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Background & Aim: Although socio-economic variables are widely used for describing the tourist&#039;s behavior, but increasing awareness is evident in current researches that personality characteristics might also be useful for that purpose. In this regard, the present study compares the personality characteristics of Iranian tourists with those of non tourists. Method and Materials: In a causal comparative study, 150 tourists and 150 non tourists were selected through an accessible sampling method. They were then administered NEO- Five Factor Inventory and of Zuckerman&#039;s Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V (SSS-V). Data were analyzed using independent t-student test and MANOVA. Results: The findings indicated that the two groups were significantly different regarding the sensation seeking, extroversion and openness characteristics (P < 0.0001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding other personality characteristics (i.e. neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness). Conclusion: The findings provide empirical support for the proposition that personality characteristics may influence tourism.  

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Aim and Background: Meta-cognitive therapy is based on the principle that meta-cognitive is very important for understanding the way of cognition function and the way of producing our conscious experience about ourselves and the world around us. In This research it has been tried to study the effectiveness of this kind of treatment in improving depression patients. Methods and Materials: This clinical-experimental study was carried out on 3 patients referring to Tabriz University Consulting Centers in the framework of single case by using multiple-baselines in 8 sessions with follow-up at 1 and 3 months. Instruments were included BDI, MCQ, PBRS and NBRS. Findings: Treatment created considerable changes in depression symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs of depressed patients and improved the symptoms of all three patients and the results of Treatment continued up to follow-up period. Conclusions: Result of this research showed, meta-cognitive therapy that focuses on controlling of cognitive process instead of cognitive content of cognitive processes can be effective in treatment of patient with major depression (Reduction in Rumination and Worry).

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare executive function and sustained attention in students with obsessive&ndash;compulsive, high schizotypal and overlapping symptoms and a control group. Methods and Materials: The present study assessed undergraduate students of Tabriz University by ex post facto method. Randomized multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select 1570 students. The subjects completed Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised. Then, during the screening phase, 140 students (in groups of 35) were selected. They completed Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test and Stroop color-word test. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA test. Findings: The results of this study showed a significant difference in executive function and sustained attention between high schizotypy and overlapping groups and the control group (P < 0.05). Except for commission errors in CPT, other differences observed between obsessive-compulsive and control groups in executive function and sustained attention except were insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The difference between the overlapping group and obsessive-compulsive and high schizotypy groups in terms of executive function and sustained attention pattern may indicate the unique clinical characteristics of the overlapping group.

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Abstract Background and Aim: The intolerance of uncertainty model was initially developed as an explanation for worry within the context of generalized anxiety disorder. However, recent research has identified intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as a transdiagnostic maintaining factor across the anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study was to compare the intolerance of uncertainty in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) and control group. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and ex-post facto investigation (causal comparative method). Statistical universe constituted all patients had been referred the first to the Bozorgmehr clinic in Tabriz in the 1389_1390. In this study, 30 client with Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 30 client with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) and 30 control group were selected accessibility. The groups were matched in demographic characteristics with other. Data were collected through a structured clinical interview and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS-17 and descriptive statistic indexs and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Results: The present study has found that people with GAD ,OCD ,and PD disorders compared with controls, according to the f=89/6 significance levels of /0001 had higher intolerance of uncertainty, but people with GAD, OCD, and PD disorders were not significantly different in the intolerance of uncertainty. The results showe differences between the (GAD, OCD, and PD) disorders and control groups in the (F=1/7), significance level0/0001, F=23/5 ,and significance level 0/002,in the two factors  the intolerance of uncertainty questionnaire.   Conclusion: In tolerance of uncertainty is not just for generalized anxiety disorder, It construct seen in the obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. It seems cognitive factor of intolerance of uncertainty plays a pivotal role in causing in this disorders. A potential application of these results for the treatment of anxiety disorders are treatable.  

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Aim and Background: In this study we examined the efficacy of Unified transdiagnostic Treatment in reduction of Women with generalized anxiety disorder pathological symptoms. Methods and Materials: In the present study we used non-congruent multiple baseline experimental single case study design. Three women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were selected&nbsp; from patients of Tabriz two counseling and psychiatric service centers in 2012 by using purposeful sampling method, along with diagnostic interview and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) based on disorders axis I. Patients underwent the treatment process subsequent to obtaining treatment requirements. &nbsp;The efficacy of Unified transdiagnostic Treatment Protocol (UP) was carried out in three phase of intervention (Baseline, 12 session treatment and 6 weeks follow-up) by using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-Q-IV) and The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) evaluated. Data analyzed with visuals inspection, improvement percentage and reliable change index (RCI) strategies. Findings: Results showed Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment&nbsp; is both clinically and statistically (p<0.05) significant efficient on the reduction of treatment&#039;s target (worry, symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and&nbsp; severity of anxiety and functioning impairment) severity. Conclusions: Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment has appropriate efficacy in the symptom&nbsp; reduction of women suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Purpose of this study is evaluating and comparing clinical patterns personalities in suicide attempters and normal group. Methods and Materials: This causal &ndash; comparative expost facto research base study preformed on totally 90 suicide attempters, 18 to 21 years age. The study uses the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory . Multi &ndash; variable variance method is used; and the SPPSS19 soft ware is applied for data analysis. Findings: Statistics results show that there are a meaningful relation between all studied groups in all clinical pattern personalities scales (P<0.001), except for clinical Obsessive&ndash;Compulsive and Aggressive (Sadistic) personalities. The most meaningful difference among groups is more prevalent in clinical depressive disorder pattern. Conclusions: Suicide attempters have more abnormal clinical pattern personalities than normal group &nbsp;

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Aim and Background: Social anxiety disorder is the most common type of anxiety disorders that affects the performance and social communication. Among the factors influencing the development and maintenance of the disorder, is early maladaptive schemas and deficits in emotion regulation. The present study aimed to present the structural model of direct and indirect role of early maladaptive schemas on social anxiety with mediation of emotion regulation. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-correlation research, the study population consisted of all students of University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, that among them, 300 students were selected using multistage cluster sampling technique. Young maladaptive schemas, Kanverd social anxiety and Gross and John emotion regulation questionnaires were used to the collect data. The data were analyzed using path analysis method. Findings: Disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limitation, other-directedness and over vigilance/inhibition schemas, due to emotional regulation, had positive and significant effects on social anxiety symptoms (P < 0.01). On the other hand, among the early maladaptive schemas, role of over vigilance, impaired autonomy and performance, and disconnection/rejection schemas in social anxiety were more prominent than the other-directedness and impaired limitations. Conclusions: The findings indicated that not only social anxiety was affected by bad-functioning in maladaptive schemas but also the symptoms of this disorder was aggravated by emotion disregulation; so that the negative effects of defective cognition on social anxiety were increased through defective performance of emotional regulation and aggravated the symptoms of social anxiety.

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Aim and Background: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders that includes all groups of society in every age group and its prevalence is different according to age and gender in different societies, so the aim of this research is the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system on cognitive reactivity and The symptoms of depressed patients were reduced.
Methods and Materials: The current research was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all depressed patients referred to psychiatric and psychological treatment centers in Urmia city in the first five months of 2022, and 30 people were selected from this population by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Scale (1961) and the Linden Depression Susceptibility Index (2003) in all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis methods with the help of SPSS24 software.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of cognitive reactivity and depressive symptoms between the experimental and control groups (P<0.01). In other words, cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system was effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistently depressed patients (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of the research show that the psychotherapy system of cognitive behavioral analysis is effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistent depressed patients, and therefore it can be used in clinical interventions for the treatment of persistent depression.

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Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuropsychological functions of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder of hoarding and Obsessional Slowness.
 Methods and Materials:  The current research was based on the nature and purpose of applied research and in terms of the research method, it was cross-sectional analytical. The statistical population of this research included all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive type, hoarding type, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in Urmia city between April and December 1401. The statistical sample of the research includes 30 patients with hoarding obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (15 people for each group of patients) referring to psychiatric and psychological treatment centers in Urmia city and 15 healthy people without diagnosis of the disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder was in the period from April to December 1401, which was selected by the available sampling method. The participants were matched in terms of age, gender, education, marital status and intelligence range. Subjects were evaluated using the revised Obsessive Compulsive Questionnaire, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire, Wisconsin Test, Go/No Go Test, Barrett's Balloon Risk Test, and Tower of London Test.  
 Findings: The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that people with Hoarding Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessional Slowness have significant differences in neuropsychological evaluations in terms of response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning and problem solving with the healthy group.
Conclusion: These results indicate a deficiency in response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and problem solving in these patients. While the pattern of neuropsychological disorders in these two disorders is different