مريم ضيايي, محمد کريم خداپناهي, محمود حيدري, فاطمه کشوري, Volume 7, Issue 2 (2-2010)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Moral psychology studies investigate cognitive and emotional systems involved in moral judgments. This research also examines the effect of emotion manipulation on reaction times to moral dilemmas. Method and Materials: This was a causal relational study executed on eighty five randomly selected 18-25 year old students from Shahid Beheshti University. To investigate moral judgment, 2 personal and impersonal moral dilemmas were administered and for emotion manipulation, 3 groups of neutral, positive and negative valence pictures were applied. This research was performed in 3 stages to evaluate moral judgment and 2 stages for emotion manipulation. To examine the results, ANOVA was done. Findings: The results showed significant differences in reaction times to personal moral dilemmas between the first and the third stages as well as between the first and the fifth ones. However, such differences were not significant for impersonal dilemmas. In addition, results revealed out that negative emotion induction, increases the reaction times toward moral dilemmas. Conclusion: It seems that the effect of environmental factors on decision making especially moral decision making is related to the kind of emotion inducted and also kinds of cognitive or emotional decisions.
محمود حيدري, محمد کريم خداپناهي, محسن دهقاني, Volume 7, Issue 2 (2-2010)
Abstract
Aim and Background: Self-handicapping has been defined as a strategic manipulation of a situation in a way that an individual can claim that obstacles to his/her performance account for a possible failure. Research has shown that some people behave in a way to create impediments to successful achievement, especially when this is important to them. To the best knowledge of authors only one validated scale is developed for measurement of this behavior and that its psychometric properties have not been examined in Iran. As such, the aim of this study is to introduce the scale and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method and Materials: This research is a descriptive-correlational study with a cluster random sample of 650 undergraduate students from Shahid Beheshti University. Original SH scale (25 items) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory (10 items) were administered. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Chronbach Alpha, and exploratory factor analysis. Findings: Exploratory factor analysis supported a 3-factor (23 items from 25 original items) solution named as "negative mood" (NM), "effort" (E), and "excuse making" (EM). Base on the theory, sum score of "negative mood" & recoded "effort" composes behavioral self-handicapping, and sum score of "negative mood" and "excuse making" reflexes claimed self-handicapping. Chronbach’s Alpha for the factors ranged from 0.60 to 0.72 and was 0.77 for the total scoreale. Test retest reliability was 0.84, supporting the reliability of the scale. Correlation between self-handicapping & self-esteem inventory was found to be -0.54 which provides further support for the validity of the scale. Conclusions: A 23-item self-handicapping scale was psychometrically evaluated in a student population. This version of the scale called "SHS-IR", shows satisfactory psychometric properties. Further research is needed to examine its application in different populations.
