---

Aim and Background: Meta-cognition is one of the high cognitive processes of brain which has positive relationship with other cognitive capacities and can be considered as a predisposing factor in most of psychopathologies. the aim of present study was to examine the relationship between meta-cognition with anxiety and depression in mothers of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with mothers of normal children. Materials and Method: this is a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. The populations of this study were the mothers of 7-12 years old children who lived in Isfahan in 2011. 50 mothers of children with ADHD and 50 mothers of normal children were chosen through purposive sampling and were assessed by means of Wells and Cartwright meta-cognitive beliefs Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory- II.   Findings: data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety and depression between two groups of mothers with ADHD children and mothers of normal children when the age is controlled and the first group had more depression symptoms. The mean of meta- cognition scores in these two groups was not significantly different. Anxiety was correlated with depression and meta- cognition in both groups(p= 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological health of mothers of children with ADHD is less than mothers of normal children, and taking a systemic approach in solving problems of such families can be useful.

---

Aim and Background: The present study aimed to examine the effect of massage on decreasing anxiety and depression in addicted women imprisoned in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study. Pre-test and post-test with control group design were used. Subjects were 30 participants who were divided in two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group underwent massage therapy for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) for 30 minutes, while for the control group discussions about daily issues were conducted for only 3 sessions per week. Beck Inventory questionnaires were used for measuring anxiety and depression scores at the beginning and end of intervention period. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: After controlling for the pretest anxiety and depression scores, massage therapy for 8 weeks significantly reduced anxiety (P < 0.001; Partial ƞ 2 = 0.921) and depression (P < 0.001; Partial ƞ 2 = 0.881) scores of the addicted imprisoned women imprisoned in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: According to the results massage therapy can be used as a non-pharmacologic intervention for decreasing anxiety and depression in the addicted women who were imprisoned.

---

Aim and Background: Chronic use of opiates has been associated with a wide range of cognitive deficits, involving domains of attention, inhibitory control, planning, decision-making, and memory. Therefore, the main aim of this research was the comparison of executive functions in heroin dependents and patients on methadone therapy with a control group. Method and Materials: The retrospective research method was used in the current study. Purposeful sampling method was used in methadone and heroin groups, but control group participants were selected randomly. Statistical population in this study consisted of heroin dependents and methadone users, in Isfahan city in 2012, who had been referred to medial, rehabilitation centers, and psychiatric clinics. Finally, 75 patients were selected in three groups [methadone (n = 25), heroin (n = 25), and control groups (n = 25)] according to the criteria of drug abuse or dependence in DSM-IV-TR. Then, they were evaluated based on the Tower of London and Stroop neuropsychological Tests. Findings: Results of analysis of variance show that the control group had a better performance in the Tower of London and Stroop tests in comparison with heroin dependents and methadone users groups (P &le; 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between heroin dependents and methadone users groups. &nbsp; Conclusions: Heroin dependency and methadone use, probably, causes prefrontal cortex and executive dysfunctions, and neurological disturbances in frontostriatal systems. According to these findings, we can design professional cognitive rehabilitation programs to rehabilitate patients in their personal, occupational, and social life.

---

aim and Background: Existing researches in the field of addiction generally focus on strategies for withdrawal not on the addicted victims quality of life. Therefore, in this study, the addicted people is educated to enhance or improve the quality of life, Reform and develop the teaching of cognitive– behavioral therapy, The impact of these developments on important factors such as self-efficacy has been studied. Methods and Materials: The research is of the type semi-experimental with experimental and control groups, with follow-up (45 days). To determine the number of the sample, at first, two clinics for addiction withdrawal (Fardaye Roshan Clinic and Rahabakhsh Clinic) in the year 1390 were selected. 36 people applying for participation in the study were randomly assigned to two groups (Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy and Quality of Life Therapy) and control assigned. Finally, at the end of sessions, posttest and 45-day follow-up were administrated on the group. For the reason of controlling intervention variable, multivariate analysis of covariance has been use in addiction to descriptive statistics. Findings: The results of the research indicate that CBT and the treatment based on the improvement of life quality could significantly increase the addicts, scores of Self efficacy in post test compared to the control group (P<0.5). The point to be mentioned is the better functioning of the treatment based on the improvement of quality of life therapy compared to CBT in the addicts, follow-up stage of self efficacy.

---

Aim and Background: Unconsummated marriage (UCM) is a problematic worldwide sexual disorder. It becomes complicated in the societies with conservative sexual norms. Yet there is clear consensus in scientific societies that UCM should be defined as a phenomenon beyond a specific individual, organic and psychological problem. Drawing upon Sexual scripts theory by Gagnon and Simon (1973) this review article aimed to answer a question: &quot;Which socio-sexual scripts out of them the UCM in couples emerged and is maintained?&#039; Methods and Materials: A review was conducted focusing on UCM and the social scripts about wedding night, marriage, intercourse and virginity. Findings: Most of the new published studies were conducted in conservative communities and reported varied etiological factors for UCM, based on the specialty of researchers and referred clinics. Conclusions: It seems that during UCM, mutual transaction between the individual and social norms&nbsp; in her/his community about vaginal intercourse, is impaired and caused to guilt feeling so may lead to nondisclosure of the problem and make it prolonged. Sexual education for new couples by health care givers may decrease UCM prevalence and its challenges.

---

Abstract &nbsp; Aim and Background: The forgetfulness or memory deficit hypothesis in patients with obsessive&ndash;compulsive disorder (OCD) has been used to explain the maintenance of repetitive behaviors in these patients. Yet the majority of studies focusing on memory of patients with OCD show mixed results. The aim of this study was to compare of false memory and memory confidence in women with obsessive&ndash;compulsive disorder and normal women. Methods and Materials: Using available sampling method and according inclusion criteria, in casual/comparative design format, 26 women with OCD from Zanjan city were selected and after matching with 26 normal women on the base age and educational level variables assessed by memory confidence and false memory test task. Findings: The results of independent T-test indicated that women with obsessive&ndash; compulsive disorder in comparison with normal women show a higher false memory in threat based words and are weaker in memory confidence. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate the presence of threat based false memory in patients with obsessive&ndash;compulsive disorder and seems that the repeated behaviors of these individuals are a result of lack confidence in their memory.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback training on reducing anxiety in people who attend a psychology clinic in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: Eighteen persons were randomly divided in control and test groups. The mean age of participants was 34.44. Then, before and after the training they were evaluated with kattel Anxiety test (1958). The neurofeedback training included 15 sessions of 30 minutes. Findings: The pre- and post test data were analyzed through co-variance (ANCOVA). Conclusions: The results confirmed the effect of neurofeedback on decreasing of anxiety (p < 0.001- Eta 2 = 0.70).

---

&nbsp; Abstract Autism is a developmental disability with age of onset in childhood (under 3 years old), which is characterized by definite impairments in social interactions, abnormalities in speech and stereotyped pattern of behaviors. Due to the progress of autism in recent decades, a wide range of studies have been done to identify the etiological factors of autism. It has been found that genetic and environmental factors are both involved in autism pathogenesis. Hence in this review article, a set of environmental factors involved in the occurrence of autism has been collected and finally some practical recommendations for reduction the risk of this devastating disease in children are represented.&nbsp; &nbsp;

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory, normal and abnormal personalities are located along with a continuum. The aim of this study is comparing the behavioral inhibition systems and activation systems on different drug users, heroin withdrawers with normal persons. Methods and Materials: The present research applied fragmentary descriptive method and the statistical population was consisted of all drug-users who were under maintaining treatment with methadone, shisha- users, heroin-users, opium-users and heroin-withdrawers in Isfahan City in 2013, so that 150 users of different drugs and 30 men who did not use anything were selected and tested by the cluster sampling and the Gary Wilson&rsquo;s personality questionnaire (QWPQ). Findings: The results of variation analysis showed that there is a significant difference among the groups from the point of view of the behavioral activation level (P<0.05). No meaningful difference has obtained between the groups from the point of view of behavioral inhibition system and escape-fight system (p<0.05). The results of Post-Hoc Test represented that the mean behavioral activation&nbsp; in heroin user group is meaningfully more than normal groups, heroin and opium withdrawers and methadone users (p<0.05). Also the mean behavioral activation in shisha-users is meaningfully more than opium withdrawers and methadone users (p<0.05).There was no meaningful difference between other groups. Conclusions: This study is supported a hypothesis that represented drug-users enjoy thehyper function in activating-behavior system.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Recent studies on autism, as the most important diseases in the autism spectrum disorders, emphasize the slight role of genome in causing autism compared to earlier estimates, and the leading role of environmental factors such as prenatal maternal stress in developing autism, mainly due to its high potential of perverting the neurodevelopment of embryo. &nbsp; Methods and Materials: In order to assess this hypothesis in Iran, some mothers of autistic children were compared with mothers of healthy children in terms of quantity, quality and timing of exposure to 45 stressful events in a 15-month period (6 months before pregnancy to the moment of birth). In addition, dividing these stressful events into two groups of genome-dependent events) events resulting from gene-environment interactions such as divorce and addiction) and genome-independent events (purely environmental events such as war and earthquake), their prevalence was separately scrutinized and compared among patient and control families. Findings: According to the results of this study, the severity and frequency of exposure to stress among mothers of autistic children were significantly greater than that of control mothers (p=0.000). Although the child&rsquo;s risk of autism increases significantly with the increase of maternal stress during 4-7 months (14-32 weeks) of pregnancy, the results of this study showed that the increased maternal stress during 2-3 months (5-13 weeks) of pregnancy leads to a significant increase in the severity of autism (p<0.05). Conclusions: However, although the present study consistent with recent findings in the fields of epigenetics and gene-environment interactions can reinforce the possible role of severe and scheduled prenatal stresses in autism, it does not deny the necessity of a prospective and wider study in Iran.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Gender Dysphoric disorder is a phenomenon with unclear cause and has a strong impact on affected person and his/her family. We designed a study to compare perception of people with and without Gender dysphoria regarding Family function. Methods and Materials: During a correlatioal study and through easy sampling we included 30 Gender dysphonic people and 30 non Tran&rsquo;s participants from people who were referring to Navid bakhsh clinic in Isfahan. All participants completed Farsi version of FAD-53 questionnaire and additional questions regarding their demographic data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 19 with compare means by independent-samples T test. Findings: The analysis of data indicated a significant differences between two groups&nbsp; about their perception regarding Relationship components (p=0.000), Emotional involvement (p=0.001), Role Playing (p=0.000), Problem solving (p=0.049). The person&rsquo;s with Gender Dysphonic disorder had a low Performance in these components. Conclusions: Our results show that Gender Dysphoric people have more difficulties in relationship and emotional issues, role playing and problem solving in their families. Our findings might be helpful in planning for intervention in this type of families. Further studies are warranted with greater sample size to compare family functioning and attachment style of gender dysphonic people. &nbsp;

---

Abstract Aim and Background: &nbsp;This study investigated the relationships between sexual assertiveness as showing a strong and confident personality in sexual relation and marital conflicts between couples. &nbsp; Methods and Materials: &nbsp;During a correlational study a random sample of married women, (N=225) who were living in Zarrin Shahr (Isfahan province) in 1393 were selected. They answered Hulbert sexual assertiveness and Bagher Sanai Marital Conflict questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis with SPSS 19 conducted. Findings: &nbsp;Analysing the data &nbsp; showed that there is a significant negative correlation - 0/203 between sexual assertiveness and marital conflict (P<0.05). The correlation between sexual assertiveness and decreasing sexual relations -0.131, increased exciting reactions -0.149, separating financial affairs -0/188, and reducing effective relations -0.249 was significant. (P<0.05). The strongest relation was observed between sexual assertiveness and reducing effective relations. &nbsp; Conclusions: &nbsp;our findings suggest that with decreasing sexual assertiveness, marital conflict for our participant increases. Further quantitative studies with greater sample size and qualitative researches in Iranian cities with more conservative sexual norms are warranted to evaluate the relationship between these two variables. We believe that development of courses of sex education and assertiveness based on Iranian Islamic norms will be useful for improvement of women&#039;s sexual assertiveness and decreasing marital conflict in their families.

---

Aim and Background: A separate chapter of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) distributed in 2013 has been allocated to Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is defined as unwanted, repeated, and obtrusive beliefs, images, thoughts, and anxiety or repetitive mental behaviors and actions. Clinical evaluation of patients with OCD has revealed their complaints regarding urology symptoms. Therefore, it has been theorized that OCD is correlated with urology symptoms such as urination frequency. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted on 100 patients with OCD referred to the OCD Clinic affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 12013. In order to determine the severity of the disorder, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used for the assessment of the degree of anxiety and depression. In addition, the Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Questionnaire (LUTS-Q) and a 25-item checklist were used for the evaluation of urinary symptoms. The data were analyzed using Student&#039;s t-distribution, one way ANOVA, chi-square test, and the Pearson coefficient in SPSS. Findings: The average of urinary symptoms score was 11 &plusmn; 6.8 and ranged from 0 to 27. There was a direct correlation between urinary symptoms and OCD symptoms (P = 0.022). Moreover, there was direct correlation between anxiety and depression score and urinary symptoms (P < 0.001). On the other hand, there was a direct correlation between the Y-BOCS score and anxiety and depression score (P = 0.049). Conclusions: In more than half of the participants, OCD was accompanied with urinary symptoms. In addition, 74% of patients had anxiety and depression disorder. Thus, these disorders require attention in the evaluation and treatment of patients with OCD and must be considered in their treatment interventions.

---

Aim and Background: Sometimes, some people feel distressed because of their gender, usually in social, occupational or other personal grounds, which would tend to compatibility problems with gender dysphonia disorder. Therefore, the present study investigated the perceived attachment styles and parenting methods among the patients with gender dissatisfaction disorder and healthy individuals in Isfahan city, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this study, patients gender dysphoria and healthy individuals who had referred to psychiatrists in Isfahan in 2015. The participants consisted of 28 patients with gender dysphoria and 30 healthy individuals, who were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tools consisted of the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) (Reid and Collins) and Perceived Parenting Style Questionnaire (McClun and Merrell). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS Software. Findings: No significant difference was observed between the mean attachment style score of patients and healthy individuals. However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of perceived parenting style. Autocratic parenting style was more prevalent among patients, compared to healthy individuals. Nevertheless, authoritarian parenting style was adopted by healthy subjects more (59.5%) than patients with gender dysphonia (40.5%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: With regard to the findings of the present study, parents of the patients with gender dysphonia disorder should be educated concerning parenting styles to shift their parenting style toward authoritarian style; which tends to lower these individuals&rsquo; psychological impairments.

---

Aim and Background: An individual pathology observed in families is morbid jealousy. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the views of family therapy specialists about interactional damages in spouses of men with morbid jealousy. Methods and Materials: The present research was a qualitative (phenomenological) study. The search population consisted of all specialists in the field of psychological family therapy. The participants consisted of 8 specialists with experiences in psychological family therapy. Data were collected through semi-structural interviews. The gathered data were analyzed through systematic method in the three steps of description, reduction, and interpretation. Findings: The results showed that from among 489 sentences related to interactional damages, 122 concepts were extracted in open coding that were disaggregated into 23 subthemes in axial coding. Finally, data were summarized into 9 categories of pathologies related to solving conflicts, communication styles, sexual relationship, communication with children, and communication with the spouse regarding familial and household issues, and cognitive, behavioral, and emotional damages which were problematic to the relationship. Conclusions: It can be concluded that, from the viewpoint of family specialists, men with morbid jealousy cause damages in their families that increase the probability of family disintegration.

---

Aim and Background: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) in women with sexual dysfunctions resistant to common sex therapy (cognitive-behavioral and bio-medical), and evaluate improvement maintenance in follow-up. Methods and Materials: This study was based on a single-subject research design which consisted of screening and intervention. 5 patients entered the study with several inclusion criteria, and therapeutic screening was performed among female clients with sexual dysfunctions in Tehran, Iran. The participants underwent intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Data were collected using Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Sexual Quality of Life-Female (SQOL-F) questionnaire, and Subjective Evaluation of Partner’s Sexual Function (SEOPSF) scale. Findings: Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy, in comparison to common sex therapy, improved sexual function among the participoants, and moveed them above the normal cut-off point. Moreover, this change led to significant promotion of their sexual quality of life. The trend of changes, when the first breakthrough to the unconscious occurred in a subject, showed considerable growth which could be the evidence for psychodynamic etiology of sexual dysfunction. The promotion of sexual function and sexual quality of life in subjects was remarkable during the 8 th week follow-up session. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in such a condition, contemporary dynamic psychotherapy with an integrative, intensive, and short-term nature can be known as a suitable alternative for common sex therapy, and the intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy seems to be the best choice in this regard.

---

Aim and Background: Comorbidity of psychological disorders is very common in patients with chronic pain, including patients with fibromyalgia; it is in a range of depression, anxiety, stress, disappointment, failure, and anger, and accompanied with psychological consequences such as sleep disturbances, disruptions in daily functions, and worries about the future. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group-based acceptance and commitment therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with fibromyalgia. Methods and Materials: This study was quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up, and control group. Among the patients referring to medical centers affiliated to in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2016, 24 patients with fibromyalgia syndrome were selected through convenient sampling method, and randomly divided into two groups. The instrument of this study was a short form of Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Stress Scale (DASS-21). The experimental group received the therapy based on acceptance and commitment during 8 sessions of 2 hours. The covariance analysis method was used to analyze the data. Findings: Acceptance and commitment therapy in women with fibromyalgia is more effective to control the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, compared to the control group (P < 0.050). Moreover, the mean of 3 subscales of depression (P = 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.001), and stress (P = 0.006) decreased significantly in the experimental group in the posttest and follow-up stages compared to the pretest stage. Conclusions: Group therapy based on acceptance and commitment can reduce the psychological damage in patients and increase their life-richness, in spite of pain and illness, through the creation and development of acceptance and increasing value-based practices.

---

Aim and Background: Today, children's aggression is one of the most common and one of the important reasons for their referral to psychotherapists. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of story therapy and music therapy on the executive functions of aggressive female students.
Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 45 aggressive students were randomly selected from among elementary school female students in Karaj in the academic year 2020-2021 and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The research instruments included primary school children aggression questionnaires, Wisconsin test, continuous performance test and Stroop test. The experimental groups underwent story therapy in 11 sessions and music therapy in 8 sessions. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.
Findings: There was a significant difference between the effectiveness of story therapy and music therapy on executive functions (p <0.001) of aggressive female students. The mean scores of executive functions in the post-test of music therapy were significantly higher than the mean scores of the story therapy group and the control group (p <0.001).
Conclusions: Story therapy and music therapy have an effective role in improving the executive functions of aggressive female students. Also, music therapy has a greater effect on increasing performance indicators (cognitive flexibility, sustained attention and inhibition) of aggressive female students than story therapy. Therefore, it is suggested that these treatments be performed by specialists in these fields to help aggressive students in educational and therapeutic environments. The results of this research can have many educational implications.

---

Aim and Background: The aim of this research was to investigate the structural model of self-care based on disease perception, social support and collaborative decision-making with the mediating role of self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, the number of 800 patients with type 2 diabetes (331 men and 469 women) in the hospitals of Qom province, they were selected by random sampling method. The data were collected using the questionnaire of cognitive population and disease perception, family social support questionnaire, self-efficacy in diabetic patients, diabetes self-care questionnaire and patient participation in treatment decision making questionnaire and by the model. Finding the structural equation (SEM) with AMOS24 and SPSS26 software were analyzed. Also, correlation, t-test and chi-square were used at the descriptive level and to compare the data. After evaluating the fit of the model, the coefficients between the variables were examined. Most of the paths with significant coefficients were kept in the final model, and the paths with non-significant coefficients or some path coefficients with weak significance were deleted from the final model for theoretical reasons.
Findings: The findings were as follows 1- The measurement model of research variables has a good fit. 2- Disease perception has a direct and indirect effect on the self-care of type 2 diabetic patients. 3-Social support has a direct and indirect effect on the self-care of type 2 diabetic patients. 4- Participatory decision-making has a direct and indirect effect on the self-care of type 2 diabetic patients.
Conclusions: Most of the relationships between these variables in this research were consistent with previous studies and existing theories