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Aim and Background: Childhood experiences could have profound effects on their adulthood behaviors. This research conducted with the aim of assessing the elementary students' experiences of the elderly hospice who visited these centers or had a family member over there. Methods and Materials: A qualitative study conducted using content analysis method in 2008-9. Eleven students, who had visited a home elderly hospice or had a family member over there, wrote their memories from such experiences. Four of these and five more students were also interviewed. The data were analyzed using Krippendorff method. Findings: Findings were classified into four categories including "the nature of elderly hospice", "the causes of transmission", "mode of transmission" and "visit consequences". Each category had 2-4 subcategories. Most of the students perceived the elderly hospice as distant and different from the normal living place. According to the participants, the elderly were transferred to the hospice for reasons such as "loneliness", "disease and disability", "maintenance problems" and "children's selfishness". Conclusions: Students had negative perceptions of elderly hospices. Based on their experiences, the elderly hospices isolate the elderly from social life. The authorities should pay more attention to the arrangement and quality of care within the elderly hospices.

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Aim and Background: Educational programs design to providing learners’ educational needs. Regarding to rapid development of science boundaries, nurses need to new skills. So identifying educational needs of nursing staff is important and effective step for promoting their strengths. The aim of present study has been to determine educational needs of nursing staff in psychiatric wards.   Methods and Materials: This study was cross-sectional survey type. Samples were 76 nurses of psychiatric wards of Noor, Farabi and Al-Zahra hospitals in Isfahan in 2010. Sampling method was sensus. The tool for collecting data was a researcher made questionnaire. Validity and reliability of tool was confirmed by content validity and using coefficient Cronbach’s alpha (89%). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS software.   Findings: The findings showed the most of educational needs of nurses were been in three domains of “Identifying disorders”, Nursing care”, “Medicational and nonmedicational cares” respectively. The most important of educational needs of nursing staff working in psychiatric wards in domain of “Identifying disorders” including children and adolescences psychiatric disorders and psychiatric emergencies. The educational needs in domain of “Nursing cares” include managing aggressive patients and appropriate activities for suicide prevention; and finally in “Medicational and nonmedicational cares” domain include recognizing side effects of medications and managing these side effects were been important. Other findings indicated that there was no significant difference between age, background job and the location of nurses work with educational needs.   Conclusion: Regarding to needs of nursing staff in psychiatric wards in three domains including “Identifying disorders”, Nursing cares” and “Medicational and nonmedicational cares”; The researchers suggested in order to improving of knowledge and skill of nursing staff and promotion of the nursing services for patients, more pay attention to these needs and designing and administering short term and long term educational courses for them.  

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Aim and Background: Smoking and drugs are considered are among the most common causes of early mortality in developing and developed countries. Health professionals believe that university period has special characteristics and is of high importance in prevention of smoking among young adults. In this study, we examined with the relations between smoking and psychological and demographic variables. Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study, 537 students were randomly selected from 7 schools of Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan Branch, Iran). A researcher-made questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were completed by the participants. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS 12 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Smokers constituted 18.7% of the study population. Smoking was significantly more frequent among men. There was no significant relation between marital status and palce of residence. Smoking was significantly correlated with having a smoking family (27.3% of smokers had smoking families). The most common way to start smoking cigarettes was through friends (75%). Among psychiatric symptoms, hostility (aggression) and physical complaints were significantly higher in smokers than nonsmokers. General Severity index was higher among smokers but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking among students of Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan was relatively higher than many other universities. The high prevalence in this age can lead to many physical and mental problems. In addition, smoking individuals are usually more aggressive. Hence, educational and preventive policies are required to reduce smoking in young people. Attitudes of teenagers and young adults toward smoking should also be corrected through similar programs.

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Aim and Background: Spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence may complement each other in order to make a healthy life. On the one hand, spiritual intelligence leads to stabilization of virtues through improving spirituality and religious convictions and on the other hand, emotional intelligence improves social relations and controls affections and feelings. This may help individuals to move towards perfection. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-correlational study, and the sample size included 424 students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2011, who were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling method from different faculties and majors. Data collection tools included the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire of Petrides and Furnham (TEIQue) and a researcher-made spiritual intelligence questionnaire (with reliability coefficients of 0.84 and 0.87, respectively). Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. Findings: The results of regression analysis showed that there was a correlation between spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence. This relationship, which was statistically significant, was observed in different aspects of spiritual and emotional intelligence. Conclusions: Higher spiritual intelligence leads to higher emotional intelligence and indeed, spiritual intelligence amplifies emotional intelligence.

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Aim and Background: Depression and anxiety among students are important issues, because they lead to scholastic decline and develop many difficulties for students in the future. Furthermore, adherence to religious beliefs and attitudes toward religion as a deterrent to many mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety, has attracted the attention of many psychologists. This study aimed to review the relationship between religious orientations, depression as well anxiety of students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional correlation study which was conducted on 715 students who were selected through stratified random sampling method. Data collection was done through demographic information questionnaire form, DASS-42 standard questionnaire and the Religious Orientations Scale (ROS) by Allport. Finally, statistical software SPSS was used to analyze the data by descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: Average score of depression and anxiety among female students was more than male students; however, in religious orientations, statistically there was no significant relationship between male and female students. Statistically, there was a significant relationship between students&rsquo; depression and anxiety and religious orientations (r = -0.61; P < 0.05) (r = -0.56; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Promotion of religious orientations leads to reduce students&rsquo; anxiety and depression, and therefore religious beliefs can play an important role in preventing mental disorders in people&#039;s lives particularly among university students.

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In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association&#039;s Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics published the first edition of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-I). Five editions have been published since then: DSM-II (1968), DSM-III (1980), a revised DSM-III, DSM-III-R (1987), DSM-IV (1994), and DSM-IV-TR (TR stands for Text Revision) (2000). The purpose of this article was to present a brief review about changes in DSM (from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5). Publication of the fifth edition of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) in May 2013 will be marked as one of the most anticipated events in the mental health field. As part of the development process, based on concerns about the reliability of the proposed attenuated psychosis syndrome and mixed anxiety depressive disorder in the field trials, these two conditions are being recommended for further study in section III. A footnote was also added to the major depressive disorder criteria to clarify the difference between normal bereavement associated with a significant loss and a diagnosis of a mental disorder.&nbsp;Among the other significant changes in this study was personality disorders diagnostic criteria for pedophilic disorder which was modified.&nbsp;Communication disorders now include two diagnoses: Language disorders and speech disorders. Simple somatic symptom disorder was a milder form of complex somatic symptom disorder; the two have now been combined as a single disorder namely somatic symptom disorder. Non-suicidal self-injury disorder and persistent complex bereavement disorder. In the fifth edition of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) that has been published in May 2013, there are several significant changes in diagnostic criteria, some classifications, subscales, and proposed new terms.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Nurses is one of the essential parts in the management process of psychiatric patients. For this purpose, they need proper knowledge and attitude about psychiatry drugs medical intervention) and nonmedical intervention. So, it is important to promote nurses&rsquo; knowledge and attitude by education based on need assessment. This study aimed to define the efficacy of a Medical and nonmedical Intervention workshop for nurses in psychiatric wards of educational hospitals in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: This is a quasi-experimental study .Study population comprised all nurses working in psychiatric wards of Nour and Farabi hospitals in Isfahan in 2012. An educational workshop was held through educational sessions in form of lectures and group discussion in two above-mentioned hospitals. Nurses&rsquo; level of knowledge and attitude were investigated by a researcher made questionnaire before, immediately after and three months after intervention. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical tests of repeated measure ANOVA and Bonfrroni. Findings: A significant increase was observed in mean scores of nurses&rsquo; knowledge immediately after and three months after education compared to before education (P<0.001). Also, the mean of attitude score in 3 Phases have significant deferent (P<0.009). Nurses have high satisfaction (86.3%) of need assessment based education workshop. And it is effective in the science information Revival of nurses Conclusions: The workshop of medical and nonmedical intervention notably affected the promotion of nurses&rsquo; knowledge and attitude. With regard to nurses&rsquo; satisfaction from the workshop which was held, designing and organizing educational workshops based on a constant needs assessment is suggested for promotion of nursing cares.

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Abstract Aim and Background: Continuous education of health provider staffs is over mentioned. This study designed to evaluate the efficacy of a need assessment based educational workshop for a group of nurses in psychiatric wards of educational hospitals in Isfahan regarding to psychiatric disorders. Methods and Materials: This is an interventiona l study and our samples included all nurses were working in psychiatric wards of Noor & Farabi hospitals in Isfahan. The educational intervention performed in a workshop format including lecture presenting, group work and discussion in both hospitals. Knowledge & attitudes of samples evaluated before, immediate and one month after the workshop using a researcher designed questionnaire. Collected data analysed with Bonferroni, Repeated measure & ANOVA tests using SPSS-19. Findings: The mean score of the knowledge&#039;s of the samples raised from the base of 63.3&plusmn; 11.6 to 82.7&plusmn;12.9 & 73.3&plusmn; 13.3 immediate and one month after the workshop respectively (p &le;0.001). The mean score of attitude raised meaningfully from the 60.1&plusmn;8.1 of the base to 63.1&plusmn;10.7 after intervention and 64.9&plusmn;11.6 one month later. Conclusions: Educational workshop regarding the psychiatric disorders can cause positive effect on knowledge and attitude of nursing staffs to these disorders and may promote the practice with the psychiatric patients.

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Aim and Background: Family members of patients with bipolar I disorder (BID) endure a considerable burden as a result of their care giving role. Thus, assessment of their psycho-educational needs is an essential prerequisite to their mental health. Thus, the present study was designed to assess the educational needs of family members of individuals with BID. Methods and Materials : This research was a phenomenological qualitative study. Findings of qualitative assessment were gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs) with the caregivers of patients with BID. Purposive sampling was implemented until saturation, as a result of which 20 subjects were selected. Colaizzi&rsquo;s method was used for analyzing the data. Findings: A total of 7 main concepts were extracted from 20 interviews. These concepts consisted of recognition of the disorder, coping with the patients&rsquo; behavioral problems, therapeutic compliance, acceptance of the patients within their families, the need for consultation, therapeutic education, and social roles. Conclusions : This study provides relevant data concerning the needs of caregivers of patients with BID for psychosocial education in specific areas. Thus, it is suggested that future clinical trials focus on psychosocial interventions for these individuals.