---

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction: Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Cognitive Schemas have been well established to play a role in the development and the treatment of this disorder. Monotheistic view is a popular and well-received cognitive schema which is followed by specific emotions and deserves to be paid attention . Methods: This is a review study on the verses of the holy Koran using the relevant resources and soft wares. Data has been classified to primary and secondary preventive categories and discussed accordingly . Findings: We distracted three major axes of the monotheistic view as relevant in prevention and treatment of depression. They are: to encourage a positive way of thinking and a productive and creative state of mind, to remove negative attitudes and to reduce depressive symptoms and signs. Some of the important issues which are discussed in this regard according the holy Koran are as follows: this view gives a total perspective about the life which may answer some of the human basic questions about the philosophy of life and existence, it gives faith and wisdom, an attitude based on the trust in God and consent toward his will, it introduces ways for facing with problems such as poverty, financial worries, family problems and life negative events among many others . Discussion: Applying the mentioned axes, monotheistic view has a basic role in providing humankind with stable and satisfying emotions. As an effective cognitive schema in the treatment and prevention of depression, it can be applied in individual and social primary and secondary care programs. Cognitive schemas deducted from the monotheistic view can make a foundation for a new psychotherapeutic method for depression. In the full text of this material, we have discussed the similarities and differences of this view with other kinds of cognitive schemata.  

---

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Aim and Background: Fear of movement is a psychological construct with pivotal role in chronicity of pain. Chronic pain may lead to depression and anxiety in patients, which may change life quality and style. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of fear of movement in chronicity of pain in patients with musculoskeletal pain. Method and Materials: In a descriptive analytic study a sample of 170 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain referred to an orthopedic clinic at Atieh hospital (Tehran, Iran) was selected. Based on scores of Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia, were divided into three groups of high, medium, and low fear of pain. Data was analyzed by SPSS 12 using ANOVA test. Findings: Patients with higher fear of pain received higher scores on other pain related measures except estimation of pain severity during the current and the next week. In addition, regression analysis showed that scores on Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Pain vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire are the best predictors of Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia scores. Conclusion: Fear of movement in patients with chronic pain is predictable by psychological variables which are correlated with pain specific anxiety rather than pain severity. Such variables can predict further movement and physical disability and have clinical implications for chronic pain management.

---

Aim and Background: Self-handicapping has been defined as a strategic manipulation of a situation in a way that an individual can claim that obstacles to his/her performance account for a possible failure. Research has shown that some people behave in a way to create impediments to successful achievement, especially when this is important to them. To the best knowledge of authors only one validated scale is developed for measurement of this behavior and that its psychometric properties have not been examined in Iran. As such, the aim of this study is to introduce the scale and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method and Materials: This research is a descriptive-correlational study with a cluster random sample of 650 undergraduate students from Shahid Beheshti University. Original SH scale (25 items) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory (10 items) were administered. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Chronbach Alpha, and exploratory factor analysis. Findings: Exploratory factor analysis supported a 3-factor (23 items from 25 original items) solution named as "negative mood" (NM), "effort" (E), and "excuse making" (EM). Base on the theory, sum score of "negative mood" & recoded "effort" composes behavioral self-handicapping, and sum score of "negative mood" and "excuse making" reflexes claimed self-handicapping. Chronbach’s Alpha for the factors ranged from 0.60 to 0.72 and was 0.77 for the total scoreale. Test retest reliability was 0.84, supporting the reliability of the scale. Correlation between self-handicapping & self-esteem inventory was found to be -0.54 which provides further support for the validity of the scale. Conclusions: A 23-item self-handicapping scale was psychometrically evaluated in a student population. This version of the scale called "SHS-IR", shows satisfactory psychometric properties. Further research is needed to examine its application in different populations.

---

Aim and Background: The aim of current study was to investigate the factor structure, reliability, and validity of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) among Tehran city's mothers with 7-12 year-old children. Methods and Materials: After translation, back translation and adaptation of instrument, due to normalization this instrument by applied survey design, 468 mothers from those which selected by multiphase cluster sampling method, complete the PSI-SF questionnaire. The data were analyzed by structural equating model using LISREL software. Findings: The results of Cronbach's alpha showed that the reliability quotients for parenting stress and each of subscales of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child were 0.90, 0.80, 0.84, and 0.80 respectively for total sample (these results for mothers of boys were 0.89, 0.80, 0.83, and 0.78 and mothers of girls 0.91, 0.80, 0.84, and 0.80). Test-retest reliability after 18 days showed 0.75 for total score, 0.82 for parental distress, 0.73 for parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and 0.71 for difficult child. Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) and the child behavior checklist (CBCL) tests were used for evaluating the divergent and convergent. By using factor analysis, we extracted 3 factors (parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child). Conclusions: Results of this study showed that PSI-SF has psychometric properties for utilizing in psychological research and clinical diagnosis of mother's parenting stress.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Early maladaptive schemas are assumed to be a disrupting factor for quality of life. Yet, the mechanism of this vulnerability is not well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating effect of coping strategies on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas in domain of disconnection and rejection and mental quality of life. Methods and Materials: The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was consisting of males and females who were 20 to 35 years old and they were residents of Isfahan in year 1390. 245 people were selected as the sample by availability method of sampling. They completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (CISS) and WHOQOL-BREF Quality of life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using path analysis with SPSS 18 and LISREL 8.5. Findings: The path analysis indicated that emotion-focused strategy is the mediator between emotional deprivation schema and mental quality of life (direct effect = -0.11, indirect effect = -0.07, P< 0.05) and between abandonment schema and mental quality of life (direct effect = -0.09, indirect effect = -0.04, P< 0.05) Conclusions: Coping strategies are mediator in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and mental quality of life. Therefore, modification of coping strategies can improve mental quality of life in people who have early maladaptive schemas.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Dynamic Psychotherapy is based on the principle that emotional expression is a important dimension of psycho health and psycho trauma is related with deficit in emotional expression. Therefore, in this research it has been tried to study efficacy of anxiety regulation short-term dynamic psychotherapy for increase emotional expression in Social Phobia. Methods and Materials: This clinical study was carried out on patient referring to Ferdowsi university clinical center in framework of single case by using multiple baseline in 20 sessions with a follow-up period of 3 months. Instrument was included SCID, GAF, SPIN and EEQ. Visual analysis and percent of improvement were used for analysis if the data. Findings: Treatment created considerable increase in emotional expression (63%) and improved the social phobia symptoms of patient (66%) and results of treatment continued up to follow-up period. (71%, 69%). Conclusions: anxiety regulation short-term dynamic psychotherapy has appropriate efficacy for increase emotional expression & treatment of Social Phobia Disorder.

---

Aim and Background: Migraine is one of the most common types of headache and significantly impacts patients’ performance and may even be disabling. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of catastrophizing and pain-related anxiety with this health problem. Methods and Materials: This study was a cross-sectional, correlational research. For the purpose of this study, 178 patients who had been diagnosed with migraine by a neurologist, and referred to private neurology clinics and hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were selected through convenience sampling. The participants completed the Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software using the Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Findings: A significant positive correlation was observed between both variables of catastrophizing (R = 0.64) and pain-related anxiety (R = 0.62), and headache-related disability. Pain-related anxiety predicted 36% of the variance in headache-related disability (P < 0.001). With the entry of the subscales of the variable of catastrophizing, the predictability reduced. This signifies the important influence of catastrophizing and its subscales in the prediction of headache-related disability. Conclusions: This study emphasized the role of psychological variables in predicting headache-related disability in patients with migraine. According to the findings, the degree of catastrophizing can be a predictor of headache-related disability; therefore, the consideration of the role of this variable in patients with chronic migraine is one of the important clinical themes of this study. This could help to improve the quality of life in individuals with migraine.

---

Aim and Background: Caring for patients with dementia is considered as the most difficult and challenging type of care and leads to increased caregiving burden and reduced quality of life (QOL) among caregivers. This research aimed to determine the effect of communication skills training on caregiving burden and QOL among family caregivers of elderly with dementia. Methods and Materials: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method. Therefore, 30 subjects were chosen randomly and assigned to control and experimental groups (each with 15 subjects). The data collection tools consisted of the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and Caregivers&rsquo; Quality of Life Questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by the participants in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The experimental group subjects received communication skills training in 7 sessions lasting 60 minutes. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software. Findings: Communication skills training resulted in reduced caregiving burden and increased QOL in caregivers in the in experimental group in the posttest and follow-up stages. Conclusions: The results emphasize the importance of the use of these interventions in terms of caregiving burden and QOL in family caregivers of elderly with dementia. The results show that this intervention can be used as an appropriate intervention method.

---

Aim and Background: This study examined the effectiveness of Toukaa software (a Persian application of learning difficulties) on audio detection and memory in children with learning difficulties (dyslexia). Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design and control group. In this study, using Toukaa software, the experimental group were trained in 10 sessions. The population consisted of all the students in the first grade of school with age of 7 to 8 years in Isfahan city, Iran. These students were referred by some experts in psychology. The participants were equally divided into two groups of experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10). Research tools included children Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and reading achievement test. For data analysis purposes, the progress of two groups of control and experimental were examined via comparing the scores of the two groups using ANOVA test with repeated measures, Mauchly test and consistency of variances. Findings: Toukaa auditory memory training software improved the recognition and auditory memory among the children with learning difficulties (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Considering the effect of Toukaa software on improving audio detection and memory in children with learning difficulties (dyslexia), and as these children suffer memory disorders, we suggest to use this software 15-20 minutes per day to improve their memory capacities.

---

Aim and Background: Depression is one of the most important issues for a student that its occurrence in younger ages is associated with a severe drop in social, occupational, and educational performance. Also, rumination and perfectionism are important factors in the development of depression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict depression symptoms based on perfectionism and anger rumination among the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all male students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who were studying at this university in 2016. The sample consisted of 204 people who were selected by multi-stage random sampling. Data were collected using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Sukhodolsky et al.’s Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), and Ahvaz Perfectionism Scale (APS), and then were analyzed using multiple regression and correlational methods via SPSS software. Findings:  A significant positive correlation between depression and anger rumination (P < 0.001, r = 0.419), and depression and perfectionism (P < 0.001, r = 0.321). Also, the results showed that 17.6% of changes in students' depression was explained by anger rumination. Conclusions: The results of the present study show the importance of the role of anger rumination and perfectionism in symptoms of depression among students. Therefore, learning emotional control skills such as anger management and problem solving skills are recommended to students with anger rumination.

---

Aim and Background: Mentalization capacity is necessary for empowering students in interpersonal interactions and consequently obtaining future success, and for this reason, it is necessary to know its correlates, Therefore The purpose of the current research was to investigate the mentalization based on attachment styles, Ego strength, Object relations and Pattern of anxiety manifestation in students.
Methods and Materials: The research community was formed by the students of Isfahan National University and Azad University in 2022, according to the latest reports, their number is 35161. Based on Cochran's formula, 380 students were selected as available. The research tools were Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths (PIES), Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), Anxiety Manifestation Patterns Questionnaire and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) which were completed individually by students. Data analysis was done by multiple regression analysis using the twenty-sixth version of SPSS software.
Findings: The results showed that secure and ambivalent attachment styles as well as ego strength can significantly predict students' mentalization capacity. (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Therefore, in order to improve students' mentalization, it is necessary to pay attention to secure and ambivalent attachment styles as well as ego strength.

---

Aim and Background: Children with chronic obesity suffer from more unbalanced eating behaviors. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the play therapy package based on Hall and Fong's temporal self-regulation theory on their eating behaviors.
Methods and Materials: This research was quantitative and semi-experimental type and was implemented in the form of a pre-test, post-test design with a control group and a 2-month follow-up period. Also, its statistical population was all the parent-child pairs referred to Iranian Health Centers-Isfahan City, where, among them, 45 pairs by convenience sampling method were selected and randomly into two groups of experimental (22 pairs), and control (23 pairs), were assigned. To collect data, the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire was used, and along with providing 11 sessions of 45-minute play therapy package training to the experimental group, the control group did not receive any intervention. In the end, data analysis by SPSS-29 software and statistical methods of Chi-square and covariance analysis at significant level (p<0.05), was done.
Findings: According to the result of the chi-square test, no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of parents' age and education; and children's age, gender, birth rank, number of siblings, and education was observed. Also, the results of covariance analysis showed that there were significant changes (p<0.05) in the eating behaviors of children in the experimental group compared to children in the control group.
Conclusions: The findings indicate the positive effect of the play therapy package used in the research on the adjustment of eating behaviors of children with chronic obesity. Therefore, it could be used to help treat children with chronic obesity.