---

Background and Aim: Some personality characteristics have been associated with success orientedness and may play a role in eliciting, organizing and perpetuating behaviors which pave the way toward success. Also personality characteristics have been found to influence in tendency to and capacity of group directorship and management. Little is known about those relationships in our socio-cultural background. This study aimed to examine the relationship between personality characteristics and occupational success in the managers of a governmental organization. Method & Materials: Eighty managers were selected among senior managers of a governmental organization through simple randomization. Occupational Success Scale were administered and based on their scores on this scale, participants were then assigned to two 30-person groups of namely successful and unsuccessful managers. Cattle Personality Scale as well as Occupational Success Scale was administered to all participants. Findings: The mean age of participants was 40. Most of them had a bachelor's degree of education. No correlation was found between demographic characteristics and occupational success. Successful managers had a significantly higher mean score of self-control and nonsignificantly higher mean scores of warmth, emotional stability, superego strength, social assertiveness, delicacy & self-efficiency. They also had a significantly lower mean score of dependence. Both groups of managers had high mean scores of extroversion and this was nonsignificantly higher in successful managers. Both groups had also low mean scores of anxiety. Conclusion: Some personality characteristics like self-control and lower levels of dependency are associated with occupational success in managers. These factors can be considered in the process of managers' employment and also in their continuous education programs.

---

Background and Aim: Mood Bipolar Disorders(BD) are associated with unstabilities in patients' interpersonal interactions which in the long term may result in impairments in their social adjustment. Problem solving skills training, both in individual and group settings have been found effective on improving social adjustment. However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of such approaches in social adjustment of patients with BD. This study was carried to assess the efficacy of problem solving skills training in the group setting on improvement of social adjustment in patients suffering BD. Method & Materials: Participants were 45 female patients with BD, aged 25-30 year old who were randomly selected among patients referred to rehabilitation centers of Isfahan in 2006. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention and one control groups. In the first intervention group only patients received the education but in the second one along with patients, family members separately received the training too. No training was performed for control group. BD diagnosis was confirmed according to two psychiatrists' and the author's diagnostic interviews. In all three groups patients remained on their medications during the study. Wineland Social Adjustment Test were administered to the three groups before the intervention and then interventions groups received problem solving skills training by Hawthorn method in ten sessions. Wineland Social Adjustment test were again administered to patients of the 3 groups after the last intervention session and also later as a follow up post-test. Data were analyzed through SPSS-software using ANCOVA tests. Findings: After intervention, social adjustment mean scores were significantly higher in both intervention groups than in the control group (P Conclusion: Group problem solving skills training can improve social adjustment in patients with BD. This intervention can be considered as a part of these patients' treatment protocol in the long term.

---

Introduction: Many women in fertile period of their lives experience some bothering mental and physical symptoms that begin around 7-10 days before menses (lutheal phase) and cease in the first days of menstrual bleeding. After presentation of the Text Revision of the Fourth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV), these symptoms already known as Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) were called Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This process was associated with addition of some criteria about duration and intensity. The prevalence of PMS has been estimated to be about 40% to 70% but severe signs (PMDD) have lower prevalence. This study has evaluated the frequency of PMS and PMDD and some related factors in students of girls’ high schools in Kermanshah. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-analytic study, 800 students of girls’ high schools were chosen by randomized cluster sampling. A researcher made questionnaire assessing PMS and PMDD according to DSM.IV.TR criteria as well as a demographic questionnaire were administered to participants. Data were analyzed running SPSS software -version 11.5. Findings: Frequencies of PMS and PMDD were 41.5% and 9.4% respectively. The disorder was more frequent in students older than 16 years old. Mood symptoms were the most frequent presentation, followed by physical and behavioral symptoms. There was a lower frequency of the disorder despite a higher frequency of the syndrome in students with highly educated mothers. The frequency of PMS was higher in students with positive family history.  Discussion: Because of the potential adverse effects of PMS and PMDD on academic achievement and mental health of students, the high frequency of these problems need urgent attention. Planning mental health evaluations and interventions is necessary for these age group students. Diagnosis of severe cases and referring them should be considered in such programs. 

---

Aim and Background: The aim of present study was to compare attachment styles between young adults with visual or auditory defects and normal groups in Isfahan city. Methods and Materials: The present study assessed by ex-post facto method. The statistical society of the study is including of all young adults with visual, auditory defects and normal people.80 young adults with visual defects (40 girls and 40 boys), 90 with auditory defects (45 girls and 45 boys) and 80 normal ones (40 girls and 40 boys) were selected randomly. The research tools were questioners including; the Hazan and Shaver attachment styles questionnaires and research&ndash;made sociological questioner. Data analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance ( MANOVA ), Post&ndash;hoc LSD and chi&ndash;square tests. Findings: The results of this study show that there was a significant difference among attachment styles of young adults with visual, auditory defects comparing with normal population (P < 0.001). Also the results show that there was a significant difference among the scores of anxiety / avoidance insecure attachment, ambivalent/ anxiety insecure and secure in these 3 groups. In this study there was no significant differences between mean scores of young male and female&rsquo;s avoidance/ anxiety, ambivalent/anxiety insecure and secure attachment styles (P = 0.165). Conclusions: Young adults with visual, auditory defects more commonly were at risk for insecure attachment in compare with normal group. It is also important to mention that the avoidance/ ambivalent insecure attachment style was more common in the groups with visual, auditory defects and the secure attachment style in normal group. The avoidance and ambivalent insecure attachment styles was more common in the group with auditory defects than those with visual defects.

---

Aim and Background: Complex nature of children`s affectionate problems requires assessment and usage of modern treatments. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of attachment-based therapy on depression symptoms in girl students of primary school who had attachment problems. Methods and Materials: This study was an empirical plan with pretest-posttest, follow up and control group. The target samples were 34 individuals of 388 second and fourth grade students of Isfahan primary school that had highest scores on attachment problems and depression symptoms. Evaluation implemented using Randolph attachment disorder questionnaire (RADQ) and Ontario mental health test. Mothers were presented in 10 group sessions of attachment-based intervention and its effects investigated in posttest and 3 months follow up on&nbsp; their girl`s depression symptoms. The results have been analyzed by SPSS-16 software and through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Since obtaining a higher score in depression disorder represents severity of the symptoms, it can be seen that the mean post-test and follow up scores of depression in the experimental group is significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0/05). Reduction rate of reported depression symptoms was 0/38 in posttest and 0/50 in three months follow up. Conclusions: The attachment-based therapy was effective to reduction depression symptoms in their girls with attachment problems and the mother`s continues attention to interventional methods showed more improvement in follow up evaluation.

---

Aim and Background: Asthma is a chronic illness that can severely affect people&#039;s lives. The aim of this study was to compare anxiety, depression, brain Behavioural systems (BIS-BAS), coping styles, anger and hostility among people with and without asthma. Methods and Materials: Fifty women with asthma attending Shahid Motahhari specialized clinic in Shiraz and 50 normal women were selected using purposive sampling method and were asked to fill these questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), behavioural inhibition/activation system (Carver and White), coping styles (Lazarus and Folkman), and the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (Siegel). All participants ranged in age from 16 to 27 years. Data analysis was done by SPSS 11.5 and LISREL 8.54 using Multi-way analysis of variance test (MANOVA), and path analysis. Findings: Data analysis showed that the two groups had significant differences in anxiety- depression, behavioural inhibition / activation system and BAS subscales (response to drives, fun seeking, reward responsiveness), coping style, anger-arousal, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile outlook and anger-in (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that in comparison with normal people without asthma, people with asthma show more anxiety, depression, BIS activity and less BAS activity. Also People with asthma use more emotion oriented coping styles and experience more anger-arousal, anger, range of anger-eliciting situations, hostile outlook and anger-in. Also by path analysis, carefull examination of the relationships between variables showed that coping style has a mediational role in personality traits and clinical symptoms in patients with asthma.

---

Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of transactional analysis based on motivational interviewing on patients with eating disorders. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was performed using a multiple baseline single case design. The study subjects consisted of 2 female clients of the psychological counseling unit of Imen Teb Zagros Center in Shiraz, Iran, in 2013. The participants were selected by purposive sampling method and underwent transactional analysis based on motivational interviewing. The subjects completed the Ahwaz Eating Disorder, Food Habits, Body Attitudes, Personality States, Interpersonal Relationships, and Self-esteem Questionnaires during pre-treatment (baseline) and at the third, eighth, fourteenth, nineteenth, and twenty-third sessions, and one-month follow-up. Moreover, their body mass index (BMI) was measured during the course of the treatment. Recovery percentage and the effect size were used for data analysis. For data analysis, percentage improvement and effect size index were used. Findings: The results showed that motivational interview-based transactional analysis was effective in curing patients with eating disorders and was been able to cause lasting and significant changes in all targets. At the end of the treatment and follow-up period, both participants demonstrated overall improvement in eating disorder (73%), eating habits (74%), body image (60%), interpersonal relationships (62%), self-esteem (54%), and personality states (76%). Conclusions: Transactional analysis based on motivational interviewing can be an effective treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

---

Aim and Background: Caring for patients with dementia is considered as the most difficult and challenging type of care and leads to increased caregiving burden and reduced quality of life (QOL) among caregivers. This research aimed to determine the effect of communication skills training on caregiving burden and QOL among family caregivers of elderly with dementia. Methods and Materials: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method. Therefore, 30 subjects were chosen randomly and assigned to control and experimental groups (each with 15 subjects). The data collection tools consisted of the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and Caregivers&rsquo; Quality of Life Questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by the participants in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The experimental group subjects received communication skills training in 7 sessions lasting 60 minutes. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software. Findings: Communication skills training resulted in reduced caregiving burden and increased QOL in caregivers in the in experimental group in the posttest and follow-up stages. Conclusions: The results emphasize the importance of the use of these interventions in terms of caregiving burden and QOL in family caregivers of elderly with dementia. The results show that this intervention can be used as an appropriate intervention method.

---

Aim and Background: Migraine is a psychosomatic disorder reported as one of the most common disorders of disability among all noncontagious diseases in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of lifestyle training and therapy products derived traditional medicine on reducing the symptoms in patients who suffer from migraine. Methods and Materials: A semi-experimental method was used along with a pre- and post-test design and control group with a follow-up period of 40 days. Fourthy five people diagnosed with migraine by a neurologist, who were referreing to neurology department of Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during winter to spring 2014, were equally randomized into three groups (two experimental and one control group, each group with 15 numbers). Eight training sessions were held for the experimental group of lifestyle training and the group of traditional medicine was visited and treated by a Traditional Medicine specialist. Symptoms of headache and migraine headache were assessed using the Najarian migraine scale through pre-test, post-test and 40-days-after follow-up phase. Findings: Lifestyle training intervention had a significant effect on the post-test scores of the migraine (P < 0.001). But these results were not significant at the follow-up phase. Traditional medicine did not have any significant effect in reducing the symptoms of migraine. In addition, among the demographic variables, age had negative correlation with symptoms of migraine, so that it reduced the symptoms of migraine. Conclusions: Life-style training could be used as a complementary therapy to alleviate the symptoms in migraine sufferers. It is recommended that future researches focus on other approaches to traditional medicine and its effectiveness will be measured in reducing migraine symptoms.

---

Aim and Background: Multidimensional and complex nature of children’s behavior requires usage of modern treatments. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of social relations training on social interaction and happiness in pre-school children, based on playing the game with Gardner interpersonal intelligence. Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted by using pretest and posttest with a control group. The children of one of the pre-school centers were selected randomly by multistage cluster sampling and all of them were examined by Matson evaluation of social skills with youngsters (MESSY) scale. Twenty-four children, with the lowest scores, were selected and placed in experimental and control group groups. All the mothers' subjects filed out MESSY, Gardner multiple intelligence and Oxford happiness questionnaires, adjusted for children, before and after the intervention. The experimental group was trained social relation-based playing for twelve sessions, according to Gardner interpersonal intelligence. Findings: A significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P < 0.050) was observed in social skills. Conclusions: These findings recommend that social relations training, based on Gardner interpersonal intelligence, could be used to increase the social interaction and happiness in pre-school children.

---

Aim and Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases and is one of the biggest health problems in all countries. The most important strategy for controlling chronic patients is self-care behaviors. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Interactive Diabetes Management Training (IDMT) and Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) on self-care in type II diabetic patients.

Methods and Materials: This was a semi-experimental research and the population of this study included 2450 diabetic patients in Isfahan's Um Al-Benin Clinic, 39 of whom were selected through a convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of control and one control group. Groups Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) for diabetic patients completed before and after education. Experimental group one, (SIT), and two groups of (IDMT) training received a weekly and group-based 90-minute training session. But the control group did not receive these training. The research findings were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS-19 software.

Findings: IDMT and SIT were effective in diabetic patient’s self-care and both training increased self-care for participants. But there was no significant difference between the two methods of intervention (p ≤.319).

Conclusions: SIT and IDMT can be used as an effective interventional method for increasing self-care in diabetic patients.

---

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to exams the moral identity model based on personality traits, moral reasoning, perceived parenting styles and personal identity of adolescence.
Materials and Methods: The research method was a descriptive - correlation design. Statistical population was secondary high school students who were studying in Mashhad in the academic year 2019-20. Subjects were selected through the random cluster sampling (199 high school students). They completed Benion & Adamz's Self-identity Scale (1986), Neo Personality scale (1985), Rest's Defining Issues Test (1999), Bamerind's Perceived Parenting Style Scale (1973) and Aquino & Reed's moral Identity Scale (2002). Data analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM).
Findings: Findings showed that the proposed model of moral identity based on the variables has a good fit. Internal correlation is significant in most research variables, the results have shown that the direct effects of moral reasoning on moral identity, personality traits on identity state and on reasoning moral and moral identity was meaningful. The effect of parenting styles on identity state and moral reasoning and identity state on moral identity was significant. The results also showed that all indirect effects of the model are also significant. Moral reasoning was the mediator of the effect of each personality variable on moral identity and the effect of parenting styles on moral identity. In addition, the results indicate an indirect and significant effect of personality traits and parenting styles on moral identity through the mediation of personal identity and personality traits and parenting style on moral identity through the mediation of identity bases
Conclusion: According to the findings, apart from the role of each proposed variable in moral identity, personality traits and parenting styles have a mediating role in the development of moral identity by influencing personal identity and moral reasoning.