in Falavarjan. Due to the sudden suicide attempt and the age group at risk of suicide -15-24 year- it is characterized that emotional immaturity lack of commuincation and poor problem solving skills - especially in these ages - can be involved in suicide attempt .

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Abstract Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different feedback methods to learning of temporal-special coordination hand movement task. Methods and Materials: 30 Children (8-10 ages) according to receiving feedback (100 percent, omitted, self-control) randomly divided to three groups. This study was done in three days. In the first and second days all subjects practice 100 trails movement task. Retention tests were done in second and third days and reacquisition test was done in the third day. Finding: For acquisition and retention phases analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used. All participants in the first day improved accuracy across practice trials but in the second day did not improve their accuracy across practice trials. There was no significant difference between retention tests that showed 100 practice trials that have been done in the second day did not improve participants learning. During the retention tests 100 percent feedback group was significantly better than omitted group. One way ANOVA was used to analysis reacquisition test that showed 100 percent feedback group was significantly better than omitted group. Conclusions: Results from this study showed receiving more feedback can improve motor learning in children (in contrast with guidance hypothesis) and motor skill acquisition in children not occur as fast as young people. &nbsp;

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&nbsp; Abstract Autism is a developmental disability with age of onset in childhood (under 3 years old), which is characterized by definite impairments in social interactions, abnormalities in speech and stereotyped pattern of behaviors. Due to the progress of autism in recent decades, a wide range of studies have been done to identify the etiological factors of autism. It has been found that genetic and environmental factors are both involved in autism pathogenesis. Hence in this review article, a set of environmental factors involved in the occurrence of autism has been collected and finally some practical recommendations for reduction the risk of this devastating disease in children are represented.&nbsp; &nbsp;

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Abstract Aim and Background: Recent studies on autism, as the most important diseases in the autism spectrum disorders, emphasize the slight role of genome in causing autism compared to earlier estimates, and the leading role of environmental factors such as prenatal maternal stress in developing autism, mainly due to its high potential of perverting the neurodevelopment of embryo. &nbsp; Methods and Materials: In order to assess this hypothesis in Iran, some mothers of autistic children were compared with mothers of healthy children in terms of quantity, quality and timing of exposure to 45 stressful events in a 15-month period (6 months before pregnancy to the moment of birth). In addition, dividing these stressful events into two groups of genome-dependent events) events resulting from gene-environment interactions such as divorce and addiction) and genome-independent events (purely environmental events such as war and earthquake), their prevalence was separately scrutinized and compared among patient and control families. Findings: According to the results of this study, the severity and frequency of exposure to stress among mothers of autistic children were significantly greater than that of control mothers (p=0.000). Although the child&rsquo;s risk of autism increases significantly with the increase of maternal stress during 4-7 months (14-32 weeks) of pregnancy, the results of this study showed that the increased maternal stress during 2-3 months (5-13 weeks) of pregnancy leads to a significant increase in the severity of autism (p<0.05). Conclusions: However, although the present study consistent with recent findings in the fields of epigenetics and gene-environment interactions can reinforce the possible role of severe and scheduled prenatal stresses in autism, it does not deny the necessity of a prospective and wider study in Iran.

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Aim and Background: Emotion dysregulation, as one of the main symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), has significant effects on emotional perception in this group of patients. Given the importance of facial affect recognition in social interactions and contradictory results of researches that have evaluated the emotion recognition of patients with BPD in the past, the aim of the present study was to investigate emotion recognition in individuals with borderline personality symptoms and the relationship between these symptoms and interpersonal interactions in these individuals. Methods and Materials: The study subjects included 30 people; 15 with the symptom of BPD and 15 healthy subjects as control group. Subjects were selected from among the related statistical population through convenience sampling. The Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI) and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) were completed and facial affect recognition task was conducted on the two groups. Findings: The findings of this study suggest that people with BPD symptoms have poor performance in facial affect recognition compared to their healthy counterparts (F = 1.5, P < 0.001). On the other hand, the results indicate that these subjects do not have defects in the recognition of all negative emotions, but are specifically defective in the recognition of disgust (F = 2.5, P < 0.010) and anger (F = 4.05, P < 0.020). Furthermore, they showed more interpersonal problems than the control group (F = 0.01, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Deficits in facial affect recognition may underlie interpersonal problems in people with the symptoms of BPD. Therefore, paying attention to emotion recognition as an effective factor in social interactions can help us better understand underlying factors of social dysfunction in patients with BPD.

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Aim and Background: The concept of wisdom and its other equivalents have an important place in Islamic sciences, psychology, and psychiatry because of their determining roles in human health. Therefore, The present study explained and compared this concept in these three resources. Methods and Materials: In this was a review study, after looking up the word "wisdom" in the Arabic, Persian, and English dictionaries, and Quranic Arabic Corpus, the concept was extracted from the perspective of Islamic philosophers, Imams, the Quran, and academic textbooks of psychiatry and psychology. Finally, the common features and points and differences of the concept in the mentioned resources were described. Findings: Wisdom can be described in three perspectives. The Islamic literature has divided wisdom into theoretical and practical and described it as judgment power, preventer of deviation and corruption, the basis of human personality, and a human appraisal criterion in the hereafter. Psychiatry has defined wisdom as having true insight into the self, one’s disorders, and correct judgment in various conditions. In psychological literature, the concept of wisdom is the ability to think and practice based on knowledge, experience, and correct insight. Conclusions: All three resources believe in the gradual evolution of wisdom and consider various factors affecting this evolution. However, in the Islamic view, the concept of the hereafter, as an important and essential concept, has different approaches and perspectives.

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Aim and Background: Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus type 2) is a long-term metabolic and physiologic disorder which has a relationship with the pattern of behavior and lifestyle. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy on the reduction of glycated hemoglobin among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: This study was a quasi-experimental research with an experimental and control groups in a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design. The statistical population of the research included all patients with type 2 diabetes, aged from 25-45, who were under treatment in the Diabetes Clinic of Dr. Ganjavian Hospital, Dezful, Iran, and had been diagnosed for at least one year. The sample size consisted of 40 men selected by convenience sampling method. Allocating the individuals in the experimental and control groups was done randomly. Ten group-sessions were held weekly for 2 hours for the experimental group, while the control group was on the waiting list.  In order to examine the changes made by the cognitive therapy program, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was recruited. Findings: Cognitive therapy led to a reduction in glycated hemoglobin of the experimental group in the posttest and follow-up phases. However, the control group did not show a significant change in the posttest as compared to the pre-test. Conclusions: Teaching cognitive therapy can be effective in controlling blood sugar (HbA 1 c) among patients with type 2 diabetes.

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  Aim & Backgrounds: Grief and bereavement causes to be compromised the health of people in various aspects. Many of bereaved persons are compromised depression symptoms and increasing the probability of death. The aim of this research was to study of effectiveness of time perspective therapy on depression and social well-being of bereaved women. Materials and Methods: The research method was experimental by design of pretest, posttest, and follow-up with un-equivalent control group. The statistical population of the research includes all bereaved women living in Babol, passing at least 12 months from their grief, still having symptoms of depression and grief. Among them 30 subjects through convenience sampling were selected. To collect the data Beck’s Depression and Keez’s Social Well-being Scales were used. The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance. Findings: The obtained results showed that the time perspective therapy on decreasing of depression and increasing social well-being was effective. The results of the follow-up scores showed that the efficacy of that was constant, as well. Conclusion: Considering the findings it concluded that the time perspective therapy is an effective therapy on reducing depression and increasing social well-being of bereaved women.

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Aim and Background: The incidence of aggression against nursing staff in psychiatry is a major challenge and the destructive dimension of this phenomenon affects the nurses and management of these hospitals. The present study was conducted to determine the status of aggression against nursing staff in psychiatry and related factors in Isfahan.
Methods and Materials: This was a retrospective descriptive-analytic study. The study population consisted of nursing staff working in psychiatric wards of Isfahan teaching hospitals. Data gathering tool was the violence at the workplace questionnaire. The results were analyzed using chi-square test and in SPSS.22.
Findings: Results showed that aggression towards nursing staff was verbal (95.5%), physical (79.7%) and bullying (34.7%). There was a significant relationship between shift work, staffing and physical violence (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between night work and physical violence (p<0.05). People with schizophrenia had the highest rate of physical violence. Regarding the area of activity, the highest incidence of physical violence was in the acute psychiatric ward, which was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The results showed that verbal, physical and bullying violence against male nurses was more than female nurses. Therefore, in order to minimize the violence in the hospital environment, planning, organizing, preventive strategies, proper management, appropriate protective measures and training should be considered.