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Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Aim and Background: The driver's Sleepiness is an important risk factor for road accidents leading to death or disability. Little is known about sleep quality in Iranian drivers. This study was aimed to assess the sleep quality in those Iranian drivers recognized as responsible for a recent road accident in which at least one of the car occupants had been severely injured or killed. Method and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 453 Iranian drivers were assessed within the first 24 hours after severe road accidents. After getting completed the informed consent forms and demographic questionnaires, we used Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for screening psychiatric problems and sleep quality impairments, respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and multivariate linear regression analysis through SPSS-10 software. Findings: Mean (±SD) nocturnal sleep duration of drivers was found to be 6.3±2.8 (median: 6). Based on PSQI, a total number of 263 drivers (73.5%) were poor sleepers. PSQI was correlated with a GSI more than 0.81 according to SCL-90-R, having used drugs which can affect the sleep, and a history of similar previous accident(s). Retired individuals had a better sleep quality. Conclusion: Our study showed that sleep problems, especially early morning awakening, frequent need to lavatory during night, early insomnia and feeling too warm or cold, are common among Iranian drivers with severe road accidents.

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Aim and Background: Some of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients believe that their unpleasant thoughts can influence the external events. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the contents of thought-action fusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional correlative study 60 OCD patients selected by available sampling method. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and revised Thought-Action Fusion questionnaire (TAF-R) were administered. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis methods. Findings: There was positive and significant association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and TAF-R subscales (P < 0.05). The result of stepwise regression indicate that, valence of negative events was strongest predictor of washing, likelihood of negative events was strongest predictor of checking, responsibility of positive events was strongest predictor of doubt, and likelihood-self was strongest predictor of obsessional thoughts. Conclusions: The results indicated positive and significant correlation between the TAF and OCD symptoms. Thus, it seems that occurrence of cognitive bias such as TAF increases the individual&rsquo;s vulnerability to OCD.

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Aim and Background: Individuals are faced with numerous stressful life events which can negatively influence their mental health. Many individuals use smoking as a means of confronting stress. Given the relatively high prevalence of smoking in central Iran, the present study was conducted to compare stress levels in smokers, non-smokers, and those who had quit smoking. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted as part of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program on 9752 individuals in the cities of Isfahan, Arak, and Najaf Abad in 2008. Sampling was performed using multistage cluster randomization method. Data on age, sex, demographic characteristics, and smoking status was collected through interviews. Stress level was detected by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square test were used for data analysis. Findings: In the present study, 30% of non-smokers, 32.1% ex-smokers, and 36.9% of smokers scored 4 and higher (P = 0.01) in the GHQ. In regression analysis, the final model which was controlled for age, sex, socioeconomic status (including place of residence, marital status, and education) showed that the odds ratio of stress in smokers and ex-smokers was significantly higher than non-smokers (OR = 1.66 and OR = 1.12, respectively). Conclusions: Conducted studies revealed mental problems and stresses to be significantly related with smoking. Therefore, interventions are required to reduce the prevalence of smoking in the community through interventions which provide correct methods of coping with stress.

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Aim and Background: Previous studies suggest that mental stress may influence serum lipid levels. This study was conducted on adult population living in rural and urban areas in central Iran to assess the correlation between stress levels and lipid profile disorders. Methods and Materials: Data was extracted from final evaluation of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) in 2008. Multistage cluster random sampling was used. The study population consisted of 9752 adults aged &ge; 19 years living in 3 cities of Isfahan, Arak and Najaf Abad. Demographic data, age, and sex were recorded. Blood samples were taken to determine lipid levels including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride. Stress levels were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square test were used for statistical analyses. Findings: After adjustment for age and sex, the odds ratios of high stress in individuals with high levels of TC and LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C were respectively 1.11 (1.08, 1.27), 1.13 (1.04, 1.24), and 1.12 (1.08, 1.28) compared to normal individuals. Conclusions: According to the relationship between lipid profile disorders and stress levels, special attention needs to be paid to psychological and environmental issues to treat lipid profile disorders.

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Aim and Background: Being abused during childhood and adolescence is one of the important risk factors of substance dependence. The purpose of this study was to compare child abuse in patients with substance dependence and non-dependent persons in Isfahan, Iran. Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative study was conducted on 120 male substance dependent patients who referred to therapeutic centers in Isfahan (clinical group). The subjects were selected through cluster sampling. The clinical group was compared with 120 non-dependent men as the control group. The Child Abuse Self Report Survey (CASRS) was used to collect data. Findings: Our results indicated that the rates of physical, sexual, and affective abuse in the clinical group were significantly more than the control group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, neglect was more frequent in the control group. Conclusions: According to our results, being abused in childhood is one of the risk factors for substance dependence disorder in adulthood. Therefore, Iranian parents need more training on how to treat their children.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Correct diagnostic of bipolar disorders by psychologists requires a high level of proficiency and experience.  Moreover, in many cases, similar symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis which can worsen the disease. The purpose of this research work is design of an automatic system for effective diagnosis of this disease using brain signals. Such a system can be used as an auxiliary system for the psychologists. Methods and Materials: This study is done on 12 subjects with bipolar disorders and 12 healthy subjects. Signals from sixteen EEG electrodes are recorded according to the standard 10-20 system. Based on the other studies, we use signals from the channels located at F 3 , F 4 , P 3 , P 4 , T 3 , T 4 , O 1 and O 2 area. A set of features including the total signal power, frequency bands power, center frequency, maximum frequency, AR coefficients and Hjorth descriptors are extracted from the signals. The classification task (healthy/bipolar disorders) is then performed using the back propagation and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network classifiers. Findings: Our investigations show that among the adopted features, the maximum frequency, theta power, activity and AR coefficients are suitable references for separating the healthy subjects from the diseased ones. Also, the back propagation neural network outperforms the RBF one. Conclusions: In the proposed automatic detection process, the radial basis function neural network classifier leads to a correct diagnosis rate of more than 87%. The back propagation neural network classifier has a correct diagnosis rate of more than 94%.  These results confirm that the proposed system can be considered as an auxiliary tool for detecting the bipolar disorders.  

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Aim and Background: This study examined the effectiveness of Toukaa software (a Persian application of learning difficulties) on audio detection and memory in children with learning difficulties (dyslexia). Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design and control group. In this study, using Toukaa software, the experimental group were trained in 10 sessions. The population consisted of all the students in the first grade of school with age of 7 to 8 years in Isfahan city, Iran. These students were referred by some experts in psychology. The participants were equally divided into two groups of experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10). Research tools included children Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and reading achievement test. For data analysis purposes, the progress of two groups of control and experimental were examined via comparing the scores of the two groups using ANOVA test with repeated measures, Mauchly test and consistency of variances. Findings: Toukaa auditory memory training software improved the recognition and auditory memory among the children with learning difficulties (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Considering the effect of Toukaa software on improving audio detection and memory in children with learning difficulties (dyslexia), and as these children suffer memory disorders, we suggest to use this software 15-20 minutes per day to improve their memory capacities.

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Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare positive and negative psychological states between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome, and to investigate the relationship between these psychological factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods and Materials: In this comparative study, the study population consisted of all patients with middle-aged coronary artery disease (35-60 years old) who were enrolled at the Rehabilitation Center of the Cardiology Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from 2012 to 2016. Totally, 61 patients were selected through purposive sampling in September, 2016. They participated in the research by completing some questionnaires including Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Adult Hope Scale (AHS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and performing physiological assessments related to metabolic syndrome. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney, and Pearson correlation tests. Findings: There were significant differences between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome in terms of depression, optimism, hope, and happiness. Moreover, depression, optimism, hope, and happiness had significant relationship with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: The research findings support the link between psychological variables and metabolic syndrome.

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Aim and Backgrounds: The aim of the current study was investigation the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on career development of students with obsessive compulsive disorder. Materials & Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest-follow up design with control group. Thirty students were selected using convenience sampling and randomly divided to two experiment and control groups. Data was gathered by Career Development Questionnaire (CDI) and was analyzed using Repeated Measure ANOVA. Students in one experimental group received ACT in eight weekly sessions and the control group were in wait list. Findings: The results showed that there was significant difference between two groups in path career development (p<0.05). Conclusion : ACT can improve path career development of students with obsessive compulsive disorder.

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Aim and Background: The aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between cognitive functions and reading literacy in fourth grade primary school students.
Methods and Materials: The study method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population includes all the male students of the fourth grade of primary school in Tehran who were studying in the academic year of 1402-1403, and 174 of them were purposefully selected as a sample. Reading literacy progress tests (Perles, 2016) and subtests from the fifth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC-5) and the attention and concentration test IVA-2 were used for measurement.
Findings: The Pearson correlation coefficient results showed that there is a positive relationship between the components of cognitive performance and literary and information literacy of fourth grade elementary school students. The results of regression analysis showed that conceptual thinking with standard beta coefficient (0.451) had the highest regression effect on students' literary reading literacy. In addition, conceptual thinking with a standard beta coefficient (0.456) had the highest regression effect on students' information literacy, and processing speed, active memory and attention after conceptual thinking had the highest regression effect on students' information literacy.
Conclusions: By increasing the cognitive abilities of students, it becomes possible to perform multiple skills at the same time, and students with information literacy recognize the value of information in texts and have the ability to find and analyze information while reading and are able to understand the content. Evaluate information critically