---

Background and Aim: Adolescence is an important stage of life accompanied by deep physical and psychological changes frequently leading to body image dissatisfaction. Body image dissatisfaction, found to predict the formation of eating disturbaces, psychiatric disturbances and low self- esteem. The present study examined the body image dissatisfaction and body mass index in adolescent girls. Method & Materials: This cross- sectional study was conducted in Isfahan city in 2006. Three hundred & eighty four(384) high school girls were selected through cluster- randomized sampling. Data were collected using demograghic and body image satisfaction questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were taken by one person and were analysed by SPSS soft ware using descriptive tests, one- way ANOVA and independent t- tests. Findings: By using the reference data of BMI for age, the overall prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among Isfahan high school girls were 7.03%, 9.1% and 1.03% respectively. There was a significant association between body image dissatisfaction and body mass index among the high school girls(P = 0.012). Conclusion: Compared to most other cities in our country, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity are lower in Isfahan girls aged 14-18 years but many girls exhibit dissatisfaction with their body image. There was a significant correlation between lower satisfaction with body image and higher body mass index. These findings indicate the importance of Planning for prevention and treatment of body image dissatisfaction.

---

Introduction: Many women in fertile period of their lives experience some bothering mental and physical symptoms that begin around 7-10 days before menses (lutheal phase) and cease in the first days of menstrual bleeding. After presentation of the Text Revision of the Fourth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV), these symptoms already known as Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) were called Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This process was associated with addition of some criteria about duration and intensity. The prevalence of PMS has been estimated to be about 40% to 70% but severe signs (PMDD) have lower prevalence. This study has evaluated the frequency of PMS and PMDD and some related factors in students of girls’ high schools in Kermanshah. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-analytic study, 800 students of girls’ high schools were chosen by randomized cluster sampling. A researcher made questionnaire assessing PMS and PMDD according to DSM.IV.TR criteria as well as a demographic questionnaire were administered to participants. Data were analyzed running SPSS software -version 11.5. Findings: Frequencies of PMS and PMDD were 41.5% and 9.4% respectively. The disorder was more frequent in students older than 16 years old. Mood symptoms were the most frequent presentation, followed by physical and behavioral symptoms. There was a lower frequency of the disorder despite a higher frequency of the syndrome in students with highly educated mothers. The frequency of PMS was higher in students with positive family history.  Discussion: Because of the potential adverse effects of PMS and PMDD on academic achievement and mental health of students, the high frequency of these problems need urgent attention. Planning mental health evaluations and interventions is necessary for these age group students. Diagnosis of severe cases and referring them should be considered in such programs. 

---

Introduction: Presentations of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is influenced by numerous cultural, racial and social factors. Some evidences indicate that psycho-education can potentially improve the Quality Of Life (QOL) in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of psycho-education on the QOL in a sample of Iranian patients with IBS.  Method and Materials: This clinical trial was conducted on 44 patients who were randomly assigned to an experiment group and a control one. The two groups were matched for age, sex, level of education, job status and level of stress. The control group received only drug therapy while the case group participated in a three-session educational program as well. The content of educations included information about anatomy of the intestines, pathopysiology of IBS and potential causes of symptom aggravation, as well as stress manage-ment and problem solving skills training. The QOL Short Form scale for IBS patients (IBS QOL-SF36) were administerd to both groups before the first and one month after the last session of psycho-education. Data were analysed using T-student and Chi-square tests running SPSS-10 software. Findings: The mean age of the control and the case group was 33.5±8 and 37.5±10 years respectively. Most of the patients in both groups were female, married and urban resident, with no significant differences in this regards. There was also no significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean scores of IBS-QOL-SF36.  Discussion: In the short term follow up psycho-education was not effective in improving the QOL in patients with IBS. A long-term evaluation as well as a large sample size is needed for more reliable conclusions. 

---

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Abstract Introduction: Parents' attitude toward parenting styles is one of the factors that affect how they treat their children. Through enhancing the knowledge, educational interventions can moderate such attitudes. Studying new health educational models is essential for improving the traditional ones. The purpose of this study was to assess mothers' attitude toward child abuse before and after educating the behavioral intention model. Method and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental single group before and after study. The sample consisted of 45 mothers with a child abusive attitude randomly selected among the referees to one of the Falavarjan health homes. The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI) questionnaire was used to assess their attitude toward parenting style. Data was analyzed using t-paired test via SPSS soft ware. Results: Comparison of pretest and post test scores using paired samples t test indicated statistically significant improvement in attitudes whole mean scores (p ). Conclusion: The findings indicate that educating parents may change their attitude toward proper parenting style. Such educations may result in better parenting behaviors and fewer instances of child abuse and neglect.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic neurological disorder which is more prevalent in women than men. Therefore, the aim of present study was to evaluate the relationship physical functioning impairment (as criterion variable) with fatigue, psychological symptoms and body mass index (as predictive variables) in the women suffering from this disease. Methods and Materials: In a cross sectional study, sampling was performed on 114 patients by consecutive method who were evaluated by using demographic variables list, physical dimension of short form health survey questionnaire, fatigue severity scale, depression, anxiety, stress scale and body mass index. data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression. Findings: The results indicated a significant, strong correlation of physical functioning with fatigue, depression, anxiety and stress variables (P<0.0001). Body mass index had the lowest correlation coefficient with physical functioning (P<0.05). The results of hierarchical regression showed the total variance of all variables in final step as 0.58 (R 2 ) (P<0.0001; F=18.20). Moreover, additional exclusive variance was 0.39 at this step after controlling demographic variables such as age, education level and duration of the disease. Furthermore, in final step, variables of fatigue (&beta;= - 0.25; P<0.0001) and anxiety (&beta;= - 0.44; P<0.0001) could significantly predict physical functioning impairment of women. Conclusions: Results indicated that fatigue and anxiety can affect the physical functioning impairment in women. Thus, the screening of women with these symptoms and appropriate treatment is recommended.

---

Abstract Aim and Background: This study aims to predict self-care behavior based on the characteristics of Hardiness , hope and dysfunctional attitudes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: Study design was a descriptive correlation method. The target population was all patients with diabetes type 2 who referred to Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Centers. The sample consisted of 120 patients. The multi-stage cluster sampling was used for the sample selection . The instrument employed in this research was Self &ndash; care Scale, hardiness Questinnaire, Hope Scale and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale . The Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with stepwise method were used to analyze the data. Findings: Analysis of the data showed that the only interaction between hope and dysfunctional attitudes have been able to predict self-care (r=0.191,p<0.05). But separately there is no relationship between hardiness , hope, dysfunctional attitudes and self-care. Conclusions: Interaction of dysfunctional attitudes and hope are able to predict self-care behavior. Therefore, the program which modify dysfunctional attitude and enhance Life Expectancy seems to increase self-care behavior.

---

Aim and Background: A large number of studies show that alexithymia may be a risk factor for many physical and mental illnesses. This study was conducted to evaluate the predictive value of different dimensions of alexithymia for assessing vulnerability to psychosomatic diseases. Methods and Materials: This case-control survey was conducted on 146 individuals. The subjects were selected through census method from among patients referred to the Psychosomatic Clinic of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The obtained data were analyzed using logistic regression in SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that for every one unit increase in total score of alexithymia, the chance of psychosomatic disease incidence increased by 5% (P < 0.008). On the other hand, for every one unit increase in the subscale of difficulty in identifying feelings, the chance of psychosomatic disease incidence increases by 11%. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that alexithymia, and especially the subscale of difficulty in identifying feelings can significantly increase the risk of psychosomatic diseases. Therefore, alexithymia can be introduced as a predictive tool for psychosomatic diseases.

---

Aim and Background: During a studentship time, students suffer several problems. One of these problems is living in dormitories and far from home, family and the city that can bring many problems for student. In addition, hostel life can also cause problems that increase the difficulty of life in dormitories. This study aimed to assess the difficulties of dormitory life by using qualitative method. Methods and Materials: This study was a qualitative study using content analysis approach. The process of data collection consisted of 12 semi-structured interviews with students living in the dormitories of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Purposeful sampling began in 2015 and continued until data saturation. Data analysis was done using content analysis method. Findings: Data analysis tended to the extraction of 13 themes that indicated the participants&#039; experiences of the difficulties of living in a university dormitory. These problems included facilities, nutrition, behavior of the staff and administrators, cultural, recreation and religion activities, roommates, costs of accommodation and care that each one caused problems for students. Conclusions: Dormitory life problems such would have a direct negative impact on the education process of students and officials can try to improve them.

---

Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to compare alexithymia, character and temperament, and aggression between addicts and healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative research was conducted on 80 addicts and 80 healthy individuals. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method and were matched. The research tools included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) (Cloninger et al.), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). Data were analyzed using MANOVA and ANOVA. Findings: There was a significant difference between addicts and healthy individuals in terms of alexithymia components (difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally-oriented thinking) and aggression components (physical aggression, verbal aggression, and anger and hostility). The scores of alexithymia and aggression components were higher in addicts compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, the scores of damage and novelty seeking components in the character and temperament variable were higher in addcits. The scores of the components of self-leadership, partnership, and persistence were lower in addicts in comparison with healthy individuals. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the components of remuneration, dependency, and self-transcendence. Conclusions: This study, in line with researches focused on investigating the underlying personality aspects involved in addiction, can be helpful in understanding the factors involved in this phenomenon and proposing suitable solutions for the prevention and treatment of addiction.

---

Aim and Background: This study aimed to investigate the role of early maladaptive schemas, personality disorders, and coping styles in predicting binge eating behavior. Methods and Materials: The study subjects included 150 students of Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University with body mass index (BMI) of higher than 25 kg/m2. They were selected through convenience sampling based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After explaining the purpose of the study, they were asked to fill out the questionnaires. The research tools included the Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3), Binge Eating Scale (BES), and Young Compensation Inventory (YCI). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression in SPSS. Findings: The abandonment/instability, emotional deprivation, dependence/incompetence, insufficient self-control, emotional inhibition, and defectiveness/shame schemas were able to explain 37.2% of variance in binge eating. In addition, avoidance and compensation coping styles explained 12.3% of variance in binge eating, and borderline, avoidant, and passive-aggressive personality disorders explained 18.5% of variance in binge eating. Conclusions: It seems that early maladaptive schemas areas of impaired autonomy, inhibition, and limits, especially disconnection and rejection, as well as coping styles, and borderline and passive-aggressive personality disorders have an important role in the pathology and treatment of binge eating disorder. Use of psychological interventions for the reduction of behaviors caused by the mentioned schemas and alterations in the coping style of overweight individuals may accelerate the healing process.

---

Aim and Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training based on Gross and Linehan models on emotion regulation strategies in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experiment study with pretest/posttest method and control group. The study population included all the adolescents with borderline personality disorder referred to counseling centers, psychiatrists, and psychiatric services, as well as suicide emergency centers in Tehran City, Iran, in the year 2017. 45 patients were selected using random sampling method, and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (n = 15). Both experimental groups were under treatment within 8 sessions, 2 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, while the control group received no treatment. The research tool included Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), which was conducted in pretest and posttest assessments. Findings: Linehan model had significant effects on all emotion regulation strategies in posttest survey. Gross model had significant effects on some of emotion regulation strategies such as acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, catastrophizing, other-blame, except self-blame, and rumination in posttest assessment. Conclusions: Due to common components of treatment, both models of emotion regulation skills training were effective on emotion regulation strategies. Overall, the results indicated Linehan model to be more effective on emotion regulation strategies (reduction of less adaptive strategies). Therefore, it can be used to improve emotion regulation strategies.

---

Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) on reducing the symptoms of social avoidance and distress in people with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) . Materials and Methods: This was semi-experimental study was a pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of Semnan University in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 20 Students were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned 10 subjects to the experimental group and 10 subjects to the control group. Students were screened for social anxiety disorder and diagnosis of other disorders from Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-4 (SCID-4) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The experimental group received individual VRET for 12 sessions, 30 minutes each week. Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) was administered among the selected sample as pretest. VRET was performed in experimental group, and again, the questionnaires were administered among the participants as posttest. Findings: The results showed that VRET is effective in reducing social avoidance and distress symptoms in in people with SAD. Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of this therapeutic model on reducing the symptoms of social anxiety. This method can be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of SAD and other same disorders.

---

Aim and Background: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorder that causes educational, social and family problems. The main aim of present study was to compare the efficacy of neurofeedback and neurofeedback along with Barkly parental training on visual attention dimensions and comprehension of children with ADHD.

Methods and Materials: This study was an experimental study with two experiment and one sham control groups in three stages of pre- post and ten weeks follow up tests. The population included all elementary ADHD boys in Isfahan city in academic year 2017-2018. Among those who attended in education and training clinic, forty-two were selected along with their mothers by purposive sampling. There were assigned in two experiment and one control groups randomly. All the participants were assessed in three stages by continues visual and auditory performance test (IVA). Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA analysis.

Findings: The results showed that there were no significant difference between two experiment groups in visual vigilance (p≤0.96), focus (p≤0.76), speed (p≤0.87) and visual comprehension (p≤0.42) in post-test and follow up stages; but in compare to control group visual attention dimensions and comprehension increased significantly in both experiment groups.

Conclusions: Neurofeedback training and neurofeedback along with Barkly parental training equally increase visual attention dimension and comprehension in ADHD children.

---

Aim and Background: Intolerance and hurry of couples in making decision of divorce and remarriage has been weakened foundation of family. Therefore, the aim of this research was to comparison of dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, affectional expression, dyadic consensus, and marital adjustment among spouses with first marriage and remarriage. Materials and Methods: The population of the research includes all families with first marriage and remarriage in Mazandaran province. The sample of this study was 1127 subjects of (251 subjects with remarriage and 313 subjects with first marriage) which were selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and U Man-Whitney Test. Findings: Results showed that mean score of dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, affectional expression, dyadic consensus, and totally marital adjustment are in families with remarriage are more than families with first marriage ( p <.05). Conclusion: Findings showed that couple should not avoid of problems and they do not make decision about divorce rapidly and they do not remarriage after divorce immediately. These issues should consider in divorce counseling and couple counseling before making decision for divorce by psychologist and family therapist. Also, couples should be prevented hurry in divorce decision and remarriage.

---

Aim and Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic medical condition that affects many aspects of patients' lives. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors of CVD for the design of interventional and preventive programs. The purpose of this study was to review the psychological risk factors of CVD.
Methods and Materials: This systematic review study examines the psychological risk factors of CVD. For this purpose, articles from 1995 to 2019 were searched from the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Elsevier. Out of 257 articles, 51 articles were finally used in this study.
Findings: The results of this study showed that various factors such as stress, depression, anger and hostility, lack of social support, anxiety, lack of spiritual health and personality traits such as type A personality in the development of CVD is involved.
Conclusions: According to the findings of the study, health professionals can prevent and control of CVD in different age groups by designing educational programs focused on risk factors of this disease such as stress, depression, anger, social isolation and anxiety.

---

Aim and Background: So far, several therapeutic approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have been used for patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and researchers are trying to determine the effectiveness of each of these approaches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy, neural feedback and integrated psychological interventions (parent education, play therapy and cognitive education) on behavioral problems of ADHD.
Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental and the pre-test-post-test-follow-up and control group design. The statistical population included all children aged 9 to 12 years in Hamedan. Sampling method was Purposive. The psychotherapy group received medication daily for 12 weeks. The neural feedback group received 24 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week. The group of integrated psychological interventions received training for 24 sessions. Participants were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Fourth Edition Scale to assess the clinical signs of ADHD, the College Neuropsychological Test to measure executive function, and the Rutter form Behavioral Problems Self-Report Scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.
Findings: The results showed that combined psychological interventions were more effective in the behavioral problems variable and all its components compared to drug therapy and neurological feedback, which was also significant in the quarterly follow-up (p≤0.001).
Conclusions: It seems that integrated psychological interventions can be an effective and lasting treatment for behavioral problems in children with ADHD and can replace other therapeutic approaches such as medication and neurological feedback.

---

Aim and Background: Adequate attention to the lifestyle of students and its promotion in building the future of the country is a necessity; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of developing and validating an educational package to improve students' lifestyles based on positive psychology and its effectiveness on character capabilities.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a combination and based on a sequential exploratory design - the classification compilation model. To compile the educational package, the word / symbol and theme unit was used in content analysis. The statistical population in the qualitative section included university faculty members, twelve of whom were purposefully selected as a sample size based on the expertise indicators. In order to evaluate the educational package on character capabilities, 34 students were selected by voluntary sampling method in the academic year 2020-2021 and were divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in nine sessions of 60 minutes. Data obtained from Patterson and Seligman (2004) character competency test were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Findings: Based on the findings, 54 factors were identified and classified into three categories of mental, individual and social abilities and were presented as an educational package through a network framework. Also, the educational, package has been able to significantly improve the character capabilities of students (including wisdom, knowledge, excellence, humanity, justice, self-control, and courage).
Conclusions: In general, the findings of this study confirmed the effectiveness of the educational package of lifestyle promotion on students' character capabilities.

---

Aim and Background: Therefore, conducting research on children's behavioral problems is important. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of mindful parenting training program plus parental management training (combined education) with mindful parenting training and parental management training alone on reducing externalized and internalized behavioral problems of children.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all preschool children in Kashmar in 2021-2022, from which 120 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups. All completed the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up questionnaires of the Achenbach and Rescorla (2001) Child Behavior Inventory. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS_V19 software.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of externalized and internalized behavioral problems between groups (P<0.01). This means that combined education (mindful parenting program with parental management training) was more effective in reducing externalized and internalized behavioral problems of preschool children compared to mindful parenting education and parental management training alone (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the combined education of mindful parenting and parental management training can reduce the externalized and internalized behavioral problems of preschool children and therefore the awareness of parents, teachers, counselors, psychologists and other professionals about these trainings can be reduced. Behavioral problems of preschool children are helpful.

---

Aim and Background: Comparing mental health between healthy and disabled students and examining the differences between the two groups can lead to special and appropriate attention to the relevant social and educational needs of them. Therefore, this study was performed to compare interpersonal sensitivity and emotional balance in students with physical disabilities and normal students.
Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative study was conducted in eight elected elementary schools (four normal and four exceptional schools) in 2018. The samples consisted of 80 students (40 students with disabilities and 40 their normally peers), which were selected by simple random sampling. To collect data, Boyce & Parker’s Interpersonal Sensitivity and Brad Burn’s Emotional Balance Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using descriptive index and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Findings: There was a significant difference between students with disabilities and normal ones in interpersonal sensitivity and emotional balance (P >0.01). And the mean scores of interpersonal sensitivity and its components, were significantly higher in students with disabilities than normal students (P <0.01). Findings also indicate that there are problems for students with disabilities in interpersonal communication skills and shortcomings in emotional development compared to normal students.
Conclusions: Special attention should be paid to the social performance and interpersonal and emotional skills of students with disabilities, and appropriate educational interventions are recommended to strengthen the social and emotional skills in order to rehabilitate them.

---

Aim and Background : In order to predict the behavioral intention to donate blood based on the planned behavior and moral norm of blood donors in Tehran , we need to attract voluntary blood donation in people 
Materials and Methods : In this research 316 participants were selected to donate blood in four blood transfusion centers in Tehran , of which 194 were women , 122 were men , 188 were single  and 128 were married  and 207 had a history of donating blood . The average age of the participants was 31 . 41 years . Quota non - random sampling method was used and the participants were asked to answer the questionnaires based on the theory of planned behavior and moral norms  and  in order to analyze the psychological characteristics of the sample group , descriptive statistics , structural equation modeling approach and AMOS 21.0 software were used
Finding :  The correlation coefficient between behavioral intention to donate blood and planned behavior ( 0 . 51 ) and moral norm ( 0 . 15 ) is significant at 0 . 01 level .  The coefficient of the path related to the planned behavior to the behavioral intention to donate blood was significant at a level less than 0 . 001 and the coefficient of the path related to the moral norm to the behavioral intention to donate blood was significant at a level less than 0 . 05
Conclusions :The theory of planned behavior has been used repeatedly and is promising in predicting altruistic behaviors such as blood donation in volunteers , but in general , its predictive ability considering the structure Others , such as the moral norm  increase . Moral norm a significant predictor of intention and attitude was an insignificant predictor for this group .