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Aim and Background: Insecure attachment style is one of the important effective factors in many mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the positive, negative and disorganized schizotypal characteristics in secure, avoidance and anxiety attachment patterns among students of Tabriz University, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 300 students (150 Male, 150 Female) from Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling method. Schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) and adults attachment inventory (AAI) scale were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: Mean age of participants was 21 &plusmn; 1.28 years. There were significant differences between secure attachment, anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics and total score SPQ (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between anxiety attachment and avoidant attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypal characteristics personality and total score SPQ (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Insecure avoidant attached individuals experience more intensity of negative, positive and disorganized schizotypal characteristics than secure attached individuals.However, there isn&#039;t significant difference between individual with avoidant and anxiety attachment in terms of severity of positive, negative, disorganized schizotypal characteristics. In sum, individual with insecure attachment are more vulnerable to experience the schizotypal characteristics and schizotypal personality disorder.

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Aim and Background: Some of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients believe that their unpleasant thoughts can influence the external events. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the contents of thought-action fusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional correlative study 60 OCD patients selected by available sampling method. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and revised Thought-Action Fusion questionnaire (TAF-R) were administered. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis methods. Findings: There was positive and significant association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and TAF-R subscales (P < 0.05). The result of stepwise regression indicate that, valence of negative events was strongest predictor of washing, likelihood of negative events was strongest predictor of checking, responsibility of positive events was strongest predictor of doubt, and likelihood-self was strongest predictor of obsessional thoughts. Conclusions: The results indicated positive and significant correlation between the TAF and OCD symptoms. Thus, it seems that occurrence of cognitive bias such as TAF increases the individual&rsquo;s vulnerability to OCD.

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Aim and Background: Asthma is a chronic illness that can severely affect people&#039;s lives. The aim of this study was to compare anxiety, depression, brain Behavioural systems (BIS-BAS), coping styles, anger and hostility among people with and without asthma. Methods and Materials: Fifty women with asthma attending Shahid Motahhari specialized clinic in Shiraz and 50 normal women were selected using purposive sampling method and were asked to fill these questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), behavioural inhibition/activation system (Carver and White), coping styles (Lazarus and Folkman), and the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (Siegel). All participants ranged in age from 16 to 27 years. Data analysis was done by SPSS 11.5 and LISREL 8.54 using Multi-way analysis of variance test (MANOVA), and path analysis. Findings: Data analysis showed that the two groups had significant differences in anxiety- depression, behavioural inhibition / activation system and BAS subscales (response to drives, fun seeking, reward responsiveness), coping style, anger-arousal, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile outlook and anger-in (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that in comparison with normal people without asthma, people with asthma show more anxiety, depression, BIS activity and less BAS activity. Also People with asthma use more emotion oriented coping styles and experience more anger-arousal, anger, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile outlook and anger-in. Also by path analysis, carefull examination of the relationships between variables showed that coping style has a mediational role in personality traits and clinical symptoms in patients with asthma.

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Purpose and Background: Eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder co-occur on many occasions. Impulsivity is one of the prevalent features between the mentioned disorders. The purpose of this study is to compare the feature of impulsivity and its components in eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and the normal individuals. Methods and Materials: This study carried on patients suffering from eating disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder receiving treatment at Bozorgmehr clinic in Tabriz in 1389-1390, using a convenience sampling. A normal group matched with patients’ groups and Barratt impulsiveness scale was used to collect data. Findings: Data was analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results show that the clinical groups have the higher rates of impulsivity compared to the normal group  but there are no meaningful differences between the clinical groups. Regarding the components, the study shows that the attention impulsivity and non-planning impulsivity have significant differences between eating disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder with normal group, but there are no differences between two clinical groups. Regarding motor impulsiveness, there are no differences between the groups. Conclusions: high impulsivity and its components were noticed among the patients and this may justify the patients’ problems of behavioral inhibition and delay needs.

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Aim and Background: In this study we examined the efficacy of Unified transdiagnostic Treatment in reduction of Women with generalized anxiety disorder pathological symptoms. Methods and Materials: In the present study we used non-congruent multiple baseline experimental single case study design. Three women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were selected&nbsp; from patients of Tabriz two counseling and psychiatric service centers in 2012 by using purposeful sampling method, along with diagnostic interview and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) based on disorders axis I. Patients underwent the treatment process subsequent to obtaining treatment requirements. &nbsp;The efficacy of Unified transdiagnostic Treatment Protocol (UP) was carried out in three phase of intervention (Baseline, 12 session treatment and 6 weeks follow-up) by using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-Q-IV) and The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) evaluated. Data analyzed with visuals inspection, improvement percentage and reliable change index (RCI) strategies. Findings: Results showed Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment&nbsp; is both clinically and statistically (p<0.05) significant efficient on the reduction of treatment&#039;s target (worry, symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and&nbsp; severity of anxiety and functioning impairment) severity. Conclusions: Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment has appropriate efficacy in the symptom&nbsp; reduction of women suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

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Aim and Background: Children's cancer is a special bio-psychological status that challenges the perceived social support and locus of control of mothers with different educational levels and affects their psychological adjustment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect role of education, with the mediating role of locus of control and perceived social support, on psychological adjustment of mothers of children with cancer.
Methods and Materials: This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with cancer who referred to the clinics of pediatricians of Mashhad. The sample size of 220 people was selected using targeted sampling method. Data were collected using psychological adjustment to illness scale, Rotter locus of control, multidimensional perceived social support, and demographic characteristics.
Findings: According to the results of this study, the increase in education directly and indirectly through increased perceived social support reduced maladjustment (P<.01). Also the increase in education directly related to increase in internal locus of control and decrease in external locus of control but has not indirect relationship on adjustment.
Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that increased education through perceived social support mediates the psychological adjustment of mothers. Increasing levels of education can also lead to an increase in internal control and a decrease in external control.

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Aim and Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by demyelinated lesions in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. When myelin is destroyed by plaque formation, nerve fiber conduction is reduced or lost. This phenomenon interrupts the nerve messages sent from the brain and causes the symptoms of the disease. This disease leads to dysfunction of cognitive functions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity on multiple sclerosis mediated by risk decision making function.
Methods and Materials: The research method is descriptive correlation of structural equation management. The statistical population of the study was all patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the Iranian MS Association, from which 200 people were selected by non-random sampling method with inclusion and exclusion criteria. In order to evaluate the level of sensory processing sensitivity in patients from personal scales with high sensory processing sensitivity, Aaron and Aron (1997) and in order to assess the level of risky decision making and severity of multiple sclerosis in patients, respectively used the IOWA gambling test Damasio, Bashara, Damasio, Anderson (1994), Extensive Disability Status Scale Kurtzke (1983).
Findings: The analysis showed that there were significant correlations between and sensory processing sensitivity with multiple sclerosis and risk full decision making. According to the results of the mediation؛ the effect of sensory processing sensitivity on the multiple sclerosis, was moderated by the risk full decision making (p>0.001).
Conclusions: As a result of structural equation sensory processing sensitivity risk full decision making, and multiple sclerosis according to indicators of fitness is good.

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Aim and Background: Overweight and obesity are among major health related problems in modern societies. Many psychological interventions are developed to lose weight and it is important to study their effectiveness. The aim of present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on body mass index (BMI) and quality of life among overweight women.
Methods and Materials: Research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest-follow up design and randomized allocation. Population was consisted of all overweight women living in the city of Mashhad. Forty five women with overweight were selected through convenience sampling and allocated randomly in two experiment groups of CBT and ACT, and one control group. BMI, quality of life, and demographic questionnaire were examined in pretest, posttest and three months follow-up. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the data.
Findings: Findings demonstrated that BMI was significantly lower in experiment groups in comparison of the control group in posttest and follow-up. However, no significant difference in BMI were found between CBT and ACT groups in posttest and follow-up. Findings also showed that subscales of quality of life were significantly higher among participants in intervention groups in comparison of control group in posttest and follow-up. Furthermore, participants in ACT group had significantly higher levels of quality of life and mental health in comparison of CBT group.
Conclusions: According to the results, both interventions had significant effectiveness in weight loss however ACT group had more significant effectiveness in some indicators of quality of life. 

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Aim and Background: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders that includes all groups of society in every age group and its prevalence is different according to age and gender in different societies, so the aim of this research is the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system on cognitive reactivity and The symptoms of depressed patients were reduced.
Methods and Materials: The current research was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all depressed patients referred to psychiatric and psychological treatment centers in Urmia city in the first five months of 2022, and 30 people were selected from this population by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Scale (1961) and the Linden Depression Susceptibility Index (2003) in all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis methods with the help of SPSS24 software.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of cognitive reactivity and depressive symptoms between the experimental and control groups (P<0.01). In other words, cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system was effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistently depressed patients (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of the research show that the psychotherapy system of cognitive behavioral analysis is effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistent depressed patients, and therefore it can be used in clinical interventions for the treatment of persistent depression.

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Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuropsychological functions of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder of hoarding and Obsessional Slowness.
 Methods and Materials:  The current research was based on the nature and purpose of applied research and in terms of the research method, it was cross-sectional analytical. The statistical population of this research included all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive type, hoarding type, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in Urmia city between April and December 1401. The statistical sample of the research includes 30 patients with hoarding obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (15 people for each group of patients) referring to psychiatric and psychological treatment centers in Urmia city and 15 healthy people without diagnosis of the disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder was in the period from April to December 1401, which was selected by the available sampling method. The participants were matched in terms of age, gender, education, marital status and intelligence range. Subjects were evaluated using the revised Obsessive Compulsive Questionnaire, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire, Wisconsin Test, Go/No Go Test, Barrett's Balloon Risk Test, and Tower of London Test.  
 Findings: The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that people with Hoarding Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessional Slowness have significant differences in neuropsychological evaluations in terms of response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning and problem solving with the healthy group.
Conclusion: These results indicate a deficiency in response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and problem solving in these patients. While the pattern of neuropsychological disorders in these two disorders is different