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Background and Aim: Mood Bipolar Disorders(BD) are associated with unstabilities in patients' interpersonal interactions which in the long term may result in impairments in their social adjustment. Problem solving skills training, both in individual and group settings have been found effective on improving social adjustment. However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of such approaches in social adjustment of patients with BD. This study was carried to assess the efficacy of problem solving skills training in the group setting on improvement of social adjustment in patients suffering BD. Method & Materials: Participants were 45 female patients with BD, aged 25-30 year old who were randomly selected among patients referred to rehabilitation centers of Isfahan in 2006. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention and one control groups. In the first intervention group only patients received the education but in the second one along with patients, family members separately received the training too. No training was performed for control group. BD diagnosis was confirmed according to two psychiatrists' and the author's diagnostic interviews. In all three groups patients remained on their medications during the study. Wineland Social Adjustment Test were administered to the three groups before the intervention and then interventions groups received problem solving skills training by Hawthorn method in ten sessions. Wineland Social Adjustment test were again administered to patients of the 3 groups after the last intervention session and also later as a follow up post-test. Data were analyzed through SPSS-software using ANCOVA tests. Findings: After intervention, social adjustment mean scores were significantly higher in both intervention groups than in the control group (P Conclusion: Group problem solving skills training can improve social adjustment in patients with BD. This intervention can be considered as a part of these patients' treatment protocol in the long term.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: School is where adolescents spend a great part of the day in it. If the influencing aspects of it are known, school could be used as a context for preventive programs. Factors related to tendency toward cigarette, alcohol and drug use investigated in this study. Method and Materials: In a descriptive crosssectional study 3530 students of both sexes from all the grades of 168 highschools applying multiple sampling methods included. All students completed sSchool Connection Questionnaire (SCQ) and Iranian Adolescents Risktaking Survey (IARS). The relation between tendency towards cigarrette, alcohol, drug use and 4 aspects of school connestion including belonging, commitment, engagement and relationship with peers investigated applying linear regression analysis. Findings: Engagement and commitment were more important in predicting risktaking than belonging and relationship with peers. Gender, family income, having alive father, having remarried parent, living with both parents and having failed to pass the last term successfully were predictive variables for tendency to abuse drugs mentioned here. Conclusions: School and its aspects had different effects on tendency to abuse drugs mentioned here. Relationship with peers in school had a positive effect on this tendency while commitment and engagement affected it reversly.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Aim and Background: This research examined the relation between mother's depression score and the student's emotional intelligence score in deaf and hearing students. Method and Materials: This was a descriptive-analytic study. The sample consisted of 30 deaf and 30 hearing three grade students from a junior high school and their mothers in Isfahan city. Students were administered Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and their mothers completed Beck depression questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, using t independent test, and Pearson's correlation test. Findings: T-test results between emotional intelligence of deaf and hearing students showed that, only in optimism factor there was significant difference between two groups. t test results between mother's depression score of two groups delineated that, there was significant difference between them. And mother's depression score of deaf students was more. Correlation results revealed that mother's depression score was correlated to emotional intelligence in two groups. Conclusions: Results of this study showed that depression score of mothers is related to the student deafness while mothers' depression is related to emotional intelligence. Finally results demonstrated mother's depression score is related to decreased emotional intelligence of deaf students, while mother's undepression score is related to increased emotional intelligence of hearing students.

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Aim and Background: Alexithymia or emotional inhibition is an important risk factor for psychosomatic disorders such as gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the dimensions of alexithymia with depression and anxiety in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlation study, 129 patients were selected from patients with FGID referred to digestive clinic of the Noor hospital in Isfahan (during 5 months in 2008). They were investigated using Toronto Alexithymia scale , hospital anxiety and depression scale and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Findings: Only the dimension of “difficulty in identifying feelings” has a significant positive correlation with depression, anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in FGID patients. This dimension is predictor variance of depression, anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: The study emphasizes on the role of alexithymia especially the dimension of “ difficulty in identifying feelings” to understand the psychopathology of FGID. So, it seems that assessment and considering it as an effective factor in the treatment of these patients is essential.

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Aim and Background: The therapeutic community (TC) is a residential treatment model, which is effective in the treatment of people with substance abuse disorder. The aim of the people study was to examine the effectiveness of TC on mental symptoms of persons with substance abuse disorder. Methods and Materials: In this experimental, pre-post test and follow-up study, referred patients with substance abuse disorder were studied in three phases. They were under TC treatment at least for 6 months. 474 subjects were selected by stratified sampling method from broujerd, Kerman, Ahvaz, and Bojnourd cities. The instruments used for data collection were a SCL90 questionnaire and morphin test. Data analyzed using aired samples T test. Findings: The intervention was effective on&nbsp; mental symptoms (symptoms of depression, paranoiad thought, morbid symptoms, obsession- compulsion, aggression, physical complaint, problem in social relationship, anxiety, phobia, psychosis) of studied population (P < 0.05). Also, more than half (59/27) of the referred patients were clean after one year follow-up period. Conclusions: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of TC on the mental symptoms and treatment of patients with substance abuse disorder.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and normal persons in terms of alexithymia, severity of gastrointestinal symptoms, and demographic variables. Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative research included 129 FGID patients who were referred to a psychosomatic disorders clinic in Isfahan, Iran. A matched group of 108 healthy individuals (without digestive diagnoses) was also considered as the control group. Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) and gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale (GSRS) were used to evaluate the participants. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, correlation coefficient and Fisher&#039;s Z test. Findings: There was a significant difference between patients with FGIDs and healthy controls in terms of number of alexithymia symptoms and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. The results also indicated a relationship between education level and alexithymia as well as its dimensions (difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings) in both groups. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups in this regard. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that patients with FGIDs had higher scores of alexithymia and more severe somatic symptoms compared to the healthy control group. Furthermore, higher education levels were associated with lower risks of alexithymia. Such a finding might have been due to the higher ability of more educated patients in describing and identifying emotions.

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Acceptance- Based Behavior Therapies (ABBTs) is a new branch of psychological therapy that used Mindfulness-based therapy principles and techniques. Acceptance-based therapies came to be based on the assumption that psychopathology were trying to control or avoid negative thoughts and emotions. These therapies are believed people with mental impairment have been critical of these treatments on their emotions and they are judged based on their emotions. So try to avoid from these emotions and do actions to reduce their emotions or escape from them. Avoidance in the three levels of emotional, cognitive and behavioral may play an important role in continuing the psychopathology. ABBTs aim to alter individuals&rsquo; relationships with their internal experiences, reduce rigid experiential avoidance and increase action in valued directions.

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Aim and Background: Perfectionism is known as a potential maladaptive personality trait with significant psychological consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between stress and positive and negative perfectionism in normal subjects. Methods and Materials: Using convenience sampling method, 162 adults who aged 18-50 years old and did not have a history of any specific physical or mental disorders were selected. They were evaluated by means of the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Cooper&#039;s Stress Signs Inventory. Data was analyzed using Pearson&#039;s correlation test, multiple regression analysis, and analysis of covariance in SPSS 16 . Findings: Negative perfectionism had a statistically significant positive correlation with stress (P < 0.01). Negative perfectionism could predict 14% of the variance of stress signs. Mean scores of positive and negative perfectionism and stress were not significantly different between men and women. Conclusions: According to our findings, negative perfectionism can increase stress. In other words, negative perfectionism can be considered as an internal stressor.

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Aim and Background: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between role clarity and job adjustment among staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. This objective was followed regarding the impact that awareness of staff in organizational and vocational tasks and roles could have on their job adjustment. Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 242 staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were selected using a stratified random sampling method proportional to the population of schools. Data collection tools included Dawis and Lofquist work adjustment questionnaire and also Xavier&#039;s role clarity questionnaire. The statistical regression coefficient method was used to analyze the data. Findings: Results showed that each of working environment, personality, values and needs factors was individually influenced by the clarity of purpose. In addition, working environment, personality, values and needs, and satisfaction were individually influenced by the clarity of process. Conclusions: It would be expected that individuals accept their jobs better and demonstrate higher levels of adjustment in their working environment if the required clarity exists in the logical process of working time division, task planning, performance assessment, task performance quality, access to the required tools and devices, access to new information, and safety regulations in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

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Aim and Background: Iraq -Iran war during the 1980–1988 has left various detrimental physical, mental, social and economic effects on Soldiers, veterans and their families. These effects persist for years after the war ended. In this study the psychological health of Isfahanian veterans 22 years after the war was studied. Methods and Materials: Among all veterans registered by Veterans and Martyrs Affair Foundation (VMAF) of Isfahan province, 330 veterans using systematic random sampling were selected based on the VMAF list. Demographic questionnaire and SCL-90-R was performed on them. Findings: The average age of veterans was 45 years. The most veterans have been injured at the youth. Approximately 24 percent of veterans have a college education and about 39 percent have completed high school. Veterans with a combination of physical and mental injury and physical injury alone have the highest frequency. 19.3 percent of veterans have experienced prisoners of war. Frequency of retired veterans was 1.5 time higher than employed veteran. Somatization, obsessive - compulsive, aggression, anxiety, depression and paranoid ideation, respectively are the most common disorders and problems in veterans. Now almost half of veterans have with psychiatric disorders and mental problems. Veterans from 55 to 46 percent of injury have the most frequency of mental problems among veterans with different percentages of injury and the number of disability in veterans is greater, the psychological problems is more. Conclusions: 22 years after the war, half of the veterans are suffering from some sort of psychological problems.

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Aim and Background: Meta-cognition is one of the high cognitive processes of brain which has positive relationship with other cognitive capacities and can be considered as a predisposing factor in most of psychopathologies. the aim of present study was to examine the relationship between meta-cognition with anxiety and depression in mothers of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with mothers of normal children. Materials and Method: this is a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. The populations of this study were the mothers of 7-12 years old children who lived in Isfahan in 2011. 50 mothers of children with ADHD and 50 mothers of normal children were chosen through purposive sampling and were assessed by means of Wells and Cartwright meta-cognitive beliefs Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory- II. &nbsp; Findings: data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety and depression between two groups of mothers with ADHD children and mothers of normal children when the age is controlled and the first group had more depression symptoms. The mean of meta- cognition scores in these two groups was not significantly different. Anxiety was correlated with depression and meta- cognition in both groups(p= 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological health of mothers of children with ADHD is less than mothers of normal children, and taking a systemic approach in solving problems of such families can be useful.

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Recently, tremendous studies have been made on psychopathology and treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder. According these studies, several models of etiology have been developed for SAD. Some Concepts that studied include temperamental and genetic factors, environmental factors and learning experiences, social skill deficits, cognitive factors, cultural issues and evolutionary factors. Etiological models based on different approaches were used above concepts for development and maintenance of Social Anxiety Disorder. The current article reviewed etiological models of social anxiety disorder that presented until now. Evaluation of these models and clinical implications of them are discussed. Key Words : Social Anxiety Disorder, Psychopathology, Etiological Models

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abstract Aim and Background: This study was conducted with the aim of explaining aspects of conceptual framework of indicators for mental health.Providing mental health indicators conceptual framework could provide for the creation of a unified set of mental health indicators. Methods and Materials: This research was conducted in the method of systematic review and in type of library researching and internet resources.To search for a reputable and well-known databases such as “medline”, “pubmed”, “ psyclit” and other informative sites were used. And the key words to the development, implementation and evaluation of mental health promotion programs were used. Findings: In most systems, health and mental health indicators conceptual framework used to comprehensively based on the following four aspects: health status, mental health factors, mental health system performance, and characteristics of the mental health system and community and health system characteristics.Also, according to the research, mental health indicators should be specific, measurable, reliable, valid, realistic, practical, cost effective, evidence based and ethical. Conclusions: Among the health  indicators conceptual framework, the framework proposed by the Canadian Institute for Health Information )CIHI( is of sufficient breadth and comprehensiveness. And it can be used with slight changes in Iran. based on this framework, a comprehensive general health indicators based on four dimensions: health status, health factors, health system, community and health system characteristics is investigated.

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Aim and Background : Family and structure family are necessary for family members in order to create and mental health and stability of society .so values and religion are effective in structure family. This study aimed to investigating the relationship between marital values and religion orientation with family structure in married individuals. Methods and Materials : The participants were 403 individuals (female 205, male 198) from Babol city. A correlational method was employed and the following tools were used: delkhamoush marital value scale, Alport religious orientation and the Olson family structure Results: For data analysis, stepwise regression analysis was used Results of statistical analyses showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between scores on the dimensions of marital values and family structure so that subscales of the marital values such as &quot;hierarchy&quot;(P<0.001) &quot;affective autonomy&quot; (P<0.001) and was a significant and positive correlation &quot;egalitarianism&quot;(P<0.001),&quot;embeddedness&quot;(P<0.001) , with cohesion structure and&nbsp; there was a significant and positive correlation between &quot; affective autonomy &quot;(P<0.001), &quot;intelctual autonomy&quot;(P<0.001) and was a significant and positive correlation &quot;egalitarianism&quot;(P<0.001), with felexibility structure.accounted for the largest amount of variance in predicting internal religious orientation (P<0.01), external religious orientation (P<0.001) significantly predicted cohesion and flexibility structure. Conclusion: It is concluded that marital value and religion orientation, as two psychological constructs, can play a significant role in creating family structure. Keyword: Marital Values، Reliegion Oreiantation، Family Structure، Married Individual

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Abstract Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare vitality, marital adjustment&nbsp; and difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation in parents of deaf children and normal children. The research design is descriptive and comparative. The study population consisted of all parents of students with deaf and normal boys and girls. Study group of 50 parents of students with deaf and a comparable group of 50 parents are normal. Methods and Materials: Method of sampling is random. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, and multivariate analysis of variance, Pearson&rsquo;s Correlation Coefficient and regression analysis. The research instrument was Deci& Ryan validity questionnaire (1977), Spiner Marital adjustment questionnaire (1978), Inventory difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation (2004). Findings: The results indicate that there are significant differences between the two groups in vitality, marital adjustment and difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation. Conclusions: According to the present findings, can be concluding that the reduction of difficulties in cognitive &ndash; emotional regulation can be increased emotional satisfaction and vitality in the group of parents with deaf children.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Dynamic Psychotherapy is based on the principle that emotional expression is a important dimension of psycho health and psycho trauma is related with deficit in emotional expression. Therefore, in this research it has been tried to study efficacy of anxiety regulation short-term dynamic psychotherapy for increase emotional expression in Social Phobia. Methods and Materials: This clinical study was carried out on patient referring to Ferdowsi university clinical center in framework of single case by using multiple baseline in 20 sessions with a follow-up period of 3 months. Instrument was included SCID, GAF, SPIN and EEQ. Visual analysis and percent of improvement were used for analysis if the data. Findings: Treatment created considerable increase in emotional expression (63%) and improved the social phobia symptoms of patient (66%) and results of treatment continued up to follow-up period. (71%, 69%). Conclusions: anxiety regulation short-term dynamic psychotherapy has appropriate efficacy for increase emotional expression & treatment of Social Phobia Disorder.

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Abstract Aim and Background:: Self-efficacy is an important research in students with learning disability. Because of multiple failures of children with nonverbal learning disability, they have low self-esteem and missed their abilities, so the aim of the present study was to explore the effect of study of miniature on self-efficacy of children with nonverbal learning disability (NLD). Methods and Materials: This is an experimental study (pre-test, post-test) with the control group which was conducted during 2 months. 20 children (10 boys and 10 girls) with NLD were selected from 60 children in Peyvand psychological clinic and Yousef Abad center and randomly was implementing in experimental and control groups. The average age of the girls in the experimental group was 10/33 and in the control group was 9/30 and the average of age of boys in the experimental group was 9 and in the control group was 10. The experimental group took part in ten sessions of miniature with 45-60 min, while the control group was put on a waiting list. Both groups received the Sherer self-efficacy test tow times (pre-test and post-test) during 4 weeks. Sherer test is a valid and relaibale questionnaire with 17 items likert scale (Coronbach alpha coefficient for farsi version =0.79). Findings of this study were analysed by ANCOVA based on repeated measure using SPSS version 20. Findings: The results revealed that Persian miniature had a significant effect on self-efficacy (P≤0.05). Conclusions The findings of this study showed that simplify and enhance of paintings were effective in raising of self-efficacy of children with learning disabilities, so it could be a good technique for NLD children and suggested for them. Further studies with control group and greater sample size are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of art therapy for NLD clients.  

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Aim and Background: A large number of studies show that alexithymia may be a risk factor for many physical and mental illnesses. This study was conducted to evaluate the predictive value of different dimensions of alexithymia for assessing vulnerability to psychosomatic diseases. Methods and Materials: This case-control survey was conducted on 146 individuals. The subjects were selected through census method from among patients referred to the Psychosomatic Clinic of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The obtained data were analyzed using logistic regression in SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that for every one unit increase in total score of alexithymia, the chance of psychosomatic disease incidence increased by 5% (P < 0.008). On the other hand, for every one unit increase in the subscale of difficulty in identifying feelings, the chance of psychosomatic disease incidence increases by 11%. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that alexithymia, and especially the subscale of difficulty in identifying feelings can significantly increase the risk of psychosomatic diseases. Therefore, alexithymia can be introduced as a predictive tool for psychosomatic diseases.

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Aim and Background: In this systematic review, virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) was introduced and its effect on anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were studied. VRET has some advantages, compared to in vivo and imaginal exposure therapies, including greater safety and controllability. Thus, it has been introduced as a novel therapeutic method for the recovery and reconstruction of traumatic emotional experiences. Methods and Materials: Two databases of ScienceDirect and PubMed were searched for this review. As a result, 39 interventional studies in which VRET was applied for treating anxiety disorders and PTSD were retrieved. Findings: Results showed VRET had a positive effect on anxiety disorders, including specific and social phobia, panic disorder and agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, in post-treatment assessments. Moreover, VRET had similar positive effects to that of current effective psychotherapies, including in vivo exposure therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Results of the literature review indicated that VRET is effective in cognitive, behavioral, and physiological levels. Moreover, the positive effects of VRET often persist during long-term follow-ups. Conclusions: VRET can be a part of the treatment process of anxiety disorders and PTSD. Further studies in this respect are recommended.

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) has provided a standard language that physicians, scientists, and public health specialists use to communicate about mental disorders. This guideline was revised for the first time in 1986 and its last edition (fifth edition) was published in 2013. The most important modifications in the DSM-5 include the change in font, reexamination of the definition of psychological disorder, the order of categories, considerations for lifetime growth and developmental issues, categorization of disorders with greater emphasis on neuroscience and less emphasis on symptom emergence, differentiation between main diagnosis and the reason for referral, determination of temporary or absolute diagnosis, new categories of other specified and unspecified disorders, tendency toward dimensional evaluation, decrease in diagnosis-centered system, emphasis on cultural issues, emphasis on gender issues, and reexamination of diagnosis criteria. The aim of the present article was a critical, applied, and integrated investigation into these modifications. The new version received the most criticisms regarding extreme medicalization of normal issues. The main controversies regarding this version are related to the definition of some disorders, diagnostic inflation, and inappropriate impact of drug companies. In the final section of the article, the future perspectives of psychological disorder categories are explored. It seems that the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project will play an important role in psychological disorder categorization in the future.